Letter Written by Katherine Trickey to Her Folks Dated February 17, 1944

[Transcription begins] WAC Det IRTC Camp Wheeler, Georgia 17 February 1944 Dear Folks I had a nice birthday thanks to you. I enjoyed Dad’s letter so much. I hate to think of missing all Bobby’s cute actions. I can just imagine how cute he really is now. Did you see the book Aunt Grace & Beverley sent me? It is grand. Everyone is enjoying it. It certainly is true to the situations it portrays. Phil sent a nice letter and a check for three dollars, and two snaphots one of Janice, Bobby and him and one of Meae and Bobby. Both were very good likenesses. Tuesday evening Marjorie took me in town to the show. We saw Deanna Durbin, in His Butler’s Sister. I certainly enjoyed it. It cost only 25¢ a piece for Service people, so our evening was not very expensive. Bus fair is 30¢ round trip. We had a late pass and didn’t get in until 10 minutes past 11 !!! We might have been able to make it on time but we couldn’t be sure of it. You see Macon is an hour earlier than Camp Wheeler. So that 11 o’clock here is only ten o’clock in town and the movies aren’t over or anything else one might want to go to. Last night the Little Theater of Macon put on a special performance of their play “Mr. & Mrs. North” for the benefit of the Service People. They furnished transportation for us and gave the performanec [performance] free. There was a crowded bus full of WACs amd several buses of the men. It was very well done, particularly Pam who might easily have been wrongly impersonated. This girl was perfect, not silly but just irresponsible. Think I’ll stay home tonight for a change. Love and many thanks. Kay P S Those cookies were swell as I mentioned before. There really isn’t anything quite as good. [Transcription ends

Letter Written by Lorraine Turnbull to Jeanne Turnbull dated December 17, 1943

[Envelope]: Pvt. Lorraine J. Turnbull USMCWR 22nd Trg. Bn. Bks 108, Co B-2 Recruit Depot, Camp Lejeune New River, N. C. Miss Jean Turnbull 3009 N. Highland Blvd. Milwaukee, Wis. [Transcription Begins] 12/17/43 United States Marine Corps CAMP LEJEUNE New River, North Carolina Dear Jeanne, The favorite saying around here is: letters! when the hell do you find time to write ‘em? And that’s about the size of it. Today we got our physicals and when I say they were thorough that’s just what I mean. We got two shots & a vaccination—I can hardly move my arms & they sure hurt. This morning we had our first inspection of the barracks. Our platoon only got one demerit & that was for a wash rag which was hung wrong. Tomorrow & every Sat. we have Captains insp. so tonight we had G. I.-party. Which is really not a party, but ya work like a dog. Swabbing decks, dusting, polishing brass and getting the place in order & I do mean in ORDER. They sure are perticular [sic]. Tonight right after chow I was on work detail—we had to clean a class building. To let you know how well we have to do it—5 or 6 work on one class room for over 45 minutes. I’ve polished my shoes tonight & now I hate to have to wear them. Gotta sign off now—lights out soon & I’ll have to hit the deck. Love, Bub P. S. We got a winter hat. Gods, it’s cute. Only one girl in the Pl. has had a letter so give. [Transcription Ends

