Incorrect Ways of Thinking About the Size of Fractions

The literature has amply shown that primary and secondary school students have difficulties in understanding rational number size. Many of these difficulties are explained by the natural number bias or the use of other incorrect reasoning such as gap thinking. However, in many studies, these types of reasoning have been inferred from comparing students’ accuracies in multiple-choice items. Evidence that supports that these incorrect ways of reasoning are indeed underlying is scarce. In the present work, we carried out interviews with 52 seventh grade students. The objective was to validate the existence of students’ incorrect ways of thinking about fraction size that were previously inferred from patterns of correct and incorrect answers to multiple-choice items, by looking at students’ verbalizations, and examine whether these ways of thinking are resistant to change. Students’ verbalizations support the existence of the different incorrect ways of thinking inferred from previous studies in fraction size. Furthermore, the high levels of confidence in their incorrect reasoning and the fact that they were reluctant to change their answer when they were confronted with other reasoning suggest that these ways of thinking may be resistant to change.Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This research was carried out with the support of Conselleria d’Educació, Investigació, Cultura i Esport (Generalitat Valenciana, Spain) (PROMETEO/2017/135), the support of the postdoctoral grant (I-PI 69-20), and with the support of the Academy of Finland (Grant 336068, growing mind GM2, PI Minna Hannula-Sormunen)

Perfiles en la comprensión de la densidad de los números racionales en estudiantes de educación primaria y secundaria

The present cross-sectional study investigated 953 fifth to tenth grade students’ understanding of the dense structure of rational numbers. After an inductive analysis, coding the answers based on three types of items on density, a TwoStep Cluster Analysis revealed different intermediate profiles in the understanding of density along grades. The analysis highlighted qualitatively different ways of thinking: i) the idea of consecutiveness, ii) the idea of a finite number of numbers, and iii) the idea that between fractions, there are only fractions, and between decimals, there are only decimals. Furthermore, our profiles showed differences regarding rational number representation since students first recognised the dense nature of decimal numbers and then of fractions. Learners, however, were still found to have a natural number-based idea of the rational number structure by the end of secondary school, especially when they had to write a number between two pseudo-consecutive rational numbers.En este estudio transversal sobre la densidad de los números racionales participaron 953 estudiantes desde 5º curso de educación primaria hasta 4º curso de educación secundaria. Tras un análisis inductivo, codificando las respuestas a tres tipos de ítems, se llevó a cabo un análisis clúster, que reveló diferentes perfiles intermedios en la comprensión de la densidad. Se identificaron formas de pensar diferentes: i) la idea de consecutivo, ii) la idea de número finito de números, y iii) la idea de que entre fracciones solo hay fracciones y entre decimales solo hay decimales. Además, se obtuvieron diferencias con respecto a la representación de los números racionales: los estudiantes primero reconocieron la densidad en números decimales y posteriormente, en fracciones. Se destaca que los estudiantes al final de la educación secundaria todavía tenían una idea basada en el conocimiento del número natural, especialmente cuando tenían que escribir un número entre dos números racionales pseudo-consecutivos.This research was carried out with the support of Conselleria d’Educació, Investigació, Cultura i Esport (Generalitat Valenciana, Spain) (PROMETEO/2017/135), the support of the postdoctoral grant (I-PI 69-20), and with the support of the Academy of Finland (Grant 336068, growing mind GM2, PI Minna Hannula-Sormunen)

Various ways to determine rational number size: an exploration across primary and secondary education

Understanding rational numbers is a complex task for primary and secondary school students. Previous research has shown that a possible reason is students’ tendency to apply the properties of natural numbers (inappropriately) when they are working with rational numbers (a phenomenon called natural number bias). Focusing on rational number comparison tasks, recent research has shown that other incorrect strategies such as gap thinking or reverse bias can also explain these difficulties. The present study aims to investigate students’ different ways of thinking when working on fraction and decimal comparison tasks. The participants were 1,262 primary and secondary school students. A TwoStep Cluster Analysis revealed six different student profiles according to their way of thinking. Results showed that while students’ reasoning based on the properties of natural numbers decreased along primary and secondary school, almost disappearing at the end of secondary school, students’ reasoning based on gap thinking increased along these grades. This result seems to indicate that when students overcome their reliance on natural numbers, they enter a stage of qualitatively different errors before finally reaching the stage of correct understanding.This research was carried out with the support of Conselleria d’Educació, Investigació, Cultura i Esport (Generalitat Valenciana, Spain) (PROMETEO/2017/135) and with the support of the University of Alicante (UAFPU2018-035)

