Opinion mining summarization and automation process a survey

In this modern age, the internet is a powerful source of information. Roughly, one-third of the world population spends a significant amount of their time and money on surfing the internet. In every field of life, people are gaining vast information from it such as learning, amusement, communication, shopping, etc. For this purpose, users tend to exploit websites and provide their remarks or views on any product, service, event, etc. based on their experience that might be useful for other users. In this manner, a huge amount of feedback in the form of textual data is composed of those webs, and this data can be explored, evaluated and controlled for the decision-making process. Opinion Mining (OM) is a type of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and extraction of the theme or idea from the user's opinions in the form of positive, negative and neutral comments. Therefore, researchers try to present information in the form of a summary that would be useful for different users. Hence, the research community has generated automatic summaries from the 1950s until now, and these automation processes are divided into two categories, which is abstractive and extractive methods. This paper presents an overview of the useful methods in OM and explains the idea about OM regarding summarization and its automation process

Diel changes in bulk and single-cell bacterial heterotrophic activity in winter surface waters of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea

14 pages, 8 figures, 2 tablesTwo diel cycle studies were conducted to determine the effect of day–night light changes on winter bacterial activity in the coastal Mediterranean (Blanes Bay Microbial Observatory). Bacterial abundances, bacterial heterotrophic activity, and flagellate grazing counts were determined at 4-h intervals during two 3-d periods separated by 2 d. Twice a day, the single-cell activity of major bacterial groups was further analyzed by applying microautoradiography combined with catalyzed reporter deposition-fluorescence in situ hybridization. During the first cycle, all the measured parameters (including the number of active cells in most groups) varied synchronously, with higher values at night and lower during the day. An episode of strong winds between the two studied periods disrupted this periodicity at the onset of the second cycle. The bulk incorporation of 3H-leucine recovered the diel pattern after 2 d, mostly driven by the activity of Gammaproteobacteria. Among the possibilities considered, the observed nighttime increases in the grazing activity of heterotrophic nanoflagellates appeared to partially drive the activity of all bacterial taxa through potential periodic release of dissolved organic matterThis work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN)through the projects ‘‘Fuentes de Materia Orgánica, Diversidad microbiana y funcionamiento (respiración y Uso del carbono) del ecosistema marino pelágico costero’’ (MODIVUS) (Ciencias y Tecnologías Marinas-CTM2005-04795/MAR) and ‘‘Surface Mixing Modulation of the Exposure to solar Radiation’’ (SUMMER) (Ciencias y Tecnologías Marinas-CTM2008-03309/MAR)Peer reviewe

Interactive effects of vertical mixing, solar radiation and microbial activity on oceanic dimethylated sulfur cycling