Hate speech targets in COVID-19 related comments on Ukrainian news websites

[EN] The research focuses on hate speech in the comments section of Ukrainian news websites. Restricted to solely COVID-19 related comments, it seeks to analyze the development of hate speech rates throughout the pandemic. Using a semi-automated machine-learning-aided approach, the paper identifies hate speech in the comments and defines its main targets. The research shows that a crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic can strengthen existing negative stereotypes and gives rise to new forms of stigmatization against social and ethnic groups.Melnyk, L. (2021). Hate speech targets in COVID-19 related comments on Ukrainian news websites. Journal of Computer-Assisted Linguistic Research. 5(1):47-75. https://doi.org/10.4995/jclr.2021.15966OJS477551Brown, Alexander. 2017. "What is hate speech? Part 1: The myth of hate." Law and Philosophy 36, no. 4: 419-468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10982-017-9297-1Cammaerts, Bart. 2009. "Radical Pluralism and Free Speech in Online Public Spaces." International Journal of Cultural Studies 12, no. 6: 555-75. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877909342479Chicco, Davide, Matthijs J. Warrens, and Giuseppe Jurman. 2021. "The Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) is More Informative Than Cohen' s Kappa and Brier Score in Binary Classification Assessment." IEEE Access 9: 78368-78381. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3084050Cothenet, Come. 2020. "Short Technical Information About Word2vec, Glove And FastText." Last modified May 25, 2020. https://towardsdatascience.com/short-technical-information-about-word2vec-glove-and-fasttext-d38e4f529ca8.Cotik, Viviana, Natalia Demand, Franco M. Luque, Paula Miguel, Augustin Moro, Juan Manuel Perez, Pablo Serrati, Joaquin Zajac, and Demian Zayat. 2020. "A study of Hate Speech in Social Media during the COVID-19 outbreak." Paper presented at EMNLP 2020 Workshop NLP-COVID Submission, November 16-20.Council of Europe. 2015. "On combating hate speech." OCRI general policy recommendation 15. Accessed July 10, 2021. https://rm.coe.int/ecri-general-policy-recommendation-no-15-on-combating-hate-speech/16808b5b01Dordevic, Jasmina P. 2020. "The sociocognitive dimension of hate speech in readers' comments on Serbian news websites." Discourse, Context and Media 33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2019.100366Erjavec, Karmen, and Melita Poler Kovačič. 2012. ""You Don' t Understand, This is a New War!" Analysis of Hate Speech in News Web Sites' Comments." Mass Communication and Society 15: 899 - 920. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2011.619679Erjavec, Karmen. 2014. "Readers of online news comments." Annales. Series historia et sociologia 24, no. 3: 451-462.Fan, Lizhou, Huizi Yu, and Zhanyuan Yin. 2020. "Stigmatization in social media: Documenting and analyzing hate speech for COVID‐19 on Twitter." Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology. Association for Information Science and Technology 57. https://doi.org/10.1002/pra2.313Gee, Gilbert C., Marguerite J. Ro, and Anne W. Rimoin. 2020. "Seven reasons to care about racism and COVID-19 and seven things to do to stop it." American Journal of Public Health 110: 954-955. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305712Gelber, Katharine, and Luke McNamara. 2016. "Evidencing the harms of hate speech." Social Identities 22: 324 - 341. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2015.1128810Hallgren, Kevin A. 2012. "Computing Inter-Rater Reliability for Observational Data: An Overview and Tutorial." Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology 8, no. 1: 23-34. https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.08.1.p023Isakova, Tamara. 2016. "Hate speech as the problem of Ukrainian information space." Strategic Priorities 41, no. 4: 90-97.Jiang, Liangxiao, Shasha Wang, Chaoquin Li, and Lungan Zhang. 2016. "Structure extended multinomial naive Bayes." Information Sciences 329: 346-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2015.09.037Joulin, Armand, Edouard Grave, Piotr Bojanowski, and Tomas Mikolov. 2017. "Bag of Tricks for Efficient Text Classification." Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics 2: 427-431. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/E17-2068Joulin, Armand, Edouard Grave, Piotr Bojanowski, Matthijs Douze, Herve Jegou, and Tomas Mikolov. 2016. "FastText.zip: Compressing text classification models." Paper presented at ICLR 2017. https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.0365.Kennedy, Brendan, Mohammad Atari, Aida Mostafazadeh Davani, Leigh Yeh, Ali Omrani, Yehsong Kim, Kris Coombs, Shreya Havaldar, Gwenyth Portillo-Wightman, Elaine Gonzalez, Joseph Hoover, Aida Azatian, Alyzeh Hussain, Austin Lara, Gabriel Olmos, Adam Omary, Christina Park, Clarisa Wijaya, Xin Wang, Yong Zhang, and Morteza Dehghani. 2018. "The Gab Hate Corpus: A collection of 27k posts annotated for hate speech." PsyArXiv. July 18. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/hqjxnKriazhova, Аnastasiia. 2019. "Методы оценивания семантической близости фраз для классификации текстовых сообщений" [Methods for estimating the semantic proximity of phrases for classification of text messages]. Paper presented at Mezhvuzovskaya nauchno-tekhnicheskaya konferentsiya studentov, aspirantov i molodykh spetsialistov im. YEV Armenskogo, 2019.Liu, Xia. 2019. "A Big Data Approach to Examining Social Bots on Twitter." Journal of Services Marketing 33, no. 4: 369-79. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-02-2018-0049Maitra, Ishani, and Mary Kate McGowan. 2012. "Introduction and Overview." In Speech and harm: Controversies over free speech, edited by Ishani Maitra and Mary Kate McGowan, 1-24. Oxford University Press on Demand. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199236282.003.0001Mazza, Michele, Stefano Cresci, Marco Avvenuti, Walter Quattrociocchi, and Maurizio Tesconi. 2019. "RTbust." Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science - WebSci '19: 183-192. https://doi.org/10.1145/3292522.3326015Morhun, Anastasiia. 2016. "Війна Росії проти України: тенденції конфліктного дискурсу в сучасних українських ЗМІ." [The Russian war against Ukraine: Tendencies of the conflict discourse in the current Ukrainian media]. Naukoví zapiski Ínstitutu polítichnikh i yetnonatsíonal' nykh issledovaniy im. ÍF Kurasa NAN Ukraí̈ni Наукові записки Інституту політичних і етнонаціональних досліджень ім. ІФ Кураса НАН України 3-4: 352-362.Pratiwi, Nur Indah, Indra Budi, and Ika Alfina. 2018. "Hate Speech Detection on Indonesian Instagram Comments Using FastText Approach." Paper presented at 2018 International Conference on Advanced Computer Science and Information Systems (ICACSIS). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICACSIS.2018.8618182Postic, Irena. 2018. "Hate speech and propaganda in Russian-Ukrainian conflict." PhD diss., Universität Wien.Qi, Peng, Yuhao Zhang, Yuhui Zhang, Jason Bolton, and Christopher D.Manning. 2020. "Stanza: A Python Natural Language Processing Toolkit for Many Human Languages." Paper presented at 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-demos.14Ramos-Oliveira, Diana, and Andrzej Pankalla. 2019. "Negative stereotypes: an analysis of Social Cognition in different ethnic groups. Social cognition of stereotypes." Psicogente 22: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.17081/psico.22.42.3501Singh, Vivek Kumar, Nisha Tiwari, and Shekhar Garg. 2011. "Document Clustering Using K-Means, Heuristic K-Means and Fuzzy C-Means." Paper presented at 2011 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks. https://doi.org/10.1109/CICN.2011.62Sivakumar, Soubraylu, Lakshmi Sarvani Videla, T Rajesh Kumar, J. Nagaraj, Shilpa Itnal, and D. Haritha. 2020."Review on Word2Vec Word Embedding Neural Net." Paper presented at 2020 International Conference on Smart Electronics and Communication (ICOSEC): 282-290. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICOSEC49089.2020.9215319Skowronski, Jason. 2019 "Identifying Trolls and Bots on Reddit with Machine Learning (Part 2)." Last modified July 30, 2019. https://towardsdatascience.com/identifying-trolls-and-bots-on-reddit-with-machine-learning-709da5970af1.Sopilko, Iryna. 2016. "Тролі, боти та бот-мережі як загрози розвитку інформаційного суспільства" [Trolls, bots and bot-network as danger to the development of information society]. Naukovi pratsi Natsionalʹnoho aviatsiynoho universytetu. Серія: Юридичний вісник «Повітряне і космічне право» 4, no. 41: 86-91.Stechemesser, Annika, Leonie Wenz, and Anders Levermann. 2020. "Corona crisis fuels racially profiled hate in social media networks." 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Counteridenticals

