English/Arabic/English Machine Translation: A Historical Perspective

This paper examines the history and development of Machine Translation (MT) applications for the Arabic language in the context of the history and machine translation in general. It starts with a discussion of the beginnings of MT in the US and then, depending on the work of MT historians, surveys the decline of the work on MT and drying up of funding; then the revival with globalization, development of information technology and the rising needs for breaking the language barriers in the world; and last on the dramatic developments that came with the advances in computer technology. The paper also examined some of the major approaches for MT within a historical perspective. The case of Arabic is treated along the same lines focusing on the work that was done on Arabic by Western research institutes and Western profit motivated companies. Special attention is given to the work of the one Arab company, Sakr of Al-Alamiyya Group, which was established in 1982 and has seriously since then worked on developing software applications for Arabic under the umbrella of natural language processing for the Arabic language. Major available software applications for Arabic/English Arabic MT as well as MT related software were surveyed within a historical framework.Cet article examine l’histoire et l’évolution des applications de la traduction automatique (TA) en langue arabe, dans le contexte de l’histoire de la TA en général. Il commence par décrire les débuts de la TA aux États-Unis et son déclin dû à l’épuisement du financement ; ensuite, son renouveau suscité par la mondialisation, le développement des technologies de l’information et les besoins croissants de lever les barrières linguistiques. Finalement, il aborde les progrès vertigineux réalisés grâce à l’informatique. L’article étudie aussi les principales approches de la TA dans une perspective historique. Le cas de l’arabe est traité dans cette perspective, compte tenu des travaux effectués par les instituts de recherche occidentaux et quelques sociétés privées occidentales. Un accent particulier est mis sur les recherches de la société arabe Sakr, fondée dès 1982, qui a mis au point plusieurs logiciels de traitement de langues naturelles pour l’arabe. Ces divers logiciels de TA arabe-anglais-arabe ainsi que des applications associées sont présentés dans un cadre historique

2006 Eighteenth Annual IMSA Presentation Day

We believe that our goal of creating decidedly-different learners is already being met and will make a profound impact on the future of humanity.https://digitalcommons.imsa.edu/archives_sir/1020/thumbnail.jp

An improved method for text summarization using lexical chains

This work is directed toward the creation of a system for automatically sum-marizing documents by extracting selected sentences. Several heuristics including position, cue words, and title words are used in conjunction with lexical chain in-formation to create a salience function that is used to rank sentences for extraction. Compiler technology, including the Flex and Bison tools, is used to create the AutoExtract summarizer that extracts and combines this information from the raw text. The WordNet database is used for the creation of the lexical chains. The AutoExtract summarizer performed better than the Microsoft Word97 AutoSummarize tool and the Sinope commercial summarizer in tests against ideal extracts and in tests judged by humans

Matters of Gravity, the newsletter of the APS Topical Group on Gravitation

News: TGG session in the April meeting, by Cliff Will NRC report, by Beverly Berger MG9 Travel Grant for US researchers, by Jim Isenberg Research Briefs: How many coalescing binaries are there?, by Vicky Kalogera Recent developments in black critical phenomena, by Pat Brady Optical black holes?, by Matt Visser ``Branification:'' an alternative to compactification, by Steve Giddings Searches for non-Newtonian Gravity at Sub-mm Distances, by Riley Newman Quiescent cosmological singularities by Bernd Schmidt The debut of LIGO II, by David Shoemaker Is the universe still accelerating?, by Sean Carroll Conference reports: Journ\' ees Relativistes Weimar 1999, by Volker Perlick The 9th Midwest Relativity Meeting, by Thomas BaumgarteComment: 35 pages, LaTeX with psfig and html.sty, ISSN 1527-3431, Jorge Pullin (editor), html, ps and pdf versions at http://gravity.phys.psu.edu/mog.htm

Mengupas Penggunaan Mesin Penerjemah Sebagai Alat Pembelaran Bahasa di Kelas Bahasa Inggris.

