Factors of the Development of Fear of Disease Progression in Patients with Breast Cancer

BACKGROUND: The issue of the influence of psychics on somatic diseases, including cancer, becomes more and more relevant. In cases with cancer, patients face a vital threat, which, in its turn, is manifested as a range of biopsychosocial consequences. AIM: The aim of the study was to reveal the factors of the formation of fear of cancer progression or recurrence in breast cancer patients. METHODS: The sampling included patients from clinical hospitals of Moscow and Saint Petersburg (Russia). The study involved 690 patients aged 30–79 years old. The study was performed with specially selected diagnostic tools that allowed the authors to evaluate the intensity and reveal peculiarities of the development of fear of cancer progression. Statistical analysis was performed by the calculation of the mean arithmetic of the general sampling, the rate, and the ratio distribution by the intensity of fear of cancer progression, and Spearman correlation. RESULTS: Statistically significant associations were revealed between the parameters of intensity and peculiarities of fear of cancer progression and such characteristics of personality as viability, integrated personality, and experiences in a close relationship. CONCLUSION: The obtained results were used to develop methodical recommendations on the improvement of a psychoemotional condition of women diagnosed with breast cancer

ЗАВИСИМОСТЬ ПРОДОЛЖИТЕЛЬНОСТИ ЖИЗНИ ОТ УРОВНЯ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ В РОССИИ

Inequality in mortality between different social groups of the population has long been the focus of attention of researchers in many countries. The results of these studies tend to show that people with lower levels of education or lower professional qualifications, as well as income levels, die at a younger age. This article is devoted to the study of the differences in mortality rates between population groups with different educational levels in Russia after 1979. It also assesses the contribution of changes in the mortality rates within different educational groups and the educational structure of the population to changes in the life expectancy of the entire population.This work is based on state statistics covering the breakdown of the population and the deceased by levels of education. The distribution of the population by age, sex and levels of education was calculated on the basis of the censuses of 1979, 1989 and 2002, and the micro-censuses of 1994 and 2015. Similar data on the deceased for 1979 and 1989 are contained in tables of vital statistics provided by statistical offices as annual reports. Data for 1998 and 2015, was obtained by further development of anonymous micro-data on the number of deceased collected by the Rosstat.The study showed that the change in the educational structure of the population contributed most to the increase in life expectancy of both men and women at the ages of 30 to 69 in 1979 – 2015. Another positive contribution was made by the decrease in mortality in all age groups of the population with higher education, and at the age of 50 and older in groups with secondary education as well.Проблема неравенства в смертности между различными социальными группами населения длительное время остается в центре внимания исследователей многих стран. Результаты этих исследований, как правило, показывают, что люди с более низким уровнем образования или низкой профессиональной квалификации, а также и уровнем дохода умирают в более молодом возрасте. Данная статья посвящена изучению различий в смертности групп населения с разным уровнем образования в России в период после 1979 г. и оценке вклада изменений смертности разных образовательных групп и образовательной структуры населения в изменения продолжительности жизни всего населения.Работа базируется на данных государственной статистики о распределении населения и умерших по уровню образования. Распределение населения по возрасту, полу и уровню образования было рассчитано на основе данных переписей населения 1979, 1989 и 2002 гг. и микропереписей 1994 и 2015 гг. Аналогичные данные об умерших за 1979 и 1989 гг. содержатся в таблицах годового отчета органов статистики о естественном движении населения, а данные за 1998 и 2015 гг. получены путем дополнительной разработки анонимных микроданных об умерших, собранных Росстатом.Исследование показало, что и у мужчин, и у женщин наибольший вклад в рост ожидаемой продолжительности жизни в возрастах 30-69 лет в 1979-2015 гг. внесло изменение образовательной структуры населения. Также положительное влияние оказало снижение смертности во всех возрастных группах населения с высшим образованием, а в возрастах 50 лет и старше - и в группах со средним образованием

Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia has a heritability of 60-80%1, much of which is attributable to common risk alleles. Here, in a two-stage genome-wide association study of up to 76,755 individuals with schizophrenia and 243,649 control individuals, we report common variant associations at 287 distinct genomic loci. Associations were concentrated in genes that are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the central nervous system, but not in other tissues or cell types. Using fine-mapping and functional genomic data, we identify 120 genes (106 protein-coding) that are likely to underpin associations at some of these loci, including 16 genes with credible causal non-synonymous or untranslated region variation. We also implicate fundamental processes related to neuronal function, including synaptic organization, differentiation and transmission. Fine-mapped candidates were enriched for genes associated with rare disruptive coding variants in people with schizophrenia, including the glutamate receptor subunit GRIN2A and transcription factor SP4, and were also enriched for genes implicated by such variants in neurodevelopmental disorders. We identify biological processes relevant to schizophrenia pathophysiology; show convergence of common and rare variant associations in schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders; and provide a resource of prioritized genes and variants to advance mechanistic studies

Ribosomal DNA Abundance in the Patient’s Genome as a Feasible Marker in Differential Diagnostics of Autism and Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia

Introduction: Differential diagnostics of early-onset schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a problem of child psychiatry. The prognosis and relevant treatment are to a large degree determined by the correctness of diagnosis. We found earlier that leucocyte DNA of adult schizophrenia patients contained significantly larger copy numbers of ribosomal repeats (rDNA) coding for rRNA, than DNA of mentally healthy controls. Aim: To compare the contents of ribosomal repeats in the leucocyte DNA of children with schizophrenia, children with ASD, and healthy age-matched controls to estimate the possibility of using this genetic trait in the differential diagnostics of the two types of disorders. Patients and methods: Blood samples of patients with infantile autism (A—F84.0 according to ICD-10, N = 75) and with childhood-onset schizophrenia (SZ—F20.8 according to ICD-10, N = 43) were obtained from the Child Psychiatry Department of the Mental Health Research Center. The healthy control blood samples (HC, N = 86) were taken from the Research Centre for Medical Genetics collection. The recruitment of cases was based on the clinical psychopathologic approach. DNA was extracted from blood leukocytes with organic solvents. Nonradioactive quantitative hybridization technique was applied for determining the abundance of ribosomal repeats in the genomes. Statistical processing was performed using StatPlus, Statgraphics and MedCalc. Findings: DNA derived from SZ cases contained 565 ± 163 rDNA copies, which is significantly (p < 10−6) higher than the rDNA content in ASD cases (405 ± 109 copies) and controls (403 ± 86 copies). The HC and A groups did not differ by rDNA copy number (p > 0.4). The genetic trait “rDNA copy number in patient’s genome” can potentially be applied as an additional marker in differential diagnostics of childhood-onset schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders

Интеграция цифровых технологий в профессионально-ориентированное обучение чтению студентов инженерных направлений

Currently, the most crucial social order is to prepare specialists with a number of professional and general cultural competencies. Taking into account that reading is believed to be both a part of a basic literacy and an important component of engineering profile student competences, it is essential to plan teaching reading in the university curriculum. The paper examines the distinguishing features of teaching reading in a foreign language to non-linguistic students in the digital age. The authors present a combination of the traditional reading techniques/strategies and the new ones as an effective means of teaching reading since the digital age has changed the characteristics and the notion of reading. A comprehensive theoretical background of teaching reading is provided. Apart from reading models (bottom-up, top down), types (synthetic, analytical, independent, guided, study, communicative, extensive, intensive) and strategies (scanning, skimming; inferring, monitoring or clarifying, searching and selecting, visualizing and organizing, questioning, SQ3R/SQRRR), special attention is given to the characteristics of the professional texts for students and the types of text tasks. In addition, the authors use the basic principles of language education in the framework of digital technologies in teaching readingВ настоящее время актуальна задача подготовки специалистов, обладающих профессиональными и общекультурными компетенциями. Учитывая, что чтение является базовым навыком функциональной грамотности, а также важным компонентом формируемых компетенций у студентов инженерных направлений, подчеркивается необходимость тщательного планирования обучения чтению в вузе. В статье рассмотрены особенности обучения чтению на иностранном языке студентов нелингвистических специальностей в эпоху цифровых технологий. Авторы представляют совокупность современных и традиционных методов/стратегий чтения в качестве эффективного средства обучения, следуя изменениям в его характеристиках и понятиях в эпоху цифровизации. Дана общая теоретическая основа обучения чтению. Особое внимание уделяется как моделям (снизу вверх, сверху вниз), типам (синтетическое, аналитическое, независимое, управляемое, учебное, коммуникативное, ознакомительное, изучающее), стратегиям (сканирование, беглый просмотр, вывод, мониторинг или уточнение, поиск и отбор, визуализация и организация, чтение с вопросами, SQ3R /SQRRR (Оценить – Задать вопросы – Прочитать – Запомнить – Подвести итоги) чтения, так и специфике текстов профессиональной направленности, типам текстовых заданий. Кроме того, авторы используют основные принципы языкового образования в рамках внедрения цифровых технологий обучения чтени