The production and subsequent emission of volatile compounds is one of the numerous ways by which microbial plankton participate in the cycling of elements and influence the Earth's climate. Dimethylsulfide (DMS), produced by enzymatic decomposition of the algal intracellular compound dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), is the more abundant organic volatile in the upper ocean. Its global emission amounts ca. 28 Tg S per year, and represents the main biogenic source of sulfur to the troposphere and about 30% of the total S emission (anthropogenic, biogenic and volcanic). Atmospheric oxidation of DMS contributes to atmospheric acidity, and is believed to promote the formation and growth of aerosols. Furthermore, DMSderived sulfate aerosols have been suggested to cool the climate by reducing the amount of shortwave solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface through two mechanisms: by scattering solar radiation and, more important, by acting as cloud condensation nuclei, thus making clouds brighter and longerlived. The `CLAW' hypothesis postulates that, if oceanic DMS emission was in turn stimulated by solar radiation, a regulatory feedback mechanism could operate between marine plankton and the radiative budget over the oceans. However, the relationship between DMS emission and solar radiation is not straightforward, since a number of biochemical and photochemical transformations come into action from the moment DMSP is synthesized by phytoplankton until DMS is emitted. These transformations are intimately linked to the physical environment, the ecological setting and the microbial interactions, rendering the picture of dimethylated sulfur cycling a lot more complicated. Surprisingly, though, the seasonal cycle of seawater DMS concentration seems to follow that of solar radiation in the majority of oceanic regions, regardless their productivity regimes. The premise of this thesis is that, to understand this emerging pattern, we need to understand what regulates the DMS production and consumption processes and their balance (that is, DMS budgets). To this end, we have studied the response of biotic and abiotic DMS cycling to solar radiation by means of incubation experiments. At another level, we have studied the response of ecosystem DMS budgets to different radiation climates. Since the depth of the upper mixed layer regulates the amount and spectral composition of the `light' seen by the cells and molecules, our studies have been backed by a careful characterization of underwater radiation fields and vertical mixing dynamics. Our results show that solar radiation has a stimulating effect on gross DMS production. Moreover, the stimulation is more effective at shorter and more energetic wavelengths in the ultraviolet (UV) region. Direct DMS production and/or increased DMSP release by UVstressed phytoplankton is the most plausible explanation for this observation, leaving a secondary role for DMS production mechanisms related to bacterial metabolism and microzooplankton grazing. At the ecosystem level, we have shown that vertical mixingmediated solar exposure regulates whether DMS is preferentially oxidized by bacteria or by photochemical reactions. The outcome of this competition between DMS sinks is that total DMS loss rate constants vary little across oceanic biomes. As a result, the seasonal and also the shortterm variability in DMS concentrations respond mainly to gross DMS production. The stress response occurs at different temporal scales: seasonally, through the succession of microbial communities towards stronger DMSP producers and higher DMS yields in summer stratified waters; and across daynight cycles, where shortterm radiative stress modulates DMSP to DMS conversion yields. By means of a literature metaanalysis, we have improved the current understanding of the different DMS(P) cycling regimes and their links with the ecological geography of the sea

Sunlight-mediated inactivation of health-relevant microorganisms in water: a review of mechanisms and modeling approaches.

Health-relevant microorganisms present in natural surface waters and engineered treatment systems that are exposed to sunlight can be inactivated by a complex set of interacting mechanisms. The net impact of sunlight depends on the solar spectral irradiance, the susceptibility of the specific microorganism to each mechanism, and the water quality; inactivation rates can vary by orders of magnitude depending on the organism and environmental conditions. Natural organic matter (NOM) has a large influence, as it can attenuate radiation and thus decrease inactivation by endogenous mechanisms. Simultaneously NOM sensitizes the formation of reactive intermediates that can damage microorganisms via exogenous mechanisms. To accurately predict inactivation and design engineered systems that enhance solar inactivation, it is necessary to model these processes, although some details are not yet sufficiently well understood. In this critical review, we summarize the photo-physics, -chemistry, and -biology that underpin sunlight-mediated inactivation, as well as the targets of damage and cellular responses to sunlight exposure. Viruses that are not susceptible to exogenous inactivation are only inactivated if UVB wavelengths (280-320 nm) are present, such as in very clear, open waters or in containers that are transparent to UVB. Bacteria are susceptible to slightly longer wavelengths. Some viruses and bacteria (especially Gram-positive) are susceptible to exogenous inactivation, which can be initiated by visible as well as UV wavelengths. We review approaches to model sunlight-mediated inactivation and illustrate how the environmental conditions can dramatically shift the inactivation rate of organisms. The implications of this mechanistic understanding of solar inactivation are discussed for a range of applications, including recreational water quality, natural treatment systems, solar disinfection of drinking water (SODIS), and enhanced inactivation via the use of sensitizers and photocatalysts. Finally, priorities for future research are identified that will further our understanding of the key role that sunlight disinfection plays in natural systems and the potential to enhance this process in engineered systems

Influence of light on bacterioplankton production and respiration in a subtropical coral reef

