Informalidad laboral y calidad de vida de los vendedores estacionarios reubicados: el caso de centro comercial del café

Entrevista semiestructurada. Encuesta. Evidencias fotográficas.En este trabajo de investigación se tuvo como propósito principal identificar la relación entre la informalidad laboral y la calidad de vida de los vendedores estacionarios reubicados en el Centro Comercial del Café. Para lograr esto el trabajo metodológico se sustenta desde el paradigma de investigación mixto de tipo descriptivo de diseño no experimental; en ese sentido, su población estuvo integrada por 10 sujetos de estudio (vendedores estacionarios reubicados en el Centro Comercial del Café), y sus instrumentos para la recolección de datos, fueron una entrevista y una encuesta. Con esto, dentro de los resultados, emergieron 3 categorías, a saber: 1) Caracterización socio-demográfica de los vendedores informales estacionarios reubicados en el Centro Comercial del Café. 2) Productividad y competitividad de los vendedores informales estacionarios reubicados en el Centro Comercial del Café. 3) Posibilidades de movilidad social de los vendedores informales estacionarios reubicados en el Centro Comercial del Café. Categorías que, a su vez, permitieron acercarse a la subjetividad emanada de esta población sujeto de estudio, en torno a sus propias dinámicas en torno a la informalidad laboral y la calidad de vida. Por lo tanto, se logran unas conclusiones que dan cuenta de las condiciones de la calidad de vida que tienen estos vendedores estacionarios luego de ser reubicados en el Centro Comercial del Café.In this research work, the main purpose was to identify the relationship between the informality of work and the quality of life of stationary sellers relocated to the Coffee Shopping Center. To achieve this, methodological work is based from the mixed research paradigm of descriptive type of non-experimental design; in this sense, its population consisted of 10 study subjects (stationary vendors relocated to the Café Shopping Center), and their instruments for data collection, were an interview and survey. With this, within the results, 3 categories emerged, namely: 1) Socio-demographic characterization of stationary informal sellers relocated to the Coffee Shopping Center. 2) Productivity and competitiveness of stationary informal sellers relocated to the Café Shopping Center. 3) Possibilities of social mobility of stationary informal sellers relocated to the Café Shopping Center. Categories that, in turn, allowed to approach the subject of this study population, around its own dynamics around labour informality and quality of life. Therefore, conclusions are reached that account for the quality of life conditions that these stationary sellers have after being relocated to the Café Shopping Center

TCANet for Domain Adaptation of Hyperspectral Images

The use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to solve Domain Adaptation (DA) image classification problems in the context of remote sensing has proven to provide good results but at high computational cost. To avoid this problem, a deep learning network for DA in remote sensing hyperspectral images called TCANet is proposed. As a standard CNN, TCANet consists of several stages built based on convolutional filters that operate on patches of the hyperspectral image. Unlike the former, the coefficients of the filter are obtained through Transfer Component Analysis (TCA). This approach has two advantages: firstly, TCANet does not require training based on backpropagation, since TCA is itself a learning method that obtains the filter coefficients directly from the input data. Second, DA is performed on the fly since TCA, in addition to performing dimensional reduction, obtains components that minimize the difference in distributions of data in the different domains corresponding to the source and target images. To build an operating scheme, TCANet includes an initial stage that exploits the spatial information by providing patches around each sample as input data to the network. An output stage performing feature extraction that introduces sufficient invariance and robustness in the final features is also included. Since TCA is sensitive to normalization, to reduce the difference between source and target domains, a previous unsupervised domain shift minimization algorithm consisting of applying conditional correlation alignment (CCA) is conditionally applied. The results of a classification scheme based on CCA and TCANet show that the DA technique proposed outperforms other more complex DA techniquesThis work was supported in part by Consellería de Educación, Universidade e Formación Profesional [grant numbers GRC2014/008, ED431C 2018/19, and ED431G/08] and Ministerio de Economía y Empresa, GovernmentofSpain[grantnumberTIN2016-76373-P].Allareco–fundedbytheEuropeanRegionalDevelopment Fund (ERDF). This work received financial support from the Xunta de Galicia and the European Union (European Social Fund - ESF)S

