Activités parascolaires et climat de classe, quels liens ?

Le climat de classe a une grande influence sur les apprentissages, le bien-être des élèves et des enseignants. Il contient plusieurs composants qui peuvent se travailler ensemble et simultanément ; le climat relationnel, le climat éducatif, le climat d’appartenance, le climat de justice et le climat de sécurité. Ces composants regroupent plusieurs caractéristiques. Prendre connaissance de ces dernières permet d’acquérir de bonnes bases pour celui qui souhaite bénéficier d’un bon climat de classe. Plusieurs auteurs décrivent le climat de classe comme une variable subjective, puisqu’elle est perçue de façon différente par chacun. Néanmoins, ce concept peut se travailler et se développer. Le climat de classe peut évoluer positivement en fonction des éléments mis en place pour le favoriser et en prenant en compte chaque individu de la classe. Il est imbriqué dans le climat scolaire, qui lui est régit par l’école dans son ensemble. En effet, l’ambiance générale de l’école peut aussi entrainer celle de la classe. Ce travail se concentre sur un levier influençant le climat de classe, en particulier celui des sorties scolaires. Ma recherche auprès de 6 enseignants et leurs 95 élèves a permis de mettre en évidence les sorties et les camps effectués ainsi que leurs conséquences en classe. Quelques enseignants ont partagé ce qu’ils mettent en place pour soutenir leur climat de classe et leurs élèves ont été questionnés sur leur perception de l’école en général

Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations - the CRU TS3.10 Dataset

This paper describes the construction of an updated gridded climate dataset (referred to as CRU TS3.10) from monthly observations at meteorological stations across the world's land areas. Station anomalies (from 1961 to 1990 means) were interpolated into 0.5° latitude/longitude grid cells covering the global land surface (excluding Antarctica), and combined with an existing climatology to obtain absolute monthly values. The dataset includes six mostly independent climate variables (mean temperature, diurnal temperature range, precipitation, wet-day frequency, vapour pressure and cloud cover). Maximum and minimum temperatures have been arithmetically derived from these. Secondary variables (frost day frequency and potential evapotranspiration) have been estimated from the six primary variables using well-known formulae. Time series for hemispheric averages and 20 large sub-continental scale regions were calculated (for mean, maximum and minimum temperature and precipitation totals) and compared to a number of similar gridded products. The new dataset compares very favourably, with the major deviations mostly in regions and/or time periods with sparser observational data. CRU TS3.10 includes diagnostics associated with each interpolated value that indicates the number of stations used in the interpolation, allowing determination of the reliability of values in an objective way. This gridded product will be publicly available, including the input station series (http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/ and http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/data/cru/)

Satellite-based sunshine duration for Europe

In this study, two different methods were applied to derive daily and monthly sunshine duration based on high-resolution satellite products provided by the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring using data from Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager). The satellite products were either hourly cloud type or hourly surface incoming direct radiation. The satellite sunshine duration estimates were not found to be significantly different using the native 15-minute temporal resolution of SEVIRI. The satellite-based sunshine duration products give additional spatial information over the European continent compared with equivalent in situ-based products. An evaluation of the satellite sunshine duration by product intercomparison and against station measurements was carried out to determine their accuracy. The satellite data were found to be within ±1 h/day compared to high-quality Baseline Surface Radiation Network or surface synoptic observations (SYNOP) station measurements. The satellite-based products differ more over the oceans than over land, mainly because of the treatment of fractional clouds in the cloud type-based sunshine duration product. This paper presents the methods used to derive the satellite sunshine duration products and the performance of the different retrievals. The main benefits and disadvantages compared to station-based products are also discussed

Rainfall, runoff and temperature fluctuations in the Amazon basin and oscillation of global climate over the last century

Over the past century, the world's climate has been changing. The rainfall over the continents, the global stream water discharge, the global air temperature and the CO2 content in the atmosphere have together been increasing. However, in the Amazon basin, examination of data existing and the estimation of missing data reveal that for about the past century, between 1910 and 1990, the air temperature has been decreasing, and the rainfall and the river discharge have been increasing but showing very large fluctuations. It is shown that the evolution of the global climate, over continents becoming warmer and wetter, should not mask the following realities: (1) amplitudes of fluctuations are large; (2) regional and global trends do not necessarily move in the same directions and (3) regional and global fluctuations, even if of similar amplitude and of equal periodicity, are not synchronous

The European Carbon Market in Action: Lessons from the First Trading Period Interim Report

