308 research outputs found

    Multi-core devices for safety-critical systems: a survey

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    Multi-core devices are envisioned to support the development of next-generation safety-critical systems, enabling the on-chip integration of functions of different criticality. This integration provides multiple system-level potential benefits such as cost, size, power, and weight reduction. However, safety certification becomes a challenge and several fundamental safety technical requirements must be addressed, such as temporal and spatial independence, reliability, and diagnostic coverage. This survey provides a categorization and overview at different device abstraction levels (nanoscale, component, and device) of selected key research contributions that support the compliance with these fundamental safety requirements.This work has been partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under grant TIN2015-65316-P, Basque Government under grant KK-2019-00035 and the HiPEAC Network of Excellence. The Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness has also partially supported Jaume Abella under Ramon y Cajal postdoctoral fellowship (RYC-2013-14717).Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

    System-level Co-simulation of Integrated Avionics Using Polychrony

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    International audienceThe design of embedded systems from multiple views and heterogeneous models is ubiquitous in avionics as, in partic- ular, different high-level modeling standards are adopted for specifying the structure, hardware and software components of a system. The system-level simulation of such composite models is necessary but difficult task, allowing to validate global design choices as early as possible in the system de- sign ïŹ‚ow. This paper presents an approach to the issue of composing, integrating and simulating heterogeneous mod- els in a system co-design ïŹ‚ow. First, the functional behavior of an application is modeled with synchronous data-ïŹ‚ow and statechart diagrams using Simulink/Gene-Auto. The system architecture is modeled in the AADL standard. These high- level, synchronous and asynchronous, models are then trans- lated into a common model, based on a polychronous model of computation, allowing for a Globally Asynchronous Lo- cally Synchronous (GALS) interpretation of the composed models. This translation is implemented as an automatic model transformation within Polychrony, a toolkit for em- bedded systems design. Simulation, including proïŹling and value change dump demonstration, has been carried out based on the common model within Polychrony. An avionic case study, consisting of a simpliïŹed doors and slides control system, is presented to illustrate our approach

    System Based Interference Analysis in Capella

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    International audienceIn embedded systems the emergence of System on Chip (SoC) offers low cost, flexible and powerful computing architectures. These new COTS capabilities enable new applications in aerospace domain with more integration of avionic functionalities on a same hardware. The main drawback of such integration is the difficulty of mastering application's deployment on SoC architecture, while understanding miscellaneous emerging behaviors. Model Based Engineering techniques have been introduced to assist in system analysis at early stages of development process. For instance, Capella [BVNE] is a tooled language to support design of systems architecture (http://polarsys.org/capella). Capella helps to provide a consistent view of system architecture. However, Capella does is not satisfactory to understand emerging behaviors. For instance it is not useful to understand how deployment of different tasks (and their parameters) on different computing resources impacts conflicts (interferences) on interconnect between computational resources and memory. This problem is increasingly important with the integration of various functionalities. We propose to address this problem at different levels. First, we equipped Capella models with two kinds of reasoning capabilities. The first one is based on the worst case analytic evaluation of the interconnect interferences of a specific deployment (easy to compute but pessimistic). The second one is based on the (exhaustive) simulation and provides accurate interconnect interferences (more computationally intensive than the analytic methods but accurate). These reasoning capabilities help the designer considerably but he still has to explore several potential solutions by hand. To help him, we proposed a small DSL to express the exploration space from which the former reasoning can be performed automatically. We experimented with these techniques in the context of the ATIPPIC collaborative project, based on the modeling of simple but representative models in Capella