A hybrid CUDA, OpenMP, and MPI parallel TCA-based domain adaptation for classification of very high-resolution remote sensing images

Domain Adaptation (DA) is a technique that aims at extracting information from a labeled remote sensing image to allow classifying a different image obtained by the same sensor but at a different geographical location. This is a very complex problem from the computational point of view, specially due to the very high-resolution of multispectral images. TCANet is a deep learning neural network for DA classification problems that has been proven as very accurate for solving them. TCANet consists of several stages based on the application of convolutional filters obtained through Transfer Component Analysis (TCA) computed over the input images. It does not require backpropagation training, in contrast to the usual CNN-based networks, as the convolutional filters are directly computed based on the TCA transform applied over the training samples. In this paper, a hybrid parallel TCA-based domain adaptation technique for solving the classification of very high-resolution multispectral images is presented. It is designed for efficient execution on a multi-node computer by using Message Passing Interface (MPI), exploiting the available Graphical Processing Units (GPUs), and making efficient use of each multicore node by using Open Multi-Processing (OpenMP). As a result, an accurate DA technique from the point of view of classification and with high speedup values over the sequential version is obtained, increasing the applicability of the technique to real problemsOpen Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This work was supported in part by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Government of Spain (grant numbers PID2019-104834GB-I00 and TED2021-130367B-I00), the Consellería de Educación, Universidade e Formación Profesional (grant number 2019–2022 ED431G-2019/04 and 2021–2024 ED431C 2022/16), and by the Junta de Castilla y León (project VA226P20 (PROPHET II Project)). All are co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)S

Watershed Monitoring in Galicia from UAV Multispectral Imagery Using Advanced Texture Methods

Watershed management is the study of the relevant characteristics of a watershed aimed at the use and sustainable management of forests, land, and water. Watersheds can be threatened by deforestation, uncontrolled logging, changes in farming systems, overgrazing, road and track construction, pollution, and invasion of exotic plants. This article describes a procedure to automatically monitor the river basins of Galicia, Spain, using five-band multispectral images taken by an unmanned aerial vehicle and several image processing algorithms. The objective is to determine the state of the vegetation, especially the identification of areas occupied by invasive species, as well as the detection of man-made structures that occupy the river basin using multispectral images. Since the territory to be studied occupies extensive areas and the resulting images are large, techniques and algorithms have been selected for fast execution and efficient use of computational resources. These techniques include superpixel segmentation and the use of advanced texture methods. For each one of the stages of the method (segmentation, texture codebook generation, feature extraction, and classification), different algorithms have been evaluated in terms of speed and accuracy for the identification of vegetation and natural and artificial structures in the Galician riversides. The experimental results show that the proposed approach can achieve this goal with speed and precisionThis work was supported in part by the Civil Program UAVs Initiative, promoted by the Xunta de Galicia and developed in partnership with the Babcock company to promote the use of unmanned technologies in civil services. We also have to acknowledge the support by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Government of Spain (grant number PID2019-104834GB-I00), and Consellería de Educación, Universidade e Formación Profesional (grant number ED431C 2018/19, and accreditation 2019–2022 ED431G-2019/04). All are co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)S

HypeRvieW: an open source desktop application for hyperspectral remote-sensing data processing

In this article, we present a desktop application for the analysis, reference data generation, registration, and supervised spatial-spectral classification of hyperspectral remote-sensing images through a simple and intuitive interface. Regarding the classification ability, the different classification schemes are implemented by using a chain structure as a base. It consists of five configurable stages that must be executed in a fixed order: preprocessing, spatial processing, pixel-wise classification, combination, and post-processing. The modular implementation makes its extension easy by adding new algorithms for each stage or new classification chains. The tool has been designed as a platform that is open to the incorporation of algorithms by the users interested in comparing classification schemes. As an example of use, a classification scheme based on the Quick Shift (QS) algorithm for segmentation and on Extreme Learning Machines (ELMs) or Support Vector Machines (SVMs) for classification is also proposed. The application is license-free, runs on the Linux operating system, and was developed in C language using the GTK library, as well as other free libraries to build the graphical user interfaces (GUIs)This work was supported by the Xunta de Galicia, Programme for Consolidation of Competitive Research Groups [2014/008]; Ministry of Science and Innovation, Government of Spain, cofounded by the FEDER funds of European Union [TIN2013-41129-P]S

