O ENVELHECIMENTO E AS APOSENTADORIAS NO AMBIENTE RURAL: UM ENFOQUE BIBLIOGRÃFICO

This article analyzes the effect of the aging and the retirements in the Brazilian rural scene, which is a question of most importance for the current days, since the relative participation of the aging group in the total set of the Brazilian population is increasing. Thus, there exists a concern with the future of the Social Security sot that it must pass through reforms. Hence, the objective of this paper is to raise elements for the discussion on the importance of the social security in the agricultural sector, since it passes through significant demographic changes. With a sufficiently fragmented history, since the years of the Empire, the Social Security has been extending several segments of society, being one of the most important forms of inclusion of the agricultural workers. Since 1991, agricultural workers have been covered by the General Regimen of the Social Security, which constitutes a great landmark in the history of the institution. With the incorporation of women in this benefit, new rights have been set, since aged women are majority in the field. The number of retirees due to aging the rural areas. This is an evidence of the aging process of the rural population and a better income redistribution among the elderly households). The field, that in the past depended basically on the income of the agricultural production, now counts on this extra alternative of income, reason for why the phenomenon of aging of the Brazilian population, specifically in the agricultural environment, brings the necessity of adjusting policies to the sector, so that the concession of these social security will not be threatened in the future.aging, Social Security, rural retirements, Brazil., Community/Rural/Urban Development, Labor and Human Capital,

EXTENSÃO RURAL, AGROECOLOGIA E INOVAÇÃO NA AGRICULTURA FAMILIAR DO VALE DO JEQUITINHONHA1

Agroforest systems (AFS) are agricultural techniques that combine woody arboreal species (fruit-bearing and/or wood producing) with agricultural production. AFSs have the capacity to make degraded areas productive, preserving at the same time natural resources and providing food, wood, firewood and diverse vegetable essences. Since 1994 the Centro de Agricultura alternativa Vicente Nica -CAV (Vicente Nica Alternative Agriculture Center) and a group of 32 farmers/experimentators practice and divulge AFS in the Alto Jequitinhonha area, trying to develop a conservationist production alternative. This article analyzes the effects of this experience on rural extension, investigating how the practice of AFS, the mobilization of rural communities and environmental education among farmers influence the rural populations and the organizations that act in the rural environment. To achieve this, the study tried to understand how the farmers not participant in AFS perceive the practice and how the mediating organizations in the rural environment of the Alto Jequitinhonha area evaluate these experiences developed on a CAV basis, analyzing the wide rebound of an extensionist action upon a territory marked by the hegemonic presence of family agriculture. A qualitative investigation approach was used, through interviews with semi-structured questionnaires. The results show that farmers and rural organizations know about and connect with the experiments in the area, creating a synergetic performance network in the fields. In this way, the environmental multiplier effect of an experience originally strictly related to productive aspects is perceived. Combining productive, social and environmental themes, the originally technical questions are transformed into a watershed of initiatives that retro-feed a chain of initiatives of socio-political consequences that surpass the predictability of an extensionist action.family agriculture, agroecology, rural organizations, Jequitinhonha Valley, rural extension, Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Industrial Organization,

