LA PANDEMIA DE COVID Y LOS MIGRANTES: UNA AGENDA DE DIEZ PUNTOS PARA MITIGAR EL DESASTRE EN CURSO

Globally, millions of migrants, refugees, asylum-seekers, and stateless persons are among those most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Millions more seasonal and itinerant migrants are similarly affected. Nonetheless, even during the most severe lockdowns, many countries remain dependent on migrants and refugees to do essential work to keep health services, food production, industry, commerce, and other sectors operating. It is argued that effective responses to the coronavirus pandemic, notably those focused on migrants and refugees, must respect rights, be appropriate and proportionate to prevent the spread of COVID, and guarantee the ability of people - and economies - to maintain social, local, and national well-being. However, many policies and actions addressing COVID-19 have been implemented with little or no consideration for migrants and refugees, resulting in health issues, mortality rates, unemployment, COVID prevention, treatment, and mass deportation loss of livelihood for populations.  Following a critical analysis, this research identifies ten themes characterizing an integrated, comprehensive response addressing migrants and refugees. Quick fixes divert resources, while only a set of responses addressing the interrelated issues of health, social protection, employment, community, gender, cross-border mobility, non-discrimination, communication, and recovery can solve challenges posed by the pandemic in this mobile and interdependent worldA nivel mundial, millones de migrantes, refugiados, solicitantes de asilo y apátridas se encuentran entre los más afectados por la pandemia de COVID-19. Millones más de migrantes estacionales e itinerantes se ven afectados de manera similar. No obstante, incluso durante los bloqueos más severos, muchos países siguen dependiendo de los migrantes y refugiados para realizar trabajos esenciales como mantener en funcionamiento los servicios de salud, la producción de alimentos, la industria, el comercio y otros sectores. Se argumenta que las respuestas efectivas a la pandemia de coronavirus, en particular aquellas enfocadas en migrantes y refugiados, deben respetar los derechos, ser apropiadas y proporcionadas para prevenir la propagación de COVID y garantizar la capacidad de las personas - y las economías - para mantener la situación social, local y bienestar nacional. Sin embargo, muchas políticas y acciones que abordan el COVID-19 se han implementado con poca o ninguna consideración por los migrantes y refugiados. Esto ha resultado en problemas de salud, mortalidad, desempleo, prevención de COVID y tratamientos, deportación masiva y pérdida de medios de vida para estas poblaciones. Siguiendo un análisis crítico, en esta investigación se identifican diez temas que caracterizan una respuesta integradora e integral dirigida a migrantes y refugiados. Las soluciones rápidas desvían recursos, mientras que solo un conjunto de respuestas que abordan los problemas interrelacionados de salud, protección social, empleo, comunidad, género, movilidad transfronteriza, no discriminación, comunicación y recuperación, pueden resolver los desafíos planteados por la pandemia en este mundo móvil e interdependiente

Economic migration, social cohesion and development: towards an integrated approach

Dans la déclaration finale de leur 8e conférence, les ministres européens responsables des questions de migration se sont engagés à promouvoir et à protéger les droits fondamentaux des migrants, avec une attention particulière portée à l'égalité de genre et aux droits des femmes, au renforcement du dialogue et de la coopération entre les pays d'accueil, de transit et d'origine, notamment en Europe, et à la promotion de la cohérence entre les politiques de migration, de développement et d'intégration à tous les niveaux (international, national, régional et local).Les ministres se sont également engagés à gérer les migrations économiques afin de favoriser le progrès économique et social dans les pays d'accueil, de transit et d'origine ; à renforcer la cohésion sociale en améliorant l'intégration des migrants et des personnes issues de l'immigration, et la réintégration des migrants qui retournent dans leur pays d'origine ; à renforcer la contribution des migrants et des personnes issues de l'immigration au développement dans les pays d'accueil et d'origine, et leur participation à des programmes de codéveloppement. Cet ouvrage a été préparé pour servir de support aux débats des ministres durant la conférence. Il présente les aspects et caractéristiques principaux des migrations dans les Etats membres du Conseil de l'Europe, analyse les problèmes soulevés par les migrations contemporaines et définit un programme d'action adapté.In the final declaration of their 8th conference, the European ministers responsible for migration affairs committed to promoting and protecting the human rights of migrants, with special attention to gender equality and the rights of women; to strengthening dialogue and co-operation between receiving, transit and origin countries, particularly within Europe; and to promoting coherence at all levels (international, national, regional and local) between migration, development and integration policies. The ministers also agreed to manage economic migration with a view to promoting economic and social progress in receiving, transit and origin countries; to enhance social cohesion by improving the integration of migrants and persons of immigrant background and the re-integration of migrants who return to their countries of origin; and to strengthen the contribution of migrants and persons of immigrant background to development in receiving and origin countries and their involvement in co-development programs. This report was prepared to support the ministerial debate during the conference. It presents the main aspects and characteristics of migration in the member states of the Council of Europe, analyses policy challenges raised by contemporary migration and identifies an integrated policy agenda.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Amphibia, Anura, Cycloramphidae, Proceratophrys bigibbosa (Peters, 1872) and Proceratophrys brauni Kwet and Faivovich, 2001: distribution extension and new state record