Holistic evaluation of risk in the framework of the urban sustainability

The risk identification, assessment and reduction are indispensable steps on the way of the sustainable development of the countries. Risk assessment requires a multidisciplinary approach that takes into account not only the expected physical damage, the number and type of casualties or the economic losses, but also other social, organizational and institutional factors that contribute to risk. At urban level, for example, vulnerability should be related not only to the physical susceptibility of buildings and infrastructure, butalso to the social fragility and the lack of resilience of the exposed community. The absence of institutional and community organization, weak preparedness for emergency response, political instability and lack of economic health, which are development problems, contribute to increasing of risk in a geographical area. This article presents and applies a methodology for evaluating risk in urban center using a holistic approach. A multidisciplinary estimation of risk to guide the decision making, that takes into account geophysical and structural aspects, and also social, economic, institutional variables, among others, is considered here as holistic approach, involving all the aspects and comprehensive. The paper includes four case studies, the cities of: Barcelona, Spain; Bogotá and Manizales, Colombia; and Metro-Manila, The Philippines.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Revisión del estándar de seguridad ISO /IEC 30141 como arquitectura de referencia para IoT

Trabajo de InvestigaciónCon esta revisión se busca ofrecer una síntesis de información que permita visualizar de qué forma se está aplicando la arquitectura ISO / IEC 30141: 2018 en el mundo, como se visualiza la seguridad, que abarca, entender si se está aplicando actualmente en Colombia, de qué forma se está aplicando, que investigaciones hay en curso, cuáles son sus retos y que se espera que pase en ese campo tecnológico.I. INTRODUCCIÓN II. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS III. RESULTADOS IV. DISCUSIÓN VIII. CONCLUSIÓN IX. RECOMENDACIONES REFERENCIASEspecializaciónEspecialista en Seguridad de la Informació

Análise comparativa do imposto de renda para as pessoas naturais (colômbia) - pessoas físicas (espanha) e os não residentes

