1,137 research outputs found
Can Artificial Neural Networks Predict Psychiatric Conditions Associated with Cannabis Use?
This data-driven computational psychiatry research proposes a novel machine learning approach to developing predictive models for the onset of first-episode psychosis, based on artificial neural networks. The performance capabilities of the predictive models are enhanced and evaluated by a methodology consisting of novel model optimisation and testing, which integrates a phase of model tuning, a phase of model post-processing with ROC optimisation based on maximum accuracy, Youden and top-left methods, and a model evaluation with the k-fold cross-testing methodology. We further extended our framework by investigating the cannabis use attributes’ predictive power, and demonstrating statistically that their presence in the dataset enhances the prediction performance of the neural network models. Finally, the model stability is explored via simulations with 1000 repetitions of the model building and evaluation experiments. The results show that our best Neural Network model’s average accuracy of predicting first-episode psychosis, which is evaluated with Monte Carlo, is above 80%
Summaries of plenary, symposia, and oral sessions at the XXII World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics, Copenhagen, Denmark, 12-16 October 2014
The XXII World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics, sponsored by the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics, took place in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 12-16 October 2014. A total of 883 participants gathered to discuss the latest findings in the field. The following report was written by student and postdoctoral attendees. Each was assigned one or more sessions as a rapporteur. This manuscript represents topics covered in most, but not all of the oral presentations during the conference, and contains some of the major notable new findings reported
An Empirical and Computational Investigation of Neurocognitive Performance Underlying Dimensional Psychopathology
Deficits in neurocognitive abilities have been claimed to be an aetiological feature of psychopathology. Recently, dimensional structural models of psychopathology have been developed that view psychopathological experience on a dimension across multiple higher and lower order factors and indicators. This thesis explored limitations of the dimensional approach, such as the factors’ substantive meaning, and examined the functional associations between neurocognition and dimensional psychopathology. Dimensional psychopathology is best explained by a non-linear interactive conceptualisation of neurocognition
Applications of brain imaging methods in driving behaviour research
Applications of neuroimaging methods have substantially contributed to the
scientific understanding of human factors during driving by providing a deeper
insight into the neuro-cognitive aspects of driver brain. This has been
achieved by conducting simulated (and occasionally, field) driving experiments
while collecting driver brain signals of certain types. Here, this sector of
studies is comprehensively reviewed at both macro and micro scales. Different
themes of neuroimaging driving behaviour research are identified and the
findings within each theme are synthesised. The surveyed literature has
reported on applications of four major brain imaging methods. These include
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Electroencephalography (EEG),
Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) and Magnetoencephalography (MEG),
with the first two being the most common methods in this domain. While
collecting driver fMRI signal has been particularly instrumental in studying
neural correlates of intoxicated driving (e.g. alcohol or cannabis) or
distracted driving, the EEG method has been predominantly utilised in relation
to the efforts aiming at development of automatic fatigue/drowsiness detection
systems, a topic to which the literature on neuro-ergonomics of driving
particularly has shown a spike of interest within the last few years. The
survey also reveals that topics such as driver brain activity in semi-automated
settings or the brain activity of drivers with brain injuries or chronic
neurological conditions have by contrast been investigated to a very limited
extent. Further, potential topics in relation to driving behaviour are
identified that could benefit from the adoption of neuroimaging methods in
future studies
Promises and pitfalls of deep neural networks in neuroimaging-based psychiatric research
By promising more accurate diagnostics and individual treatment
recommendations, deep neural networks and in particular convolutional neural
networks have advanced to a powerful tool in medical imaging. Here, we first
give an introduction into methodological key concepts and resulting
methodological promises including representation and transfer learning, as well
as modelling domain-specific priors. After reviewing recent applications within
neuroimaging-based psychiatric research, such as the diagnosis of psychiatric
diseases, delineation of disease subtypes, normative modeling, and the
development of neuroimaging biomarkers, we discuss current challenges. This
includes for example the difficulty of training models on small, heterogeneous
and biased data sets, the lack of validity of clinical labels, algorithmic
bias, and the influence of confounding variables
Neurobiological Perspective and Personalized Treatment in Schizophrenia
Personalized treatment is the focus of researchers and comes into prominence for both genetic sciences and neurotechnology. Recently, clinical practice tries to follow the idea and principles of personalized medicine. Besides predicting an individual’s sensibility or predisposition for developing schizophrenia, pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic approaches attempt to define and acknowledge important indicators of clinical response to antipsychotics namely their efficacy and adverse effects. Particularly in the treatment of schizophrenia, clinicians are very helpless in resistant cases, and clinical pharmacogenomics contributes in a revolutionary way. With both phenotyping, namely Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) and genotyping, “big expectations” emerged both with the right drug, the right dose, and the right time. Both pharmacokinetic genotyping, CYP400 enzyme activity, and pharmacodynamic genotyping could be measured. The chapter handles schizophrenia with neurobiological views and covers personalized treatment approaches from various perspectives. Personalized treatment in the diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia is presented first. Following comorbid schizophrenia in addition to the use of various substances, psychopharmacology of schizophrenia and the mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs are presented. Genetics and epigenetics in schizophrenia are studied in detail and in silico application and computational approaches covering the feature extraction process and destructive impact of the metaverse are shared lastly
Predictive Modelling Approach to Data-driven Computational Psychiatry
This dissertation contributes with novel predictive modelling approaches to data-driven
computational psychiatry and offers alternative analyses frameworks to the standard statistical
analyses in psychiatric research. In particular, this document advances research in
medical data mining, especially psychiatry, via two phases. In the first phase, this document
promotes research by proposing synergistic machine learning and statistical approaches
for detecting patterns and developing predictive models in clinical psychiatry
data to classify diseases, predict treatment outcomes or improve treatment selections. In
particular, these data-driven approaches are built upon several machine learning techniques
whose predictive models have been pre-processed, trained, optimised, post-processed
and tested in novel computationally intensive frameworks. In the second phase,
this document advances research in medical data mining by proposing several novel extensions
in the area of data classification by offering a novel decision tree algorithm,
which we call PIDT, based on parameterised impurities and statistical pruning approaches
toward building more accurate decision trees classifiers and developing new ensemblebased
classification methods. In particular, the experimental results show that by building
predictive models with the novel PIDT algorithm, these models primarily led to better
performance regarding accuracy and tree size than those built with traditional decision
trees. The contributions of the proposed dissertation can be summarised as follow.