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Disentangling sequential and concerted fragmentations of molecular polycations with covariant native frame analysis

Using covariance analysis methods, we study the fragmentation dynamics of multiply ionized 1- and 2-iodopropane. Signatures of isomer-specific nuclear motion occurring during sequential fragmentation pathways are identified.</jats:p

Direct momentum imaging of charge transfer following site-selective ionization

We study ultrafast charge rearrangement in dissociating 2-iodopropane (2−C3H7I) using site-selective core ionization at the iodine atom. Clear signatures of electron transfer between the neutral propyl fragment and multiply charged iodine ions are observed in the recorded delay-dependent ion momentum distributions. The detected charge-transfer pathway is only favorable within a small (few angstroms), charge-state-dependent spatial window located at C-I distances longer than that of the neutral ground-state molecule. These results offer insights into the physics underpinning charge transfer in isolated molecules and pave the way for a different class of time-resolved studies

Utilization of mechanical power and associations with clinical outcomes in brain injured patients: a secondary analysis of the extubation strategies in neuro-intensive care unit patients and associations with outcome (ENIO) trial

Background: There is insufficient evidence to guide ventilatory targets in acute brain injury (ABI). Recent studies have shown associations between mechanical power (MP) and mortality in critical care populations. We aimed to describe MP in ventilated patients with ABI, and evaluate associations between MP and clinical outcomes. Methods: In this preplanned, secondary analysis of a prospective, multi-center, observational cohort study (ENIO, NCT03400904), we included adult patients with ABI (Glasgow Coma Scale ≤ 12 before intubation) who required mechanical ventilation (MV) ≥ 24&nbsp;h. Using multivariable log binomial regressions, we separately assessed associations between MP on hospital day (HD)1, HD3, HD7 and clinical outcomes: hospital mortality, need for reintubation, tracheostomy placement, and development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Results: We included 1217 patients (mean age 51.2&nbsp;years [SD 18.1], 66% male, mean body mass index [BMI] 26.3 [SD 5.18]) hospitalized at 62 intensive care units in 18 countries. Hospital mortality was 11% (n = 139), 44% (n = 536) were extubated by HD7 of which 20% (107/536) required reintubation, 28% (n = 340) underwent tracheostomy placement, and 9% (n = 114) developed ARDS. The median MP on HD1, HD3, and HD7 was 11.9&nbsp;J/min [IQR 9.2-15.1], 13&nbsp;J/min [IQR 10-17], and 14&nbsp;J/min [IQR 11-20], respectively. MP was overall higher in patients with ARDS, especially those with higher ARDS severity. After controlling for same-day pressure of arterial oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen (P/F ratio), BMI, and neurological severity, MP at HD1, HD3, and HD7 was independently associated with hospital mortality, reintubation and tracheostomy placement. The adjusted relative risk (aRR) was greater at higher MP, and strongest for: mortality on HD1 (compared to the HD1 median MP 11.9&nbsp;J/min, aRR at 17&nbsp;J/min was 1.22, 95% CI 1.14-1.30) and HD3 (1.38, 95% CI 1.23-1.53), reintubation on HD1 (1.64; 95% CI 1.57-1.72), and tracheostomy on HD7 (1.53; 95%CI 1.18-1.99). MP was associated with the development of moderate-severe ARDS on HD1 (2.07; 95% CI 1.56-2.78) and HD3 (1.76; 95% CI 1.41-2.22). Conclusions: Exposure to high MP during the first week of MV is associated with poor clinical outcomes in ABI, independent of P/F ratio and neurological severity. Potential benefits of optimizing ventilator settings to limit MP warrant further investigation