The influence of sunlight on bacterioplankton production [14C-leucine (Leu) and 3H-thymidine (TdR) incorporation; changes in cell abundances] and O2 consumption was investigated in a shallow subtropical coral reef located near Key Largo, Florida, USA. Quartz (light) and opaque (dark) glass biological oxygen demand (BOD) bottles containing 0.8 um filtered reef water amended with C, N and P were incubated in situ and exposed to natural variations in solar radiation over a 48 h period. Photoinhibition of Leu and TdR incorporation was observed at all depths during both daylight periods. Photoinhibition of bacterial production decreased with depth and was significantly higher during the first day of exposure. Bacterial abundances also decreased during daylight periods particularly during the second day of exposure. Leu and TdR incorporation rates and bacterial abundances exhibited recovery during periods of darkness. Light treatment bacterial O2 consumption was inhibited at all depths during Day 1 but enhanced relative to dark treatments at all depths during Day 2. Estimates of light treatment bacterial gross growth efficiencies (GGE) determined during the evening of Day 1 were similar to dark treatment estimates. Light treatment GGE determined during Day 2, however, were lower than dark treatments but increased with depth. Recovery of bacterial production and respiration during the second day of exposure suggested photoinduced selection for light tolerant cells and/or physiological adaptation to ambient light regimes occurred over the duration of exposure. The results of this experiment suggested that solar radiation may have a significant effect on bacterial metabolism in this shallow euphotic marine ecosystem.Peer reviewedMicrobiolog

Optical propertiers of the dissolved organic matter as tracers of microbiological and geochemical processes in marine ecosystems

Oceans store 685 Pg of organic carbon of which 662 Pg are in a dissolved form. The diversity of compounds that make up the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool and the low concentration of each compound make the chemical characterization of this material a difficult task. For that reason, less than 11% of the oceanic DOM has been identified. A variable fraction of the DOM ¿between 20% in the open ocean and 70% in coastal areas- absorbs UV and visible radiation and it is known as coloured DOM (CDOM). A sub-fraction of the CDOM emits the absorbed radiation as fluorescence, although with a low quantum yield (around 1%), and this is called fluorescent DOM (FDOM). The study of the CDOM and FDOM pools, combining the spectroscopy of absorption and fluorescence, allows us to obtain knowledge about (i) the molecular structure of the DOM (i.e., aromaticity and average molecular weigh) and (ii) its biological and photochemical reactivity in a relatively simple, fast and economic way. This can be done through the study of the production, utilization and/or chemical alteration of the different chromophores and fluorophores in response to the activity of the microorganisms and the solar radiation in the ocean. The work that has resulted in this thesis has involved both laboratory experiments and field studies. Some experiments have deepened our knowledge of (or focused on??) the microbiological sources of the CDOM and FDOM. For example, our work has shown that marine phytoplankton produces a fluorophore at Ex/Em 320/410 nm which is consumed by marine bacteria which at the same time produce another absorbing fluorophore at Ex/Em 340/440. These ¿humic-like¿ fluorophores, known in the literature as ¿pico-M¿ and ¿pico-C¿, are considered to be characteristic of marine and continental ecosystems, respectively. This work suggests that differentiation is mostly due to the type of cells that produce them: eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Furthermore, DOM isolated by tangential ultrafiltration (> 1 KDa) from different aquatic environments has also been characterized. Significant changes were observed in the aromaticity and average molecular weigh of the samples depending on whether they were of continental or marine origin and also on the exposition to the sunlight before sampling. Moreover, controlled experiments were performed in order to study the response of these materials to natural radiation. These experiments showed degradation of the humic-like fluorophores ¿peak-M¿ and ¿peak-C¿ and the formation of another protein-like fluorophores, known in literature as ¿pico-T¿. When the marine bacteria were cultivated using the irradiated materials as substrate a rapid recovery of the humic-like fluorophores was observed. This recovery was proportional to the initial fluorescence of the materials before irradiation. Finally, we have also studied the relative importance of the processes that involve the mixing between water masses of continental and marine origin, microbial production and photochemical degradation on the CDOM and FDOM distribution of two distinct coastal ecosystem: the ¿Ría de Vigo¿ and the Blanes Bay. The Ría de Vigo, enclosed in the Iberian upwelling system, is periodically affected by downwelling and upwelling events. Microbial production was the dominant process during the donwelling period while the photochemical decomposition predominated during upwellings. On the other hand, Blanes Bay, in the oligotrophic Northwest Mediterranean Sea, possesses a seasonal cycle determined by natural radiation. This is characterized by the accumulation of chromophores and fluorophores absorbing at 300nm during the summer season.Los océanos albergan 685 Pg de carbono orgánico, de los que 662 Pg están en forma disuelta. La enorme diversidad de compuestos que constituyen la materia orgánica disuelta (DOM) y la baja concentración en que se encuentra cada uno de ellos, hace de la caracterización química y estructural de este material una ardua tarea. Es por eso que menos del < 11% de la DOM está identificado en la actualidad. Una fracción variable de la DOM –entre el 20% en océano abierto y el 70% en zonas costeras– absorbe luz UV y visible, por lo que se conoce como DOM coloreada (CDOM). Parte de la CDOM, emite la radiación absorbida en forma de fluorescencia, si bien con un rendimiento cuántico bajo (en torno al 1%) y es conocida como DOM fluorescente (FDOM). El estudio simultaneo de la CDOM y FDOM combinando espectroscopia de absorción y fluorescencia permite –de forma relativamente simple, rápida y barata– ahondar en el conocimiento de (i) la estructura molecular de la DOM, en aspectos tales como su aromaticidad y peso molecular medio; y (ii) su reactividad biológica y fotoquímica, a través del estudio de la producción, consumo y/o alteración química de diferentes grupos cromóforos y fluoróforos en respuesta a la actividad de los microorganismos y la radiación solar en los océanos. En esta Tesis se han realizado tanto experimentos de laboratorio como estudios de campo. En una serie de experimentos se ha profundizado en las fuentes microbiológicas de la CDOM y FDOM en condiciones controladas, demostrando que el fitoplancton marino produce un fluoróforo a Ex/Em = 320 nm/410 nm que es consumido por las bacterias marinas, que a su vez producen otro fluoróforo a Ex/Em = 340 nm/440 nm. Estos fluoróforos de naturaleza húmica, conocidos en la literatura especializada como “pico-M” y “pico-C”, se