A counteridentical is a counterfactual with an identity statement in the antecedent. While counteridenticals generally seem non-trivial, most semantic theories for counterfactuals, when combined with the necessity of identity and distinctness, attribute vacuous truth conditions to such counterfactuals. In light of this, one could try to save the orthodox theories either by appealing to pragmatics or by denying that the antecedents of alleged counteridenticals really contain identity claims. Or one could reject the orthodox theory of counterfactuals in favor of a hyperintensional semantics that accommodates non-trivial counterpossibles. In this paper, I argue that none of these approaches can account for all the peculiar features of counteridenticals. Instead, I propose a modified version of Lewis’s counterpart theory, which rejects the necessity of identity, and show that it can explain all the peculiar features of counteridenticals in a satisfactory way. I conclude by defending the plausibility of contingent identity from objections

Of Flyers and Free Speech: How Student Activism Defined the Contours of One University’s 21st-Century Hate and Bias Policy

Since 1999, The University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin) operated under a Student Policy on Race Relations when handling hate and bias incidents. In February 2017, an anti-Muslim flyer was posted near campus, prompting UT administration to hold a town hall for UT student activ-ists to vocalize their concerns. Through Kezar’s (2010) description of modern student protests and Barnhardt’s (2014) framework for modern student protests, this study analyzes the marginal-ized UT Austin student voices of that town hall meeting, demonstrating how modern student activism influenced presidential rhetoric and a new Hate and Bias Incidents Policy, the first in nearly two decades at UT Austin.Educatio

Policy Externalism

I develop and argue for a kind of externalism about certain kinds of non-doxastic attitudes that I call policy externalism. Policy externalism about a given type of attitude is the view that all the reasonable policies for having attitudes of that type will not involve the agent's beliefs that some relevant conditions obtain. My defense primarily involves attitudes like hatred, regret, and admiration, and has two parts: a direct deductive argument and an indirect linguistic argument, an inference to the best explanation of some strange ways we use certain conditionals. The main thought throughout is that attitudes we reason with, like belief, are very different from attitudes we don't reason with, in a way that constrains the former but not the latter. Finally, I investigate some consequences of policy externalism, including that it secures the possibility of genuine conditional apologies