Disentangling sequential and concerted fragmentations of molecular polycations with covariant native frame analysis

We present results from an experimental ion imaging study into the fragmentation dynamics of 1-iodopropane and 2-iodopropane following interaction with extreme ultraviolet intense femtosecond laser pulses with a photon energy of 95 eV. Using covariance imaging analysis, a range of observed fragmentation pathways of the resulting polycations can be isolated and interrogated in detail at relatively high ion count rates (∼12 ions shot−1). By incorporating the recently developed native frames analysis approach into the three-dimensional covariance imaging procedure, contributions from three-body concerted and sequential fragmentation mechanisms can be isolated. The angular distribution of the fragment ions is much more complex than in previously reported studies for triatomic polycations, and differs substantially between the two isomeric species. With support of simple simulations of the dissociation channels of interest, detailed physical insights into the fragmentation dynamics are obtained, including how the initial dissociation step in a sequential mechanism influences rovibrational dynamics in the metastable intermediate ion and how signatures of this nuclear motion manifest in the measured signals.</p

Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease

Background: Experimental and clinical data suggest that reducing inflammation without affecting lipid levels may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Yet, the inflammatory hypothesis of atherothrombosis has remained unproved. Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind trial of canakinumab, a therapeutic monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-1β, involving 10,061 patients with previous myocardial infarction and a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level of 2 mg or more per liter. The trial compared three doses of canakinumab (50 mg, 150 mg, and 300 mg, administered subcutaneously every 3 months) with placebo. The primary efficacy end point was nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular death. RESULTS: At 48 months, the median reduction from baseline in the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level was 26 percentage points greater in the group that received the 50-mg dose of canakinumab, 37 percentage points greater in the 150-mg group, and 41 percentage points greater in the 300-mg group than in the placebo group. Canakinumab did not reduce lipid levels from baseline. At a median follow-up of 3.7 years, the incidence rate for the primary end point was 4.50 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group, 4.11 events per 100 person-years in the 50-mg group, 3.86 events per 100 person-years in the 150-mg group, and 3.90 events per 100 person-years in the 300-mg group. The hazard ratios as compared with placebo were as follows: in the 50-mg group, 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80 to 1.07; P = 0.30); in the 150-mg group, 0.85 (95% CI, 0.74 to 0.98; P = 0.021); and in the 300-mg group, 0.86 (95% CI, 0.75 to 0.99; P = 0.031). The 150-mg dose, but not the other doses, met the prespecified multiplicity-adjusted threshold for statistical significance for the primary end point and the secondary end point that additionally included hospitalization for unstable angina that led to urgent revascularization (hazard ratio vs. placebo, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.95; P = 0.005). Canakinumab was associated with a higher incidence of fatal infection than was placebo. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality (hazard ratio for all canakinumab doses vs. placebo, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.06; P = 0.31). Conclusions: Antiinflammatory therapy targeting the interleukin-1β innate immunity pathway with canakinumab at a dose of 150 mg every 3 months led to a significantly lower rate of recurrent cardiovascular events than placebo, independent of lipid-level lowering. (Funded by Novartis; CANTOS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01327846.

La Convention, symbole d'une approche alternative des migrations internationales

La réticence des États à ratifier la Convention illustre le conflit entre mondialisation économique et droits humains, au cœur des mutations socio-économiques contemporaines. Cet article met en évidence le rôle essentiel tenu par les travailleurs migrants dans l'essor du capitalisme à l'échelle planétaire tout en étant à la fois enjeu d'un marchandage économique et victimes de ce système. Il dénonce en particulier l'atteinte à l'universalité des droits humains que représente l'inégalité de traitement des étrangers, en droit et en pratiqueTaran Patrick A. La Convention, symbole d'une approche alternative des migrations internationales. In: Hommes et Migrations, n°1271, Janvier-février 2008. La Convention des Nations unies sur les droits des travailleurs migrants. Enjeux et Perspectives. pp. 32-41