“Comparative Analysis of National Taxes in Tax Law in Colombia and Tax Law in Spain” is a study that comes from SITUQ tax research center. In this study you will find tax systems, an establishment of the state of the art in national taxes, and a comparative analysis of its common grounds and its differences. Likewise, an analysis is made on the “Agreement between the Kingdom of Spain and the Republic of Colombia to avoid double imposition and prevent fiscal evasion in income and equity taxes” to measure its effects. The present article shows us how an imposition system is held on tax income in both countries to establish their differences and similarities. This is interesting for both academic and professional communities who may study economic and fiscal facts in the competitive environment of the modern world.El estudio realizado desde el semillero de investigación de tributaria SITUQ logra desarrollar el trabajo de investigación “Análisis comparativo de impuestos de carácter nacional del Derecho Tributario de Colombia y el Derecho Tributario de España”, en el cual se comprenden los sistemas tributarios; se establece el estado del arte de los impuestos de carácter nacional; se construye un análisis comparativo de sus diferencias y similitudes. De igual forma se analizan los efectos en los mismos al considerar el “Convenio entre el Reino de España y la República de Colombia para evitar la doble imposición y prevenir la evasión fiscal en materia de impuestos sobre la Renta y sobre el Patrimonio”. El presente artículo da cuenta de uno de los objetivos propuestos, en donde se logra conocer cómo es el sistema impositivo del impuesto sobre la renta en España y el impuesto sobre la renta en Colombia, para luego establecer diferencias y similitudes. Lo anterior es de interés para la comunidad académica y profesional, quienes pueden abordar los hechos económicos y fiscales en un ambiente competitivo que exige el mundo actual.L’étude du groupe de recherche SITUQ a réussit à développer le projet de recherche «Analyse comparative de l’impôt national Droit fiscal en Colombie et en Espagne», qui comprennent les systèmes fiscaux, instituant la état de l’art des impôts nationaux, pour construire une analyse comparative de leurs différences et les similitudes. De la même façon, les auteurs réfléchissent sur les effets de l ‘«Accord entre le Royaume d’Espagne et la République de Colombie en vue d’éviter les doubles impositions et de prévenir l’évasion fiscale en matière d’impôts sur le revenu et sur la fortune.» Cet article rend compte de l’un des objectifs, où il est possible de savoir comment le régime fiscal de l’impôt sur le revenu en Espagne et l’impôt sur le revenu en Colombie, en vue d’établir les différences et les similitudes. Ceci est d’intérêt pour la communauté universitaire et professionnel qui peut répondre aux faits économiques et budgétaires dans un environnement concurrentiel qui exige le monde d’aujourd’hui.O estudo realizado a partir da oficina de pesquisa tributária SITUQ logra desenvolver o trabalho de pesquisa “Análise comparativa de impostos de carácter nacional do Direito Tributário da Colômbia e o Direito Tributário da Espanha”, no qual se compreenden os sistemas tributários; estabelece-se o estado de arte dos impostos de carácter nacional; construi-se uma análise comparativa de suas diferenças semelhanças. De igual forma analizam-se os efeitos nos mesmos ao considerar o “Convênio entre o Reino da Espanha e a República da Colômbia para evitar a dupla taxação e prevenir a evasão fiscal em matéria de impostos sobre a renda e sobre o Patrimônio”. O presente artigo alcança um dos objetivos propostos, no ponto onde consegue conhecer como é o sistema impositivo do imposto sobre a renda na Espanha e o imposto sobre a renda na Colômbia, para logo estabelecer diferenças e semelhanças. O anterior é de interesse para a comunidade acadêmica e profissional, os quais podem abordar os feitos econômicos e fiscais em um ambiente competitivo que exige o mundo atual

Os impostos na época da independência, seu impacto social, evolução e implicações no sistema tributário atual