Sul/Sudoeste mineiro na reversão da migração interestadual em Minas Gerais

From information on the migration of data-sets of Demographic Census of 1991 and 2000 this study examines migration flows in interstate mesoregion south/southwest of Minas Gerais, according to the micro regions of origin and destination quinquennium in 1986/1991 and 1995 / 2000. The data show a reversal of balances migration, from negative to positive in mesoregion South/South West in the 1995/2000 compared to 1986/1991. These changes were decisive in reversing the role of Minas Gerais in the national migration scenario. The results suggest that the space decentralization process of the population and some economic activities that have occurred in the most dynamic regions of the country, combined with geographical location, not only turned into strategic advantages for the economy of mesoregion South / South West, but also elevated their power of attraction and retention population.Resumo Este trabalho analisa, a partir de informações referentes à migração de data-fixa dos Censos Demográficos de 1991 e 2000, os fluxos migratórios interestaduais na mesorregião Sul/Sudoeste de Minas Gerais, segundo as microrregiões de origem e destino nos qüinqüênios 1986/1991 e 1995/2000. Os dados revelam uma reversão dos saldos migratórios, de negativo para positivo, na mesorregião Sul/Sudoeste no período de 1995/2000 comparativamente ao qüinqüênio 1986/1991. Estas mudanças foram decisivas na reversão do papel de Minas Gerais no cenário migratório nacional. Os resultados sugerem que o processo de desconcentração espacial da população e de algumas atividades econômicas que vem ocorrendo nas regiões mais dinâmicas do país, aliada a localização geográfica, não só se transformou em vantagens estratégicas para a economia da mesorregião Sul/Sudoeste, mas também eleva seus poderes de retenção e atração populacional. Palavras-chave: Migração interestadual; Mesorregião, Sul/Sudoeste; Minas Gerais. South / South West miner in the reversal of interstate migration in Minas Gerais Abstract: This study examines, from informations about the migration of data-sets of Demographic Census of 1991 and 2000, migration flows in interstate mesoregion south / southwest of Minas Gerais, according to the microregions of origin and destination quinquennium in 1986/1991 and 1995 / 2000. The date shows a reversal of balances migration, from negative to positive in mesoregion South / South West in the 1995/2000 compared to 1986/1991. These changes were decisive in reversing the role of Minas Gerais in the national scenario of migration. The results suggest that the process of space decentralize of the population and some economic activities that has occurred in the most dynamic regions of the country, combined with geographical location, not only turned into strategic advantages for the economy of mesoregion South / South West, but also elevates his powers of attraction and retention population. Key-words: Interstate migration; Mesoregion, South/South West; Minas Gerais

O norte e nordeste de Minas Gerais no contexto das migrações contemporâneas brasileiras

This study analyses information about the migration of data-sets of the Demographic Census of 1991 and 2000, migration flows in interstate mesoregion south / southwest of Minas Gerais, according to the microregions of origin and destination. The data show a reversal of balances migration, from negative to positive in mesoregion South / South West in the 1995/2000 period compared to 1986/1991. These changes were decisive in reversing the role of Minas Gerais in the national scenario of migration. The results suggest that the process of space decentralization of population and some economic activities that have occurred in the most dynamic regions of the country, combined with geographical location, not only turned into strategic advantages for the economy of mesoregion South / South West, but also elevated its powers of attraction and retention of population.Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o comportamento recente da migração nas mesorregiões históricas de perdas populacionais, complementadas pelas respectivas microrregiões selecionadas, levando-se em conta a origem e destino dos migrantes de Minas Gerais. Os resultados apontam que há manutenção e redução das emigrações nas mesorregiões em estudo. No âmbito da migração intraestadual, percebe-se a manutenção e intensificação nas perdas de população. As mudanças de modalidade migratória podem estar aliadas às novas áreas de oportunidade que o Estado vem oferecendo, novas estratégias de migração e o fortalecimento e ampliação de redes sociais entre os migrantes no interior do Estado, as quais estão calcadas na interação dos atores distribuídos em suas respectivas estruturas sociais

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

O ENVELHECIMENTO E AS APOSENTADORIAS NO AMBIENTE RURAL: UM ENFOQUE BIBLIOGRÁFICO

This article analyzes the effect of the aging and the retirements in the Brazilian rural scene, which is a question of most importance for the current days, since the relative participation of the aging group in the total set of the Brazilian population is increasing. Thus, there exists a concern with the future of the Social Security sot that it must pass through reforms. Hence, the objective of this paper is to raise elements for the discussion on the importance of the social security in the agricultural sector, since it passes through significant demographic changes. With a sufficiently fragmented history, since the years of the Empire, the Social Security has been extending several segments of society, being one of the most important forms of inclusion of the agricultural workers. Since 1991, agricultural workers have been covered by the General Regimen of the Social Security, which constitutes a great landmark in the history of the institution. With the incorporation of women in this benefit, new rights have been set, since aged women are majority in the field. The number of retirees due to aging the rural areas. This is an evidence of the aging process of the rural population and a better income redistribution among the elderly households). The field, that in the past depended basically on the income of the agricultural production, now counts on this extra alternative of income, reason for why the phenomenon of aging of the Brazilian population, specifically in the agricultural environment, brings the necessity of adjusting policies to the sector, so that the concession of these social security will not be threatened in the future

