Global distribution of microwhip scorpions (Arachnida: Palpigradi)

Aim Historically, research on global distribution patterns has mostly concentrated on conspicuous organisms and thus a large proportion of biodiversity on Earth remains unmapped. We examined the global distribution of palpigrades, a poorly studied group of low dispersive arachnids specialized to subterranean life. We asked what is their typical range size, the ecological factors driving their distributions, and to what extent sampling bias may influence the observed patterns. Location Global. Taxon Palpigrades (Arachnida: Palpigradi) in the genus Eukoenenia. Methods We assembled a database of over 1000 localities and referring to 57 soil- and 69 cave-adapted palpigrades. We tested for differences in range sizes of soil- and cave-adapted species. We used variance partitioning analysis to explore the contribution of climate, nutrient availability and geology in driving observed distributions. Finally, we verified the potential correlation between the number of occurrence records and the number of palpigrades' researchers. Results Europe and Brazil emerged as centres of diversification of cave-adapted palpigrades. Conversely, the diversity of soil-adapted species was distributed over a broader geographical expanse, mainly in the Southern Hemisphere. Both cave and soil species had narrow distribution ranges, with a median value of 0.01 km(2); only a few parthenogenetic species were distributed over multiple continents. The distribution of cave- and soil-adapted palpigrades was primarily explained by climatic conditions, and secondarily by nutrient and habitat availability. In the Alps, the distribution of cave-adapted species also bears the signature of historical events related to glaciation cycles. We observed, however, a pronounced people-species correlation, suggesting that the observed patterns are not generalizable to poorly explored areas. Main conclusions Our study highlights enormous gaps in current knowledge about the biogeography of palpigrades. Even if the information is largely incomplete and biased, we show how data can be harnesses to draw a preliminary picture of the global distribution patterns of palpigrades. Thus, we offer a jumping-off point for future studies on the macroecology and conservation of poorly known organisms.Peer reviewe

Canine Mammary Neoplasms - