Alone Self-Excited Induction Generators

In recent years, some converter structures and analyzing methods for the voltage regulation of stand-alone self-excited induction generators (SEIGs) have been introduced. However, all of them are concerned with the three-phase voltage control of three-phase SEIGs or the single-phase voltage control of single-phase SEIGs for the operation of these machines under balanced load conditions. In this paper, each phase voltage is controlled separately through separated converters, which consist of a full-bridge diode rectifier and one-IGBT. For this purpose, the principle of the electronic load controllers supported by fuzzy logic is employed in the two-different proposed converter structures. While changing single phase consumer loads that are independent from each other, the output voltages of the generator are controlled independently by three-number of separated electronic load controllers (SELCs) in two different mode operations. The aim is to obtain a rated power from the SEIG via the switching of the dump loads to be the complement of consumer load variations. The transient and steady state behaviors of the whole system are investigated by simulation studies from the point of getting the design parameters, and experiments are carried out for validation of the results. The results illustrate that the proposed SELC system is capable of coping with independent consumer load variations to keep output voltage at a desired value for each phase. It is also available for unbalanced consumer load conditions. In addition, it is concluded that the proposed converter without a filter capacitor has less harmonics on the currents

Fault detection in a three-phase inverter fed circuit: Enhancing the Tripping capability of a UPS circuit breaker using wave shape recognition algorithm

Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) are electrical devices that protect sensitive loads from power line disturbances such as source side overcurrents caused by overvoltage and power surges. The critical load in a double conversion UPS system is supplied from an invert-er. When overcurrents occur on the load side of double conversion UPS systems, both the UPS system’s inverter and the critical load connected to it stand a high risk of damage. Load side overcurrents due to short circuits, ground faults and motor/transformer start-up are very damaging to power electronic components, electrical equipment and cable connections. There exists circuit breakers on the load side designed to trip when a huge overcurrent occurs, thereby clearing the fault. A circuit breaker is normally sized and installed based on the maxi-mum capacity of the host system and trips when a predetermined overcurrent is recorded within a specific period of time. The UPS system’s inverter has a pre-set current limit value to protect insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) from damage. During an overcurrent, invert-ers can supply a fault current whose peak value is limited to the IGBT current limit value. This inverter supplied fault current is not high enough to trip the circuit breaker. After an extended period of overcurrent, UPS internal tripping will be activated and all loads lose power. Opera-tion of the UPS in bypass mode supplies the required fault current but exposes the sensitive load to power line distortions. Therefore, it is desired to always supply the critical load via the inverter. This study targets to design a detection algorithm for short circuits and ground faults with a detection time faster than the UPS system’s internal tripping in order to isolate the faulted ar-ea, when the inverter is supplying the critical load. To achieve this, first, a MATLAB model was designed to aid in preliminary studies of fault detection through analysing the system behaviour. Secondly, literature review was conducted and a fault detection method selected with the help of the MATLAB model. Next, laboratory tests on a real UPS system were carried out and compared to the MATLAB results. Lastly, the detection algorithm was designed, im-plemented and tested on a real double conversion UPS system. The test results indicate that the implemented detection algorithm successfully detects short circuits and ground faults well within the desired time. It also successfully distinguishes short circuits and ground faults from other sources of overcurrents such as overloading and transformer inrush current. Future development of this study includes additional features such as a fault classification method proposed for implementation to improve the UPS debugging process during maintenance. Moreover, the detection algorithm will also be refined and devel-oped further to activate a circuit that discharges a current pulse to increase the fault current fed to the circuit breaker

Optimum power control of a battery energy storage system

Masteroppgåve i energiENERGI399MAMN-ENER

An EMTP system level model of the PMAD DC test bed

A power management and distribution direct current (PMAD DC) test bed was set up at the NASA Lewis Research Center to investigate Space Station Freedom Electric Power Systems issues. Efficiency of test bed operation significantly improves with a computer simulation model of the test bed as an adjunct tool of investigation. Such a model is developed using the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) and is available to the test bed developers and experimenters. The computer model is assembled on a modular basis. Device models of different types can be incorporated into the system model with only a few lines of code. A library of the various model types is created for this purpose. Simulation results and corresponding test bed results are presented to demonstrate model validity

Viking '75 spacecraft design and test summary. Volume 1: Lander design

The Viking Mars program is summarized. The design of the Viking lander spacecraft is described

European White Book on Real-Time Power Hardware in the Loop Testing : DERlab Report No. R- 005.0

The European White Book on Real-Time-Powerhardware-in-the-Loop testing is intended to serve as a reference document on the future of testing of electrical power equipment, with specifi c focus on the emerging hardware-in-the-loop activities and application thereof within testing facilities and procedures. It will provide an outlook of how this powerful tool can be utilised to support the development, testing and validation of specifi cally DER equipment. It aims to report on international experience gained thus far and provides case studies on developments and specifi c technical issues, such as the hardware/software interface. This white book compliments the already existing series of DERlab European white books, covering topics such as grid-inverters and grid-connected storag

Medical Grade High Frequncy Power Distribution Units

The focus of this thesis is to design, model, build, and test a series resonance converter that uses a high frequency isolation transformer, offering significant reduction in size and cost, for powering a Computed Tomography (CT) scanner. The design increases the power quality for the load by isolating the grid side disturbances, and providing regulated desired voltage. The proposed architecture also allows for an optimized point of integration with an UPS, a regulated DC bus to improve waveform fidelity of x-ray generator, and active monitoring and control of the power architecture. Conventional CT systems use a 60Hz transformer, which not only occupies large footprints but also uses large amounts of copper and iron with increasing cost trajectory. In comparison to the traditional Power Distribution Units (PDU), the medical grade high frequency PDU presented in this thesis provides higher power quality and performance at a lower cost. The new CT systems possess unprecedented performance capability in terms of rotational speed and x-ray voltage modulation ( Ultra-Fast kV ) fidelity. In order to achieve such capabilities, a tightly regulated high power DC bus (700VDC, 150kW) is required. The system implemented in this thesis satisfies these new requirements. Design requirements, proposed architecture and controls, modeling, implementation and test results of the proposed system, including thermal analysis and electromagnetic compatibility, are presented in details in this thesis

Design and Control of an Electric Energy Conditioning System for a PEM Type Fuel Cell

Isolated electric energy generation systems are often needed to supply electric loads where the electrical network is not available. This could be caused due to geographic isolation, the necessity of load mobility, demanded values of voltage and current that are not compatible with the local networks, etc. This makes the design and construction of stand-alone energy generation systems a must.Modern designs are being pushed towards cleaner technologies. The experience has shown that the usual methods employed to produce electrical energy are not sustainable, especially because of environmental concerns. Usual stand-alone energy generation systems employ batteries and fuel engines. Batteries offer a cheap mean to feed the generation system but need rigorous maintenance routines, the substances used in their construction are strong pollutants, offer relatively low durability and the ratio charge time/discharge time is too high. Fuel engines extract their energy from petroleum based fuels, and as its well known, pollute their surrounding environment in several ways producing smoke, noise and heat.Polymer electrolyte membrane type fuel cells are among the new technologies that are being considered as a good alternative to the traditional power sources used for stand-alone energy generation systems.AIthough the basic principles of operation of the fuel cells are known since 1839, this is a technology that is far from being mature. More work needs to be done in order to make of the fuel cells systems with, high reliability, with maximum efficiency, and capable of providing electrical energy with quality comparable to the quality achieved using usual methods.The problems when working with fuel cells can be split in two big groups of interest, the first, being the handling and control of the electrochemical variables, and the second, the handling and control of the electrical variables taking care of the limits imposed by the dynamics of the fuel cell unit. This work deals with the second group of concerns, looking at the fuel cell as a black-box dc power supply with certain current/voltage characteristics. The energy provided by the fuel cells needs to be conditioned to the levels and characteristics required by the loads to be fed. In Europe, for single-phase ac loads, the specifications are a sinusoidal output voltage with 230 V ac rms and a frequency of 50 Hz. This work presents the the analysis, design, construction, and control of the electric energy conditioning system for a polymer eIectrolyte membrane type fuel cell to act as an stand-alone dc-ac inverter to feed linear or nonlinear loads with big variations.Los sistemas de generación de energía eléctrica "en isla" son necesarios en muchas ocasiones para alimentar cargas donde la red eléctrica no está disponible. Esto puede deberse a diversos factores como: aislamiento geográfico, necesidad de movilidad de la carga, requerimientos de corriente y voltaje que no son compatibles con las redes locales, etc. Todas estas razones hacen del diseño y construcción de sistemas autónomos de generación de energía una necesidad.En la actualidad, los diseños de este tipo de dispositivos están tendiendo hacia tecnologías más limpias.La experiencia ha enseñado que los métodos habituales para producir energía eléctrica no son los más apropiados, especialmente por motivos medioambientales. Los sistemas autónomos de generación de energía eléctrica típicos utilizan baterías y máquinas de combustión. Las baterías ofrecen una fuente barata para alimentar el sistema de generación de energía eléctrica, pero necesitan de rigurosas rutinas de mantenimiento, algunas de las sustancias utilizadas en su construcción son altamente contaminantes, ofrecen una relativamente baja durabilidad y la razón tiempo de carga/tiempo de descarga es grande.Por otro lado, las máquinas de combustión extraen la energía de combustibles a base de petróleo, como es bien conocido, contaminan el entorno produciendo humo, ruido y calor.Las pilas de combustible de membrana de electrolito polimérico están entre las nuevas tecnologías que se consideran como una buena alternativa a las fuentes que se utilizan usualmente para alimenta sistemas autónomos de generación de energía. Aunque los principios básicos de operación de las pilas de combustible son conocidos desde 1839, esta es una tecnología que está aún lejos de pode considerarse madura. Aún es necesario realizar más esfuerzos con el objetivo de hacer de las pilas de combustible fuentes de energía de alta confiabilidad, de máxima eficiencia y capaces de proveer energía con niveles de calidad comparables a los alcanzados al utilizar los métodos tradicionales.La problemática que se presenta al trabajar con pilas de combustible puede ser dividida en dos grandes grupos de interés, el primero, sería el control de las variables electroquímicas, y el segundo, el manejo control de las variables eléctricas tomando en cuenta los límites impuestos por la dinámica de la pila de combustible. Éste trabajo trata con el segundo, viendo la pila de combustible como una "caja negra" que constituye una fuente de potencia de corriente continua con ciertas características particulares de voltaje/corriente. La energía provista por la pila de combustible debe ser acondicionada a los niveles características requeridas por las cargas a ser alimentadas. En Europa, para sistemas de monofásico de corriente alterna, las especificaciones son un voltaje sinusoidal con 230 V efectivos y una frecuencia de 50 Hz. Éste trabajo presenta el análisis, diseño, construcción y control del sistema de acondicionamiento de energía eléctrica para una pila de combustible de membrana de electrolito polimérico, que actúa como un sistema autónomo de inversión de corriente continua-corriente alterna para alimentar cargas lineales o no lineales que pueden experimentar grandes variaciones.Postprint (published version