consideraban característicos de ecosistemas marinos y continentales, respectivamente. Este trabajo sugiere que la diferenciación tiene más que ver con el tipo de células que las producen: eucariotas o procariotas. Se ha caracterizado ópticamente DOM aislada por filtración tangencial (> 1 KDa) de diversas aguas naturales, observándose cambios significativos en la aromaticidad y peso molecular medio de las muestras en función de su origen continental o marino y de su exposición a la luz natural antes de ser colectadas. Igualmente, se realizaron experimentos controlados para estudiar la respuesta de estos materiales a la radiación natural, observándose degradación de los fluoróforos de naturaleza húmica “pico-M” y “pico-C” y generación de un fluoróforo de naturaleza protéica, conocido en la literatura como “pico-T”. Al cultivar bacterias marinas usando los materiales irradiados como substrato se observa una rápida recuperación de los fluoróforos de naturaleza húmica, proporcional a la fluorescencia inicial de los materiales antes de ser irradiados. Finalmente, se ha estudiado la importancia relativa de los procesos de mezcla de masas de agua de origen continental y marino, producción microbiana y degradación fotoquímica sobre la distribución de CDOM y FDOM en dos ecosistemas costeros con distintas condiciones: la Ría de Vigo y la Bahía de Blanes. La Ría de Vigo, sistema eutrófico enclavado en el afloramiento ibérico, se ve afectada periódicamente por episodios de afloramiento y hundimiento, resultando la producción microbiana el proceso dominante en condiciones de afloramiento y la descomposición fotoquímica en condiciones de hundimiento. Por otro lado, la Bahía de Blanes, en el oligotrófico Mediterráneo Nororiental, describe un marcado ciclo estacional dictado por la radiación natural incidente caracterizado por la acumulación estival de cromóforos y fluoróforos que absorben a 300 nm.Els oceans alberguen 685 Pg de carboni orgànic, dels quals 662 Pg estan en forma dissolta. L’enorme diversitat de compostos que constitueixen la matèria orgànica dissolta (DOM) i la baixa concentració en què es troba cadascun d’ells, fa de la caracterització química i estructural d’aquest material una àrdua tasca. És per això que menys del < 11% de la DOM està identificat a dia d’avui. Una fracció variable de la DOM –entre el 20% a l’oceà obert i el 70% a zones costaneres– absorbeix llum UV i visible, per la qual cosa es coneix com DOM acolorida (CDOM). Part de la CDOM, emet la radiació absorbida en forma de fluorescència, si bé amb un rendiment quàntic baix (entorn del 1%) i és coneguda com DOM fluorescent (FDOM). L’estudi simultanei de la CDOM i la FDOM combinant espectroscòpia d’absorció i fluorescència permet –de forma relativament simple, ràpida i barata– aprofundir en el coneixement de (i) l’estructura molecular de la DOM, en aspectes tals com la seva aromaticitat i el pes molecular mitjà; i (ii) la seva reactivitat biològica i fotoquímica, a través de l’estudi de la producció, consum i/o alteració química de diferents grups cromòfors i fluoròfors en resposta a l’activitat dels microorganismes i la radiació solar en els oceans. En aquesta Tesi s’han realitzat tant experiments de laboratori com estudis de camp. En una sèrie d’experiments s’ha aprofundit en les fonts microbiològiques de la CDOM i FDOM en condicions controlades, demostrant que el fitoplàncton marí produeix un fluoròfors a Ex/Em = 320 nm/410 nm que és consumit pels bacteris marins, que al seu torn produeixen un altre fluoròfors a Ex/Em = 340 nm/440 nm. Aquests fluoròfors de naturalesa húmica, coneguts en la literatura especialitzada com “pic-M” i “pic-C”, es consideraven característics d’ecosistemes marins i continentals, respectivament. Aquest treball suggereix que la diferenciació té més a veure amb el tipus de cèl·lules que les produeixen: eucariotes o procariotes. S’ha caracteritzat òpticament DOM aïllada per filtració tangencial (> 1 KDa) de diverses aigües naturals, observant-se canvis significatius en la aromaticitat i pes molecular mitjà de les mostres en funció del seu origen continental o marí i de la seva exposició a la llum natural abans de ser mostrejadas. Igualment, es van realitzar experiments controlats per estudiar la resposta d’aquests materials a la radiació natural, observant-se degradació dels fluoròfors de naturalesa húmica “pic-M” i “pic-C” i generació d’un fluoròfors de naturalesa protéica, conegut en la literatura com “pic-T”. En cultivar bacteris marins utilizant els materials irradiats com a substrat s’observa una ràpida recuperació dels fluoròfors de naturalesa húmica, proporcional a la fluorescència inicial dels materials abans de ser irradiats. Finalment, s’ha estudiat la importància relativa dels processos de barreja de masses d’aigua d’origen continental i marí, producció microbiana i degradació fotoquímica sobre la distribució de CDOM i FDOM en dos ecosistemes costaners diferents: la Ria de Vigo i la Badia de Blanes. La Ria de Vigo, sistema eutròfic enclavat en l’aflorament ibèric, es veu afectada periòdicament per episodis d’aflorament i enfonsament, resultant la producció microbiana el procés dominant en condicions d’aflorament i la descomposició fotoquímica en condicions d’enfonsament. D’altra banda, la Badia de Blanes, en el oligotròfic Mediterrani Nord-oriental, descriu un marcat cicle estacional dictat per la radiació natural incident caracteritzat per l’acumulació estival de cromòfors i fluoròfors que absorbeixen a 300 nm