    Handling Information and its Propagation to Engineer Complex Embedded Systems

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    Avec l’intĂ©rĂȘt que la technologie d’aujourd’hui a sur les donnĂ©es, il est facile de supposer que l’information est au bout des doigts, prĂȘt Ă  ĂȘtre exploitĂ©. Les mĂ©thodologies et outils de recherche sont souvent construits sur cette hypothĂšse. Cependant, cette illusion d’abondance se brise souvent lorsqu’on tente de transfĂ©rer des techniques existantes Ă  des applications industrielles. Par exemple, la recherche a produit divers mĂ©thodologies permettant d’optimiser l’utilisation des ressources de grands systĂšmes complexes, tels que les avioniques de l’Airbus A380. Ces approches nĂ©cessitent la connaissance de certaines mesures telles que les temps d’exĂ©cution, la consommation de mĂ©moire, critĂšres de communication, etc. La conception de ces systĂšmes complexes a toutefois employĂ© une combinaison de compĂ©tences de diffĂ©rents domaines (probablement avec des connaissances en gĂ©nie logiciel) qui font que les donnĂ©es caractĂ©ristiques au systĂšme sont incomplĂštes ou manquantes. De plus, l’absence d’informations pertinentes rend difficile de dĂ©crire correctement le systĂšme, de prĂ©dire son comportement, et amĂ©liorer ses performances. Nous faisons recours au modĂšles probabilistes et des techniques d’apprentissage automatique pour remĂ©dier Ă  ce manque d’informations pertinentes. La thĂ©orie des probabilitĂ©s, en particulier, a un grand potentiel pour dĂ©crire les systĂšmes partiellement observables. Notre objectif est de fournir des approches et des solutions pour produire des informations pertinentes. Cela permet une description appropriĂ©e des systĂšmes complexes pour faciliter l’intĂ©gration, et permet l’utilisation des techniques d’optimisation existantes. Notre premiĂšre Ă©tape consiste Ă  rĂ©soudre l’une des difficultĂ©s rencontrĂ©es lors de l’intĂ©gration de systĂšme : assurer le bon comportement temporelle des composants critiques des systĂšmes. En raison de la mise Ă  l’échelle de la technologie et de la dĂ©pendance croissante Ă  l’égard des architectures Ă  multi-coeurs, la surcharge de logiciels fonctionnant sur diffĂ©rents coeurs et le partage d’espace mĂ©moire n’est plus nĂ©gligeable. Pour tel, nous Ă©tendons la boĂźte Ă  outils des systĂšme temps rĂ©el avec une analyse temporelle probabiliste statique qui estime avec prĂ©cision l’exĂ©cution d’un logiciel avec des considerations pour les conflits de mĂ©moire partagĂ©e. Le modĂšle est ensuite intĂ©grĂ© dans un simulateur pour l’ordonnancement de systĂšmes temps rĂ©el multiprocesseurs. ----------ABSTRACT: In today’s data-driven technology, it is easy to assume that information is at the tip of our fingers, ready to be exploited. Research methodologies and tools are often built on top of this assumption. However, this illusion of abundance often breaks when attempting to transfer existing techniques to industrial applications. For instance, research produced various methodologies to optimize the resource usage of large complex systems, such as the avionics of the Airbus A380. These approaches require the knowledge of certain metrics such as the execution time, memory consumption, communication delays, etc. The design of these complex systems, however, employs a mix of expertise from different fields (likely with limited knowledge in software engineering) which might lead to incomplete or missing specifications. Moreover, the unavailability of relevant information makes it difficult to properly describe the system, predict its behavior, and improve its performance. We fall back on probabilistic models and machine learning techniques to address this lack of relevant information. Probability theory, especially, has great potential to describe partiallyobservable systems. Our objective is to provide approaches and solutions to produce relevant information. This enables a proper description of complex systems to ease integration, and allows the use of existing optimization techniques. Our first step is to tackle one of the difficulties encountered during system integration: ensuring the proper timing behavior of critical systems. Due to technology scaling, and with the growing reliance on multi-core architectures, the overhead of software running on different cores and sharing memory space is no longer negligible. For such, we extend the real-time system tool-kit with a static probabilistic timing analysis technique that accurately estimates the execution of software with an awareness of shared memory contention. The model is then incorporated into a simulator for scheduling multi-processor real-time systems

    CONTREX: Design of embedded mixed-criticality CONTRol systems under consideration of EXtra-functional properties

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    The increasing processing power of today’s HW/SW platforms leads to the integration of more and more functions in a single device. Additional design challenges arise when these functions share computing resources and belong to different criticality levels. The paper presents the CONTREX European project and its preliminary results. CONTREX complements current activities in the area of predictable computing platforms and segregation mechanisms with techniques to consider the extra-functional properties, i.e., timing constraints, power, and temperature. CONTREX enables energy efficient and cost aware design through analysis and optimization of these properties with regard to application demands at different criticality levels

    Network-on-Chip -based Multi-Processor System-on-Chip: Towards Mixed-Criticality System Certification

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    L'abstract Ăš presente nell'allegato / the abstract is in the attachmen

    Timing Predictability in Future Multi-Core Avionics Systems

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    Analyse et optimisation des réseaux avioniques hétérogÚnes