The historic evolution of taxation in Colombia is immersed in a series of events that make part of National history. The domineering Colombian system was implemented by Spain during the colonization following its own model. The increase of taxes to finance its activities and wars held for territories resulted in the uprising of the Colonies inhabitants against the oppressive regime. A clear example is the rebellion of the Communards, which originated due to the tax increase of the Armada de Barlovento. The constant abuse and discrimination by the Spaniards unleashed the events that lead to the Independence. After the installation of the new government, one of the first reforms made was the abolishment some taxed like the Indian Tribute (Tributo de Indios). Knowing the origin and evolution of the current imposing system in Colombia is of great help to make a deeper study of the topic and improve its understanding not only from its political context but also the social and cultural one. From ancient times, taxes have been the main source of the States income. Even in Prehistory, taxes were part of religion and beliefs, which is the evidence to prove that taxes have been part of the evolution process of mankind.La evolución histórica de los tributos en Colombia se encuentra inmersa en una serie de acontecimientos que hacen parte de la historia patria. El sistema impositivo colombiano fue implementado por España durante la colonización a semejanza del aplicado en dicho país; el incremento de los impuestos para financiar sus actividades y las guerras que sostenía por la lucha de territorios hizo que los habitantes de las colonias se sublevaran en contra del régimen opresor; un claro ejemplo de ello es la rebelión de los Comuneros, la cual se genero debido al incremento del impuesto de la Armada de Barlovento. Los constantes abusos y la discriminación a la que estaban sometidos por parte de los españoles desencadenaron una serie de hechos que posteriormente llevaron a la independencia; al instalarse el nuevo gobierno una de las primeras reformas realizadas en esta materia fue abolir algunos impuestos, como el Tributo de Indios. Conocer el origen y evolución del sistema impositivo actual en Colombia es de gran utilidad para realizar un estudio más profundo del tema y mejorar la comprensión del mismo, desde un contexto no sólo político y económico sino también social y cultural. Desde épocas antiguas los tributos han constituido la principal fuente de ingresos del Estado, incluso en la prehistoria estos hacían parte de la religión y sus creencias, lo cual permite evidenciar que han hecho parte de los procesos evolutivos del hombre.L’évolution historique des impôts en Colombie est plongée dans une série d’événements qui font partie de notre histoire nationale. Le système fiscal colombien a été mis en œuvre par l’Espagne pendant la colonisation. L’augmentation d’impôts pour financer les activités espagnoles et les guerres qu’ils avaient par la lutte des territoires ont fait que les habitants des colonies se révoltent contre le régime oppressif. Un exemple clair, c’est la révolte des communards, qui a été généré en raison de l’augmentation d’impôt du Vent Marine. L’abus et la discrimination constante à laquelle ils ont été soumis par les Espagnols ont déclenché une série d’événements qui ont ensuite conduit à l’indépendance, quand le nouveau gouvernement des premières réformes dans ce domaine a été d’abolir certaines taxes, comme le Tribute des Indiens. Connaitre l’origine et l’évolution du régime fiscal actuel en Colombie est très utile pour réaliser une étude plus approfondie du sujet et améliorer la compréhension de celui-ci, à partir d’un contexte politique non seulement économique mais aussi social et culturel. Depuis les temps anciens, les impôts ont été la principale source de revenus, même dans les temps préhistoriques elles faisaient partie de la religion et les croyances, ce qui permet de montrer qu’ils on fait partie intégrante des processus évolutifs de l’homme.A evolução histórica dos tributos na Colômbia se encontra imersa em uma série de acontecimentos que fazem parte da história pátria. O sistema impositivo colombiano foi implementado pela Espanha durante a colonização a semelhança do aplicado em tal país; o incremento dos impostos para financiar suas atividades e as guerras que sustentava pela luta de territórios fez que os habitantes das colônias se insurgiram contra o regime opressor; um claro exemplo disso é a rebelião dos Comuneros, a qual se gerou devido ao aumento do imposto da Armada de Barlovento. Os constantes abusos e a discriminação à que estavan submetidos por parte dos espanhóis desencadearam uma série de feitos que posteriormente levaram à indepêndencia; ao instalar-se o novo governo uma das primeiras reformas realizadas nesta matéria foiu abolir alguno impostos, como o Tributo de Indios. Conhecer a origem e evolução do sistema impositivo atual na Colômbia é de grande utilidade para realizar um estudo mais profundo do tema e melhorar a compreensão do mesmo, desde um contexto não só político e econômico senão também social e cultural. Desde épocas antigas os tributos tem constituído a principal fonte de ingressos do Estado, inclusive na pré-história estes faziam parte da religião e suas crenças, o qual permite evidenciar que tem feito parte dos processos evolutivos do homem

Violencia escolar en la ciudad de Bluefields, RACCS Nicaragua

Este estudio ha analizado las manifestaciones de Acoso Escolar (Bullying), causas y alteraciones psicológicas que ocasiona en estudiantes de Educación Secundaria de la ciudad de Bluefields. Es de tipo cuantitativo y cualitativo; la encuesta fue aplicada a 263 estudiantes de un universo de 536; estos datos fueron procesados a través del SPSS 0.17. También se desarrollaron dos grupos focales con la participación de 14 estudiantes y entrevistas individuales a 15 docentes. La información brindada fue analizada con las técnicas de análisis de contenido y discurso. Los resultados han revelado que los centros educativos de la ciudad de Bluefields no están exentos a la problemática del acoso escolar. Las manifestaciones de este fenómeno incluyen agresiones verbales, psicológicas, físicas y en menor escala las de índole sexual. Estas acciones desencadenan alteraciones emocionales en las víctimas de acoso, tales como el aislamiento social, baja autoestima, temor e ideas suicidas, esto también disminuye su rendimiento escolar. Las principales causas del acoso escolar es la violencia intrafamiliar, y la discriminación por pertenecer a grupos étnicos minoritarios. En cuanto a las estrategias de afrontamientos más utilizadas por los estudiantes para manejar situaciones de acoso escolar se refieren las centradas en la resolución y las estrategias de evitación.</p