Firstly, several statistical and machine learning algorithms, plus techniques to improve
these algorithms, are explored. Secondly, prediction modelling and pattern detection approaches
for the first-episode psychosis associated with cannabis use are developed.
Thirdly, a new computationally intensive machine learning framework for understanding
the link between cannabis use and first-episode psychosis was introduced. Then, complementary
and equally sophisticated prediction models for the first-episode psychosis associated
with cannabis use were developed using artificial neural networks and deep learning
within the proposed novel computationally intensive framework. Lastly, an efficient
novel decision tree algorithm (PIDT) based on novel parameterised impurities and statistical
pruning approaches is proposed and tested with several medical datasets. These contributions
can be used to guide future theory, experiment, and treatment development in
medical data mining, especially psychiatry
Characterization of Time-variant and Time-invariant Assessment of Suicidality on Reddit using C-SSRS
Suicide is the 10th leading cause of death in the U.S (1999-2019). However,
predicting when someone will attempt suicide has been nearly impossible. In the
modern world, many individuals suffering from mental illness seek emotional
support and advice on well-known and easily-accessible social media platforms
such as Reddit. While prior artificial intelligence research has demonstrated
the ability to extract valuable information from social media on suicidal
thoughts and behaviors, these efforts have not considered both severity and
temporality of risk. The insights made possible by access to such data have
enormous clinical potential - most dramatically envisioned as a trigger to
employ timely and targeted interventions (i.e., voluntary and involuntary
psychiatric hospitalization) to save lives. In this work, we address this
knowledge gap by developing deep learning algorithms to assess suicide risk in
terms of severity and temporality from Reddit data based on the Columbia
Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS). In particular, we employ two deep
learning approaches: time-variant and time-invariant modeling, for user-level
suicide risk assessment, and evaluate their performance against a
clinician-adjudicated gold standard Reddit corpus annotated based on the
C-SSRS. Our results suggest that the time-variant approach outperforms the
time-invariant method in the assessment of suicide-related ideations and
supportive behaviors (AUC:0.78), while the time-invariant model performed
better in predicting suicide-related behaviors and suicide attempt (AUC:0.64).
The proposed approach can be integrated with clinical diagnostic interviews for
improving suicide risk assessments.Comment: 24 Pages, 8 Tables, 6 Figures; Accepted by PLoS One ; One of the two
mentioned Datasets in the manuscript has Closed Access. We will make it
public after PLoS One produces the manuscrip
An evolutionary perspective on the co-occurrence of social anxiety disorder and alcohol use disorder
Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) commonly co-occurs with, and often precedes, Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). In this paper, we address the relationship between SAD and AUD by considering how natural selection left socially anxious individuals vulnerable to alcohol use, and by addressing the underlying mechanisms. We review research suggesting that social anxiety has evolved for the regulation of behaviors involved in reducing the likelihood or consequences of threats to social status. The management of potential threats to social standing is important considering that these threats can result in reduced cooperation or ostracism – and therefore to reduced access to coalitional partners, resources or mates. Alcohol exerts effects upon evolutionarily conserved emotion circuits, and can down-regulate or block anxiety (or may be expected to do so). As such, the ingestion of alcohol can artificially signal the absence or successful management of social threats. In turn, alcohol use may be reinforced in socially anxious people because of this reduction in subjective malaise, and because it facilitates social behaviors – particularly in individuals for whom the persistent avoidance of social situations poses its own threat (i.e., difficulty finding mates). Although the frequent co-occurrence of SAD and AUD is associated with poorer treatment outcomes than either condition alone, a richer understanding of the biological and psychosocial drives underlying susceptibility to alcohol use among socially anxious individuals may improve the efficacy of therapeutic interventions aimed at preventing or treating this comorbidity
Use of psychoactive substances by adolescents: current panorama
Adolescence is a period of vulnerability to substance use disorders (SUDs). Epidemiological studies indicate that about 23% of Brazilian adolescents use drugs, with alcohol being the most widely consumed substance. The etiology of SUDs is complex, influenced by an interaction of genetic risk, individual development, environmental factors, context of use, and substance used. Clinicians should consider diagnostic criteria and be aware of behavioral changes that may indicate drug use and its consequences in various aspects of adolescent life. Identification and treatment of comorbid conditions is critical to the management of SUDs in this age group. Interventions should restrict access to drugs and facilitate prompt recognition of initial use, preventing progression to serious patterns of abuse or dependence. Intervention should be broad, including academic and occupational activities as well as social relationships and leisure, which are critical to the reestablishment of normal adolescent development.Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo (USP)Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Lato Sensu Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Mental HealthUNIFESP, Lato Sensu Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Mental HealthSciEL
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