Bell inequalities with no quantum violation and unextendible product bases

The strength of classical correlations is subject to certain constraints, commonly known as Bell inequalities. Violation of these inequalities is the manifestation of nonlocality-displayed, in particular, by quantum mechanics, meaning that quantum mechanics can outperform classical physics at tasks associated with such Bell inequalities. Interestingly, however, there exist situations in which this is not the case. We associate an intriguing class of bound entangled states, constructed from unextendable product bases with a wide family of tasks, for which (i) quantum correlations do not outperform the classical ones but (ii) there exist supraquantum nonsignaling correlations that do provide an advantage

Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial

Background: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists differ in chemical structure, duration of action, and in their effects on clinical outcomes. The cardiovascular effects of once-weekly albiglutide in type 2 diabetes are unknown. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of albiglutide in preventing cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Methods: We did a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 610 sites across 28 countries. We randomly assigned patients aged 40 years and older with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (at a 1:1 ratio) to groups that either received a subcutaneous injection of albiglutide (30–50 mg, based on glycaemic response and tolerability) or of a matched volume of placebo once a week, in addition to their standard care. Investigators used an interactive voice or web response system to obtain treatment assignment, and patients and all study investigators were masked to their treatment allocation. We hypothesised that albiglutide would be non-inferior to placebo for the primary outcome of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, which was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. If non-inferiority was confirmed by an upper limit of the 95% CI for a hazard ratio of less than 1·30, closed testing for superiority was prespecified. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02465515. Findings: Patients were screened between July 1, 2015, and Nov 24, 2016. 10 793 patients were screened and 9463 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to groups: 4731 patients were assigned to receive albiglutide and 4732 patients to receive placebo. On Nov 8, 2017, it was determined that 611 primary endpoints and a median follow-up of at least 1·5 years had accrued, and participants returned for a final visit and discontinuation from study treatment; the last patient visit was on March 12, 2018. These 9463 patients, the intention-to-treat population, were evaluated for a median duration of 1·6 years and were assessed for the primary outcome. The primary composite outcome occurred in 338 (7%) of 4731 patients at an incidence rate of 4·6 events per 100 person-years in the albiglutide group and in 428 (9%) of 4732 patients at an incidence rate of 5·9 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·78, 95% CI 0·68–0·90), which indicated that albiglutide was superior to placebo (p<0·0001 for non-inferiority; p=0·0006 for superiority). The incidence of acute pancreatitis (ten patients in the albiglutide group and seven patients in the placebo group), pancreatic cancer (six patients in the albiglutide group and five patients in the placebo group), medullary thyroid carcinoma (zero patients in both groups), and other serious adverse events did not differ between the two groups. There were three (<1%) deaths in the placebo group that were assessed by investigators, who were masked to study drug assignment, to be treatment-related and two (<1%) deaths in the albiglutide group. Interpretation: In patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, albiglutide was superior to placebo with respect to major adverse cardiovascular events. Evidence-based glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists should therefore be considered as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Funding: GlaxoSmithKline

Correlations in multipartite systems: From entanglement to localization

En esta tesis hemos considerado varios sistemas físicos en los que las correlaciones, tanto las intrínsecas como las creadas específicamente, juegan un papel crucial. En particular, hemos demostrado que es posible generar, manipular y detectar entrelazamiento multipartito entre sistemas atómicos distantes mediante un esquema geométrico novedoso. utilizando un interfaz cuántico de luz-materia basado en el efecto Faraday. En segundo lugar, hemos analizado el entrelazamiento cuántico de subsistemas tripartitos de redes de espín. Hemos analizado partículas de espín 1/2 y aplicando los criterios de necesidad y suficiencia de separabilidad para sistemas de tres-qubit invariantes bajo rotaciones hemos verificado la presencia de entrelazamiento tripartito en estados fundamentales y térmicos para los Hamiltonianos de Heisenber y XXZ. Finalmente hemos estudiado las propiedades de un sistema de bosones en presencia de desorden creado por impurezas aleatorias, contribuyendo al entendimiento de la relación entre la localización causada por el desorden y el efecto contrarrestante de interacciones repulsivas. Debido a la relativa simplicidad del potencial que modela el desorden hemos podido realizar estimaciones analíticas, e.g. evaluar la aplicabilidad de la aproximación multi-orbital de Hartree-Fock para describir el sistema. En esta tesis, también he considerado la caracterización de correlaciones utilizadas como recursos para tareas de información cuántica. Hemos estudiado tareas (desigualdades de Bell) para las cuales los recursos clásicos y cuánticos resultan equivalentes, y únicamente las correlaciones "non-signaling" proporcionan una eficiencia mejor. Como resultado hemos presentado un método sistemático para la construcción de estas tareas, mostrando que poseen una relación inesperada cons las llamadas "Unextendible Product Bases".In the thesis we have considered several physical systems in which correlations, either intrinsically present or specially engineered, play a crucial role. In particular, we have shown how the application of what we call the geometric set-up for the QND-Faraday atom-light interface facilitates generation, manipulation and detection of multipartite entanglement between atomic ensembles. Second, we have analysed the separability properties of tripartite subsystems of spin networks. We have concentrated on spin-1/2 particles and applying the necessary and sufficient separability criteria for rotationally invariant three-qubit systems we verified the presence of tripartite entanglement in ground and thermal states of Heisenberg and XXZ Hamiltonians. Finally, we have studied the properties of the system of bosons in the presence of random-impurities disorder, contributing to the understanding of the interplay between the localization caused by disorder and the counteractive effect of repulsive interactions. Due to the simplicity of the disordered potential we were able to provide several analytical estimates, e.g., assess the applicability of the simple multi-orbital Hartree-Fock description of the system. n this thesis, I have as well consider the problem of characterization of correlations as a resource for quantum information. We have studied tasks (Bell inequalities) for which quantum and classical resources work equally well, and only more general non-signalling correlations enable one to perform them more efficiently. We have provided a systematic method for construction of such tasks, showing an intriguing connection to Unextendible Product Bases