Incorrect Ways of Thinking About the Size of Fractions

The literature has amply shown that primary and secondary school students have difficulties in understanding rational number size. Many of these difficulties are explained by the natural number bias or the use of other incorrect reasoning such as gap thinking. However, in many studies, these types of reasoning have been inferred from comparing students' accuracies in multiple-choice items. Evidence that supports that these incorrect ways of reasoning are indeed underlying is scarce. In the present work, we carried out interviews with 52 seventh grade students. The objective was to validate the existence of students' incorrect ways of thinking about fraction size that were previously inferred from patterns of correct and incorrect answers to multiple-choice items, by looking at students' verbalizations, and examine whether these ways of thinking are resistant to change. Students' verbalizations support the existence of the different incorrect ways of thinking inferred from previous studies in fraction size. Furthermore, the high levels of confidence in their incorrect reasoning and the fact that they were reluctant to change their answer when they were confronted with other reasoning suggest that these ways of thinking may be resistant to change

Profiles in understanding the density of rational numbers among primary and secondary school students Perfiles en la comprensión de la densidad de los números racionales en estudiantes de educación primaria y secundaria

The present cross-sectional study investigated 953 fifth to tenth grade students' understanding of the dense structure of rational numbers. After an inductive analysis, coding the answers based on three types of items on density, a TwoStep Cluster Analysis revealed different intermediate profiles in the understanding of density along grades. The analysis highlighted qualitatively different ways of thinking: i) the idea of consecutiveness, ii) the idea of a finite number of numbers, and iii) the idea that between fractions, there are only fractions, and between decimals, there are only decimals. Furthermore, our profiles showed differences regarding rational number representation since students first recognised the dense nature of decimal numbers and then of fractions. Learners, however, were still found to have a natural number-based idea of the rational number structure by the end of secondary school, especially when they had to write a number between two pseudo-consecutive rational numbers.En este estudio transversal sobre la densidad de los números racionales participaron 953 es-tudiantes desde 5º curso de educación primaria hasta 4º curso de educación secundaria. Tras un análisis inductivo, codificando las respuestas a tres tipos de ítems, se llevó a cabo un análisis clúster, que reveló diferentes perfiles intermedios en la comprensión de la densidad. Se identificaron formas de pensar dife-rentes: i) la idea de consecutivo, ii) la idea de número finito de números, y iii) la idea de que entre fracciones solo hay fracciones y entre decimales solo hay decimales. Además, se obtuvieron diferencias con respecto a la representación de los números racionales: los estudiantes primero reconocieron la densidad en núme-ros decimales y posteriormente, en fracciones. Se destaca que los estudiantes al final de la educación se-cundaria todavía tenían una idea basada en el conocimiento del número natural, especialmente cuando tenían que escribir un número entre dos números racionales pseudo-consecutivos.</p

Intrinsic vowel F0, the size of vowel inventories and second language acquisition

The phenomenon of intrinsic vowel F0 (IF0), in which high vowels exhibit higher F0 than low vowels, has been widely attested in languages of the world. Most often, IF0 is regarded as an automatic, physiologically determined phenomenon, whereas some claim that IF0 is a controlled feature, introduced to enhance vowel contrasts. This paper presents new evidence on this issue by means of a cross-linguistic investigation of the influence of vowel inventory size on IF0 and a study of IF0 in second language (L2) acquisition. IF0 was measured in three language varieties: Arabic (a language with 3 vowels), Dutch (a 12-vowel system), and Dutch spoken by native Arabic-speaking learners. IF0 was significantly larger in Dutch than Arabic, but did not differ significantly between Arabic and Dutch produced by L2 learners. No spectral differences between the corresponding vowels of the three language varieties were found. While confirming the universality of IF0, these results also suggest that the size of IF0 may be language-specific, depending on the need to enhance vowel contrasts. Thus, these results agree well with a mixed physiological-enhancement account, which assumes that IF0 is physiologically determined, but also at least in part the effect of an interacting, controlled mechanism

Numeracy and COVID-19: Examining interrelationships between numeracy, health numeracy and behaviour

During the COVID-19 pandemic, people across the globe have been exposed to large amounts of statistical data. Previous studies have shown that individuals mathematical understanding of health-related information affects their attitudes and behaviours. Here, we investigate the relation between (i) basic numeracy, (ii) COVID-19 health numeracy, and (iii) COVID-19 health-related attitudes and behaviours. An online survey measuring these three variables was distributed in Canada, the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK) (n = 2032). In line with predictions, basic numeracy was positively related to COVID-19 health numeracy. However, predictions, neither basic numeracy nor COVID-19 health numeracy was related to COVID-19 healthrelated attitudes and behaviours (e.g. follow experts recommendations on social distancing, wearing masks etc.). Multi-group analysis was used to investigate mean differences and differences in the strength of the correlation across countries. Results indicate there were no between-country differences in the correlations between the main constructs but there were between-country differences in latent means. Overall, results suggest that while basic numeracy is related to one s understanding of data about COVID-19, better numeracy alone is not enough to influence a population s health-related attitudes about disease severity and to increase the likelihood of following public health advice