Sul/Sudoeste mineiro na reversão da migração interestadual em Minas Gerais

Resumo Este trabalho analisa, a partir de informações referentes à migração de data-fixa dos Censos Demográficos de 1991 e 2000, os fluxos migratórios interestaduais na mesorregião Sul/Sudoeste de Minas Gerais, segundo as microrregiões de origem e destino nos qüinqüênios 1986/1991 e 1995/2000. Os dados revelam uma reversão dos saldos migratórios, de negativo para positivo, na mesorregião Sul/Sudoeste no período de 1995/2000 comparativamente ao qüinqüênio 1986/1991. Estas mudanças foram decisivas na reversão do papel de Minas Gerais no cenário migratório nacional. Os resultados sugerem que o processo de desconcentração espacial da população e de algumas atividades econômicas que vem ocorrendo nas regiões mais dinâmicas do país, aliada a localização geográfica, não só se transformou em vantagens estratégicas para a economia da mesorregião Sul/Sudoeste, mas também eleva seus poderes de retenção e atração populacional. Palavras-chave: Migração interestadual; Mesorregião, Sul/Sudoeste; Minas Gerais. South / South West miner in the reversal of interstate migration in Minas Gerais Abstract: This study examines, from informations about the migration of data-sets of Demographic Census of 1991 and 2000, migration flows in interstate mesoregion south / southwest of Minas Gerais, according to the microregions of origin and destination quinquennium in 1986/1991 and 1995 / 2000. The date shows a reversal of balances migration, from negative to positive in mesoregion South / South West in the 1995/2000 compared to 1986/1991. These changes were decisive in reversing the role of Minas Gerais in the national scenario of migration. The results suggest that the process of space decentralize of the population and some economic activities that has occurred in the most dynamic regions of the country, combined with geographical location, not only turned into strategic advantages for the economy of mesoregion South / South West, but also elevates his powers of attraction and retention population. Key-words: Interstate migration; Mesoregion, South/South West; Minas Gerais

Sul/Sudoeste mineiro na reversão da migração interestadual em Minas Gerais

From information on the migration of data-sets of Demographic Census of 1991 and 2000 this study examines migration flows in interstate mesoregion south/southwest of Minas Gerais, according to the micro regions of origin and destination quinquennium in 1986/1991 and 1995 / 2000. The data show a reversal of balances migration, from negative to positive in mesoregion South/South West in the 1995/2000 compared to 1986/1991. These changes were decisive in reversing the role of Minas Gerais in the national migration scenario. The results suggest that the space decentralization process of the population and some economic activities that have occurred in the most dynamic regions of the country, combined with geographical location, not only turned into strategic advantages for the economy of mesoregion South / South West, but also elevated their power of attraction and retention population.Resumo Este trabalho analisa, a partir de informações referentes à migração de data-fixa dos Censos Demográficos de 1991 e 2000, os fluxos migratórios interestaduais na mesorregião Sul/Sudoeste de Minas Gerais, segundo as microrregiões de origem e destino nos qüinqüênios 1986/1991 e 1995/2000. Os dados revelam uma reversão dos saldos migratórios, de negativo para positivo, na mesorregião Sul/Sudoeste no período de 1995/2000 comparativamente ao qüinqüênio 1986/1991. Estas mudanças foram decisivas na reversão do papel de Minas Gerais no cenário migratório nacional. Os resultados sugerem que o processo de desconcentração espacial da população e de algumas atividades econômicas que vem ocorrendo nas regiões mais dinâmicas do país, aliada a localização geográfica, não só se transformou em vantagens estratégicas para a economia da mesorregião Sul/Sudoeste, mas também eleva seus poderes de retenção e atração populacional. Palavras-chave: Migração interestadual; Mesorregião, Sul/Sudoeste; Minas Gerais. South / South West miner in the reversal of interstate migration in Minas Gerais Abstract: This study examines, from informations about the migration of data-sets of Demographic Census of 1991 and 2000, migration flows in interstate mesoregion south / southwest of Minas Gerais, according to the microregions of origin and destination quinquennium in 1986/1991 and 1995 / 2000. The date shows a reversal of balances migration, from negative to positive in mesoregion South / South West in the 1995/2000 compared to 1986/1991. These changes were decisive in reversing the role of Minas Gerais in the national scenario of migration. The results suggest that the process of space decentralize of the population and some economic activities that has occurred in the most dynamic regions of the country, combined with geographical location, not only turned into strategic advantages for the economy of mesoregion South / South West, but also elevates his powers of attraction and retention population. Key-words: Interstate migration; Mesoregion, South/South West; Minas Gerais