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    La complexitĂ© des architectures de communication avioniques ne cesse de croĂźtre avec l’augmentation du nombre des terminaux interconnectĂ©s et l’expansion de la quantitĂ© des donnĂ©es Ă©changĂ©es. Afin de rĂ©pondre aux besoins Ă©mergents en terme de bande passante, latence et modularitĂ©, l’architecture de communication avionique actuelle consiste Ă  utiliser le rĂ©seau AFDX (Avionics Full DupleX Switched Ethernet) pour connecter les calculateurs et utiliser des bus d’entrĂ©e/sortie (par exemple le bus CAN (Controller Area Network)) pour connecter les capteurs et les actionneurs. Les rĂ©seaux ainsi formĂ©s sont connectĂ©s en utilisant des Ă©quipements d’interconnexion spĂ©cifiques, appelĂ©s RDC (Remote Data Concentrators) et standardisĂ© sous la norme ARINC655. Les RDCs sont des passerelles de communication modulaires qui sont reparties dans l’avion afin de gĂ©rer l’hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© entre le rĂ©seau cƓur AFDX et les bus d’entrĂ©e/sortie. Certes, les RDCs permettent d’amĂ©liorer la modularitĂ© du systĂšme avionique et de rĂ©duire le coĂ»t de sa maintenance; mais, ces Ă©quipements sont devenus un des dĂ©fis majeurs durant la conception de l’architecture avionique afin de garantir les performances requises du systĂšme. Les implĂ©mentations existantes du RDC effectuent souvent une translation direct des trames et n’implĂ©mentent aucun mĂ©canisme de gestion de ressources. Or, une utilisation efficace des ressources est un besoin important dans le contexte avionique afin de faciliter l’évolution du systĂšme et l’ajout de nouvelles fonctions. Ainsi, l’objectif de cette thĂšse est la conception et la validation d’un RDC optimisĂ© implĂ©mentant des mĂ©canismes de gestion des ressources afin d’amĂ©liorer les performances de l’architecture de communication avionique tout en respectant les contraintes temporelles du systĂšme. Afin d’atteindre cet objectif, un RDC pour les architectures rĂ©seaux de type CAN-AFDX est conçu, intĂ©grant les fonctions suivantes: (i) groupement des trames appliquĂ© aux flux montants, i.e., flux gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©s par les capteurs et destinĂ©s Ă  l’AFDX, pour minimiser le coĂ»t des communication sur l’AFDX; (ii) la rĂ©gulation des flux descendants, i.e., flux gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©s par des terminaux AFDX et destinĂ©s aux actionneurs, pour rĂ©duire les contentions sur le bus CAN. Par ailleurs, notre RDC permet de connecter plusieurs bus CAN Ă  la fois tout en garantissant une isolation entre les flux. Par la suite, afin d’analyser l’impact de ce nouveau RDC sur les performances du systĂšme avionique, nous procĂ©dons Ă  la modĂ©lisation de l’architecture CAN-AFDX, et particuliĂšrement le RDC et ses nouvelles fonctions. Ensuite, nous introduisons une mĂ©thode d’analyse temporelle pour calculer des bornes maximales sur les dĂ©lais de bout en bout et vĂ©rifier le respect des contraintes temps-rĂ©el. Plusieurs configurations du RDC peuvent rĂ©pondre aux exigences du systĂšme avionique tout en offrant des Ă©conomies de ressources. Nous procĂ©dons donc au paramĂ©trage du RDC afin de minimiser la consommation de bande passante sur l’AFDX tout en respectant les contraintes temporelles. Ce problĂšme d’optimisation est considĂ©rĂ© comme NP-complet, et l’introduction des heuristiques adĂ©quates s’est avĂ©rĂ©e nĂ©cessaire afin de trouver la meilleure configuration possible du RDC. Enfin, les performances de ce nouveau RDC sont validĂ©es Ă  travers une architecture CAN-AFDX rĂ©aliste, avec plusieurs bus CAN et des centaines de flux Ă©changĂ©s. DiffĂ©rents niveaux d’utilisation des bus CAN ont Ă©tĂ© considĂ©rĂ©s et les rĂ©sultats obtenus ont montrĂ© l’efficacitĂ© de notre RDC Ă  amĂ©liorer la gestion des ressources du systĂšme avionique tout en respectant les contraintes temporelles de communication. En particulier, notre RDC offre une rĂ©duction de la bande passante AFDX allant jusqu’à 40% en comparaison avec le RDC actuellement utilisĂ©. ABSTRACT : The aim of my thesis is to provide a resources-efficient gateway to connect Input/Output (I/O) CAN buses to a backbone network based on AFDX technology, in modern avionics communication architectures. Currently, the Remote Data Concentrator (RDC) is the main standard for gateways in avionics; and the existing implementations do not integrate any resource management mechanism. To handle these limitations, we design an enhanced CAN-AFDX RDC integrating new functions: (i) Frame Packing (FP) allowing to reduce communication overheads with reference to the currently used "1 to 1" frame conversion strategy; (ii) Hierarchical Traffic Shaping (HTS) to reduce contention on the CAN bus. Furthermore, our proposed RDC allows the connection of multiple I/O CAN buses to AFDX while guaranteeing isolation between different criticality levels, using a software partitioning mechanism. To analyze the performance guarantees offered by our proposed RDC, we considered two metrics: the end-to-end latency and the induced AFDX bandwidth consumption. Furthermore, an optimization process was proposed to achieve an optimal configuration of our proposed RDC, i.e., minimizing the bandwidth utilization while meeting the real-time constraints of communication. Finally, the capacity of our proposed RDC to meet the emerging avionics requirements has been validated through a realistic avionics case study
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