Numeracy and COVID-19: examining interrelationships between numeracy, health numeracy and behaviour

During the COVID-19 pandemic, people across the globe have been exposed to large amounts of statistical data. Previous studies have shown that individuals' mathematical understanding of health-related information affects their attitudes and behaviours. Here, we investigate the relation between (i) basic numeracy, (ii) COVID-19 health numeracy, and (iii) COVID-19 health-related attitudes and behaviours. An online survey measuring these three variables was distributed in Canada, the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK) (n = 2032). In line with predictions, basic numeracy was positively related to COVID-19 health numeracy. However, predictions, neither basic numeracy nor COVID-19 health numeracy was related to COVID-19 health-related attitudes and behaviours (e.g. follow experts’ recommendations on social distancing, wearing masks etc.). Multi-group analysis was used to investigate mean differences and differences in the strength of the correlation across countries. Results indicate there were no between-country differences in the correlations between the main constructs but there were between-country differences in latent means. Overall, results suggest that while basic numeracy is related to one's understanding of data about COVID-19, better numeracy alone is not enough to influence a population's health-related attitudes about disease severity and to increase the likelihood of following public health advice

Whole breast and regional nodal irradiation in prone versus supine position in left sided breast cancer

Background: Prone whole breast irradiation (WBI) leads to reduced heart and lung doses in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant radiotherapy. In this feasibility trial, we investigated the prone position for whole breast + lymph node irradiation (WB + LNI). Methods: A new support device was developed for optimal target coverage, on which patients are positioned in a position resembling a phase from the crawl swimming technique (prone crawl position). Five left sided breast cancer patients were included and simulated in supine and prone position. For each patient, a treatment plan was made in prone and supine position for WB + LNI to the whole axilla and the unoperated part of the axilla. Patients served as their own controls for comparing dosimetry of target volumes and organs at risk (OAR) in prone versus in supine position. Results: Target volume coverage differed only slightly between prone and supine position. Doses were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in prone position for ipsilateral lung (Dmean, D2, V5, V10, V20, V30), contralateral lung (Dmean, D2), contralateral breast (Dmean, D2 and for total axillary WB + LNI also V5), thyroid (Dmean, D2, V5, V10, V20, V30), oesophagus (Dmean and for partial axillary WB + LNI also D2 and V5), skin (D2 and for partial axillary WB + LNI V105 and V107). There were no significant differences for heart and humeral head doses. Conclusions: Prone crawl position in WB + LNI allows for good breast and nodal target coverage with better sparing of ipsilateral lung, thyroid, contralateral breast, contralateral lung and oesophagus when compared to supine position. There is no difference in heart and humeral head doses

A new class of glycomimetic drugs to prevent free fatty acid-induced endothelial dysfunction

Background: Carbohydrates play a major role in cell signaling in many biological processes. We have developed a set of glycomimetic drugs that mimic the structure of carbohydrates and represent a novel source of therapeutics for endothelial dysfunction, a key initiating factor in cardiovascular complications. Purpose: Our objective was to determine the protective effects of small molecule glycomimetics against free fatty acid­induced endothelial dysfunction, focusing on nitric oxide (NO) and oxidative stress pathways. Methods: Four glycomimetics were synthesized by the stepwise transformation of 2,5­dihydroxybenzoic acid to a range of 2,5­substituted benzoic acid derivatives, incorporating the key sulfate groups to mimic the interactions of heparan sulfate. Endothelial function was assessed using acetylcholine­induced, endotheliumdependent relaxation in mouse thoracic aortic rings using wire myography. Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) behavior was evaluated in the presence or absence of the free fatty acid, palmitate, with or without glycomimetics (1µM). DAF­2 and H2DCF­DA assays were used to determine nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, respectively. Lipid peroxidation colorimetric and antioxidant enzyme activity assays were also carried out. RT­PCR and western blotting were utilized to measure Akt, eNOS, Nrf­2, NQO­1 and HO­1 expression. Results: Ex vivo endothelium­dependent relaxation was significantly improved by the glycomimetics under palmitate­induced oxidative stress. In vitro studies showed that the glycomimetics protected HUVECs against the palmitate­induced oxidative stress and enhanced NO production. We demonstrate that the protective effects of pre­incubation with glycomimetics occurred via upregulation of Akt/eNOS signaling, activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway, and suppression of ROS­induced lipid peroxidation. Conclusion: We have developed a novel set of small molecule glycomimetics that protect against free fatty acidinduced endothelial dysfunction and thus, represent a new category of therapeutic drugs to target endothelial damage, the first line of defense against cardiovascular disease