Correlations in multipartite systems : from entanglement to localization /

En esta tesis hemos considerado varios sistemas físicos en los que las correlaciones, tanto las intrínsecas como las creadas específicamente, juegan un papel crucial. En particular, hemos demostrado que es posible generar, manipular y detectar entrelazamiento multipartito entre sistemas atómicos distantes mediante un esquema geométrico novedoso. utilizando un interfaz cuántico de luz-materia basado en el efecto Faraday. En segundo lugar, hemos analizado el entrelazamiento cuántico de subsistemas tripartitos de redes de espín. Hemos analizado partículas de espín 1/2 y aplicando los criterios de necesidad y suficiencia de separabilidad para sistemas de tres-qubit invariantes bajo rotaciones hemos verificado la presencia de entrelazamiento tripartito en estados fundamentales y térmicos para los Hamiltonianos de Heisenber y XXZ. Finalmente hemos estudiado las propiedades de un sistema de bosones en presencia de desorden creado por impurezas aleatorias, contribuyendo al entendimiento de la relación entre la localización causada por el desorden y el efecto contrarrestante de interacciones repulsivas. Debido a la relativa simplicidad del potencial que modela el desorden hemos podido realizar estimaciones analíticas, e.g. evaluar la aplicabilidad de la aproximación multi-orbital de Hartree-Fock para describir el sistema. En esta tesis, también he considerado la caracterización de correlaciones utilizadas como recursos para tareas de información cuántica. Hemos estudiado tareas (desigualdades de Bell) para las cuales los recursos clásicos y cuánticos resultan equivalentes, y únicamente las correlaciones "non-signaling" proporcionan una eficiencia mejor. Como resultado hemos presentado un método sistemático para la construcción de estas tareas, mostrando que poseen una relación inesperada cons las llamadas "Unextendible Product Bases".In the thesis we have considered several physical systems in which correlations, either intrinsically present or specially engineered, play a crucial role. In particular, we have shown how the application of what we call the geometric set-up for the QND-Faraday atom-light interface facilitates generation, manipulation and detection of multipartite entanglement between atomic ensembles. Second, we have analysed the separability properties of tripartite subsystems of spin networks. We have concentrated on spin-1/2 particles and applying the necessary and sufficient separability criteria for rotationally invariant three-qubit systems we verified the presence of tripartite entanglement in ground and thermal states of Heisenberg and XXZ Hamiltonians. Finally, we have studied the properties of the system of bosons in the presence of random-impurities disorder, contributing to the understanding of the interplay between the localization caused by disorder and the counteractive effect of repulsive interactions. Due to the simplicity of the disordered potential we were able to provide several analytical estimates, e.g., assess the applicability of the simple multi-orbital Hartree-Fock description of the system. n this thesis, I have as well consider the problem of characterization of correlations as a resource for quantum information. We have studied tasks (Bell inequalities) for which quantum and classical resources work equally well, and only more general non-signalling correlations enable one to perform them more efficiently. We have provided a systematic method for construction of such tasks, showing an intriguing connection to Unextendible Product Bases

Manipulating mesoscopic multipartite entanglement with atom-light interfaces

Entanglement between two macroscopic atomic ensembles induced by measurement on an ancillary light system has proven to be a powerful method for engineering quantum memories and quantum state transfer. Here we investigate the feasibility of such methods for generation, manipulation, and detection of genuine multipartite entanglement (Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger and clusterlike states) between mesoscopic atomic ensembles without the need of individual addressing of the samples. Our results extend in a nontrivial way the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen entanglement between two macroscopic gas samples reported experimentally in [B. Julsgaard, A. Kozhekin, and E. Polzik, Nature (London) 413, 400 (2001)]. We find that under realistic conditions, a second orthogonal light pulse interacting with the atomic samples, can modify and even reverse the entangling action of the first one leaving the samples in a separable state

Bell inequalities with no quantum violation and unextendible product bases

The strength of classical correlations is subject to certain constraints, commonly known as Bell inequalities. Violation of these inequalities is the manifestation of nonlocality-displayed, in particular, by quantum mechanics, meaning that quantum mechanics can outperform classical physics at tasks associated with such Bell inequalities. Interestingly, however, there exist situations in which this is not the case. We associate an intriguing class of bound entangled states, constructed from unextendable product bases with a wide family of tasks, for which (i) quantum correlations do not outperform the classical ones but (ii) there exist supraquantum nonsignaling correlations that do provide an advantage