Abstract and PDF report are also available on the MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change website (http://globalchange.mit.edu/).The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) is the largest greenhouse gas market ever established. The European Union is leading the world's first effort to mobilize market forces to tackle climate change. A precise analysis of the EU ETS's performance is essential to its success, as well as to that of future trading programs. The research program "The European Carbon Market in Action: Lessons from the First Trading Period," aims to provide such an analysis. It was launched at the end of 2006 by an international team led by Frank Convery, Christian De Perthuis and Denny Ellerman. This interim report presents the researchers' findings to date. It was prepared after the research program's second workshop, held in Washington DC in January 2008. The first workshop was held in Paris in April 2007. Two additional workshops will be held in Prague in June 2008 and in Paris in September 2008. The researchers' complete analysis will be published at the beginning of 2009.The research program “The European Carbon Market in Action: Lessons from the First Trading Period” has been made possible thanks to the support of: Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, BlueNext, EDF, Euronext, Orbeo, Suez, Total, Veolia

L'évolution du climat prévue par les modèles en Franche-Comté

L'évolution du climat au cours des décennies à venir repose sur des simulations numériques fort complexes. Elles peuvent sans doute être contestées dans le détail mais toutes les modélisations effectuées à ce jour confirment une modification du climat associée à une hausse inéluctable des températures. Une étude du climat commandée à Météo-France (qui a exploité les résultats du modèle ARPEGE-Climat) pour le compte du Conseil économique social et environnemental (cese) de Franche-Comté, n'échappe pas à la règle : le climat de la Franche-Comté se réchauffera tandis que les précipitations, dont l'évolution est plus délicate à établir, marquent une légère baisse. Nous donnons ici quelques uns des traits les plus marquants de cette évolution

Climate Change Research in View of Bibliometrics

This bibliometric study of a large publication set dealing with research on climate change aims at mapping the relevant literature from a bibliometric perspective and presents a multitude of quantitative data: (1) The growth of the overall publication output as well as (2) of some major subfields, (3) the contributing journals and countries as well as their citation impact, and (4) a title word analysis aiming to illustrate the time evolution and relative importance of specific research topics. The study is based on 222,060 papers published between 1980 and 2014. The total number of papers shows a strong increase with a doubling every 5-6 years. Continental biomass related research is the major subfield, closely followed by climate modeling. Research dealing with adaptation, mitigation, risks, and vulnerability of global warming is comparatively small, but their share of papers increased exponentially since 2005. Research on vulnerability and on adaptation published the largest proportion of very important papers. Research on climate change is quantitatively dominated by the USA, followed by the UK, Germany, and Canada. The citation-based indicators exhibit consistently that the UK has produced the largest proportion of high impact papers compared to the other countries (having published more than 10,000 papers). The title word analysis shows that the term climate change comes forward with time. Furthermore, the term impact arises and points to research dealing with the various effects of climate change. Finally, the term model and related terms prominently appear independent of time, indicating the high relevance of climate modeling.Comment: 40 pages, 6 figures, and 4 table

Quelques observations agro-météorologiques (1990) au centre ORSTOM de Pointe-Noire et à Bilala (Congo)

Du type "Guinéen forestier", le climat du Congo peut se subdiviser en trois variantes qui sont, du Sud au Nord : le climat bas-congolais, caractérisé par 4 à 5 mois de saison sèche (mai à septembre); le climat sub-équatorial, caractérisé par 1 à 3 mois de saison sèche (juin à août); le climat équatorial, caractérisé par l'absence de saison sèche. Un recueil de données sur la pluviométrie, la température, l'humidité relative de l'air et l'éclairement en 1990 à Bilala et au Centre ORSTOM de Pointe Noire a été établi. (Résumé d'auteur

Econometric Modeling of Electricity Consumption by Households as a Tool for the Calculating of the Social Consumption Norm

Since July 2016, it is planned to introduce electricity tariffs with the social consumption norm in all regions of Russia. The methodology for calculation the electricity social consumption norm for different types of households was legally adopted by resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation. According to these regulations, at least 70 % of the actual volume of electric power supply to the population should fall within the social norm. This article analyzes the validity of the methodology for calculating the social norm. The research is based on the data about the consumption of electricity by Russian households. The purpose of this study is to construct an econometric model of electricity consumption and calculate model- based social norms for different types of households. Explanatory variables in the model are the factors that describe the household size and accommodation conditions: the number of residents, the presence or absence of electric cooker, the type of settlement (urban or rural), the climate of the region where the household lives. The simulation results show that 70 % of electricity will be consumed within the social norms, if the size of the norm for households consisting of one person, will be from 110 to 210 kW·h, depending on the accommodation conditions. The author also evaluates the necessary social norm increments for the second, third and subsequent members of different household types. The developed model takes into account the regional characteristics of energy consumption and can be useful for calculating the social norm of electricity consumption in the regions of Russian Federation