Using brain cell-type-specific protein interactomes to interpret neurodevelopmental genetic signals in schizophrenia

Summary: Genetics have nominated many schizophrenia risk genes and identified convergent signals between schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders. However, functional interpretation of the nominated genes in the relevant brain cell types is often lacking. We executed interaction proteomics for six schizophrenia risk genes that have also been implicated in neurodevelopment in human induced cortical neurons. The resulting protein network is enriched for common variant risk of schizophrenia in Europeans and East Asians, is down-regulated in layer 5/6 cortical neurons of individuals affected by schizophrenia, and can complement fine-mapping and eQTL data to prioritize additional genes in GWAS loci. A sub-network centered on HCN1 is enriched for common variant risk and contains proteins (HCN4 and AKAP11) enriched for rare protein-truncating mutations in individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Our findings showcase brain cell-type-specific interactomes as an organizing framework to facilitate interpretation of genetic and transcriptomic data in schizophrenia and its related disorders

Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia has a heritability of 60-80%(1), much of which is attributable to common risk alleles. Here, in a two-stage genome-wide association study of up to 76,755 individuals with schizophrenia and 243,649 control individuals, we report common variant associations at 287 distinct genomic loci. Associations were concentrated in genes that are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the central nervous system, but not in other tissues or cell types. Using fine-mapping and functional genomic data, we identify120 genes (106 protein-coding) that are likely to underpin associations at some of these loci, including16 genes with credible causal non-synonymous or untranslated region variation. We also implicate fundamental processes related to neuronal function, including synaptic organization, differentiation and transmission. Fine-mapped candidates were enriched for genes associated with rare disruptive coding variants in people with schizophrenia, including the glutamate receptor subunit GRIN2A and transcription factorSP4, and were also enriched for genes implicated by such variants in neurodevelopmental disorders. We identify biological processes relevant to schizophrenia pathophysiology; show convergence of common and rare variant associations in schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders; and provide a resource of prioritized genes and variants to advance mechanistic studies

Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia has a heritability of 60-80%1, much of which is attributable to common risk alleles. Here, in a two-stage genome-wide association study of up to 76,755 individuals with schizophrenia and 243,649 control individuals, we report common variant associations at 287 distinct genomic loci. Associations were concentrated in genes that are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the central nervous system, but not in other tissues or cell types. Using fine-mapping and functional genomic data, we identify 120 genes (106 protein-coding) that are likely to underpin associations at some of these loci, including 16 genes with credible causal non-synonymous or untranslated region variation. We also implicate fundamental processes related to neuronal function, including synaptic organization, differentiation and transmission. Fine-mapped candidates were enriched for genes associated with rare disruptive coding variants in people with schizophrenia, including the glutamate receptor subunit GRIN2A and transcription factor SP4, and were also enriched for genes implicated by such variants in neurodevelopmental disorders. We identify biological processes relevant to schizophrenia pathophysiology; show convergence of common and rare variant associations in schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders; and provide a resource of prioritized genes and variants to advance mechanistic studies.11Nsciescopu