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan 1) cara siswa menggunakan mesin penerjemah sebagai alat bantu dalam membaca artikel akademik, 2) alasan-alasan siswa menggunakan mesin penerjemah sebagai alat bantu dalam membaca artikel akademik, dan 3) kesulitan siswa dalam menerapkan mesin penerjemah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Penetilian ini dilakukan pada level pembelajar pemula. Partisipan dalam penelitian adalah sepuluh mahasiswa. Pemilihan sampel menggunakan teknik bertujuan. Penelitian ini dilakukan mulai bulan Maret hingga April. Peneliti menggunakan teknik pengamatan dan wawancara. Peneliti melakukan pengamatan menggunakan catatan dan rekaman video serta wawancara. Catatan pengamatan dan rekaman video digunakan untuk mengetahui penggunaan mesin penerjemah oleh peserta selama membaca artikel akademik. Lebih lanjut, hasil wawancara digunakan untuk mengetahui alasan-alasan dan kesulitan oleh siswa dalam menerapkan mesin penerjemah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peserta menggunakan mesin penerjemah dalam membaca artikel akademik sebagai alat bantu membanca. Terdapat tiga kategori cara. Pertama menterjemahkan kata per kata, terdapat enam peserta menggunakannya. Terdapat enam peserta menggunakan untuk menterjemahkan per kalimat. Kemudian, temuan terakhir adalah memilih jenis-jenis dari mesin penerjemah. Hasil temuan menunjukkan bahwa ada tujuh peserta menggunakan Google Translate, dua peserta menggunakan kamus online, dan satu peserta menggunakan Bing translator. Dalam penelitian ini. Terdapat beberapa alasan peserta menggunakan mesin penerjemah untuk membantu dalam membaca artikel akademik, alasannya sebagai berikut; a) untuk mengetahui kata-kata baru, b) untuk belajar lambing-lambang, c) untuk belajar artinya, d) untuk belajar pembentukan kata, e) untuk belajar pengucapannya, f) mudah dan cepat. Selain itu, terdapat empat kesulitan yang dihadapi siswa dalam menggunakan mesin penerjemah, diantaranya: a) hasil terjemahannya membingungkan, b) lambang-lambang fonetis, c) menggunakan kata yang tidak baku, dan d) hasil terjemahannya kaku

Like Father, like Son: Modelling Masculinity for the Ethical Leadership of President Theodore Roosevelt

President Theodore Roosevelt is frequently portrayed as a rugged, hypermasculine cowboy. But this depiction ignores the powerful modelling for masculine leadership provided by his father, Theodore Roosevelt senior. A closer examination of the private and public spheres that framed the latter’s life offers another route into understanding the ethical and rational motivations that characterised his progressive Presidency, not least in the area of natural resource management, where his policy innovations were both unprecedented and sustained over time. What emerges is a more complex portrait than the above stereotype, a leader who used his heart, head and experience to think and act in and on the world in wholes, rather than in self-contained parts. As the systems thinking becomes increasingly recognised by governments as an essential tool for effective leadership, including in environmental problems, the mentoring of Roosevelt junior by Roosevelt senior offers a case study of first principles for learning and leading ethically

JTEC panel report on machine translation in Japan

The goal of this report is to provide an overview of the state of the art of machine translation (MT) in Japan and to provide a comparison between Japanese and Western technology in this area. The term 'machine translation' as used here, includes both the science and technology required for automating the translation of text from one human language to another. Machine translation is viewed in Japan as an important strategic technology that is expected to play a key role in Japan's increasing participation in the world economy. MT is seen in Japan as important both for assimilating information into Japanese as well as for disseminating Japanese information throughout the world. Most of the MT systems now available in Japan are transfer-based systems. The majority of them exploit a case-frame representation of the source text as the basis of the transfer process. There is a gradual movement toward the use of deeper semantic representations, and some groups are beginning to look at interlingua-based systems

Use of Outcome-Present State Test Model of Clinical Reasoning with Filipino Nursing Students