Hatchery manual for broodstock management and larval production of tubrot (Psetta maxima)

This hatchery manual is intended to provide detailed information from available published work and grey literature on turbot broodstock management and larval production. In reviewing larviculture techniques for turbot, it is notable that the major initial zoo technical advances were made in the 1980s. Subsequent refinements have been industry-led and are subject to commercial confidentiality. Some actors in the sector that have been approached either did not provide requested information or denied access to their sources of information. This manuscript therefore considers those aspects of commercial rearing techniques that are in the public domain, together with the applied scientific literature and information collected from different experts. With the aim to cover all aspects related to the production of turbot juveniles in Dutch farms from egg to fish of 10-15 g, the manual describes in details different steps. These have been grouped around the broodstock management, the hatchery/nursery period, the on growing and the grow out periods. A list of common diseases in turbot has been added at the end. The manual provides a link to the most update information available on live prey production and enrichment

MOLECULAR ECOLOGY OF MARINE ALGAL VIRUSES

In this study phytoplankton viruses were investigated from a point of view of their genotypic richness, ecology and role in controlling two microalgae species: Emiliania huxleyi and Phaeocystis pouchetii. Host specificity determined for Emiliania huxleyi-virus (EhV) isolates revealed a highly variable host range suggesting a relation between virus specificity and genetic or phenotypic variations within E. huxleyi strains and EhVs. Subsequently the dynamics and genetic richness of Emiliania huxleyi and EhVs were monitored in mesocosm experiments and during the progression of a natural bloom in the sea. The results confirmed the role of virus infection in regulating the intraspecific succession of E. huxleyi in the ocean. Furthermore, they revealed significant differences in genotypic composition and dynamics among blooms. The mesocosm setup appeared to be a very robust experimental system, which allowed reproducibility. The most important factor determining the development of the blooms in the enclosures was the experimental manipulation (i.e. nutrient addition), whereas the effect of filling of the enclosures, delay in nutrient addition and position in the raft were of minor importance. Further laboratory experiments revealed differences in the genomic content of different EhVs. EhV isolates from the English Channel carry a putative phosphate permease gene (ehv117) while the only available EhV from a Norwegian fjord has replaced ehv117 with a putative endonuclease, suggesting different propagation strategies among closely related EhVs. Culture studies using one of the English Channel isolates and E. huxleyi CCMP 1516 showed that the lack of phosphate (P) reduced the growth rate of the host and inhibited the production of viral particles. Furthermore, P availability was shown to have an effect on the level of ehv117 expression. In addition, other mesocosm studies revealed that specific viruses (PpVs) play a significant role in the termination of induced Phaeocystis pouchetii blooms. However, the role of PpVs may be significant only for the flagellated stage of P. pouchetii. Phenotypic characteristics of PpVs isolated during these studies indicate that they are probably members of the Phycodnaviridae family.The Marine Biological Association (UK), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (UK) and University of Bergen (Norway

Marine Ornamental Fish Culture – Package of Practices

In recent years, the trade of marine ornamentals has been expanding and it is estimated that 1.5 – 2.0 million people worldwide keep marine aquaria and the value of annual marine ornamental trade is estimated to range between US$ 200 – 330 million. Almost the entire trade is contributed by collections from coral reef habitats which raises doubts regarding its sustainability. The damaging techniques such as use of sodium cyanide are non selective methods used to capture fish and they adversely affect the health of the fish and kill the non target organisms. The over harvesting of target organisms is another aspect of concern. In addition there are high levels of mortality associated with insensitive shipping and poor husbandry practice