Clinical reasoning is a nursing competency necessary to make the best decision to deliver safe and effective care. A review of the literature shows a link between hazardous errors in patient care and poor clinical reasoning among nurses, and suggests that more study be given to best way to teach clinical reasoning. It is crucial that nurses today and of the future possess the clinical reasoning skills to provide increasingly complex patient care. This study tested the effect of the Outcome-Present State Test (OPT) Model of Clinical Reasoning on Filipino junior nursing students’ clinical reasoning scores on the Health Sciences Reasoning Test (HSRT). A two group, pretest and posttest, quasi-experimental design was used with a sample of 58 (28 control and 30 intervention) Filipino Baccalaureate junior nursing students. The intervention group followed the OPT model as an educational program while the control group had the usual nursing process curriculum for their two-week clinical experience in the orthopedic unit. The measure used was the Health Sciences Reasoning Test (HSRT), comprised of five dimensional scores: inferential, analysis, evaluation, induction, and deduction, and a cumulative score. The study findings showed no significant differences between the pretest and posttest within and between groups. The OPT Model of Clinical Reasoning, when used as a two-week intervention program, did not show significant improvement in nursing students’ clinical reasoning scores. Moreover, gender, general academic GPA and nursing coursework GPA were not related to the clinical reasoning scores (in the cumulative and across the five dimensions). Though these data may not be generalizable to the whole nursing student population, this study serves as a foundation for additional studies on clinical reasoning education programs. Future studies could benefit by expanding the time period in which the OPT model was used, increasing the sample size, and using measures of clinical reasoning other than the HSRT

The distinctiveness of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual (LGB) persons affected by cancer treatment and impact on personhood: a participatory research study

Background Delivering person-centred care is National Health Service policy within Scotland and advocated by the World Health Organisation. At present the needs and experiences of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual (LGB) persons affected by cancer are not fully understood and they cannot be assured of healthcare delivered in a non-judgmental way. Methods This research is underpinned by person-centred philosophy with participatory research principles, using a devised Impact on Personhood Participatory Inquiry Framework (IPPIF). The researcher worked in-depth with nine LGB participants and their support persons exploring the impact of cancer treatment on aspects of personhood (i.e. long-term wellbeing and identity). The researcher worked with participants to co-create methods of exploration of how cancer treatment had impacted on them. Findings Participants’ accounts revealed a broad range of issues that both corroborate and build on existing evidence. LGB persons in this research explored context specific disorienting dilemmas in their own care experience, focusing on coming to terms with their diagnosis, negative experiences of care, and coping with the effects of treatments. Participants reflected on the impact of their treatments on their own self which included attitudes towards being labelled, reconciling intersectionality, and coming to terms with their sexual orientation. Participants discussed the development of new relationships and building confidence in new roles after treatment. Conclusions LGB persons were found to have distinct care experiences and needs related to cancer across a variety of areas. The main findings of this research provide an evidence base for this assertion, and were used to develop a national practitioner guide with the participants and key stakeholders. The guide was aimed at raising awareness of the needs of LGB persons affected by cancer and improving the care experience. Key words Person-centred Care; LGB Cancer Experience; Radiotherapy Treatment; Participatory Research; Patient Experienc

Confidence factor assignment to translation templates

Ankara : Department of Computer Engineering and Information Science and the Institute of Engineering and Science of Bilkent University, 1998.Thesis (Master's) -- Bilkent University, 1998.Includes bibliographical references leaves 53-61TTL {Translation Template Learner) algorithm learns lexical level correspondences between two translation examples by using analogical reasoning. The sentences used as translation examples have similar and different parts in the source language which must correspond to the similar and different parts in the target language. Therefore, these correspondences are learned as translation templates. The learned translation templates are used in the translation of other sentences. However, we need to assign confidence factors to these translation templates to order translation results with respect to previously assigned confidence factors. This thesis proposes a method for assigning confidence factors to translation templates learned by the TTL algorithm. In this process, each template is assigned a confidence factor according to the statistical information obtained from training data. Furthermore, some template combinations are also assigned confidence factors in order to eliminate certain combinations resulting bad translation.Orhan, ZeynepM.S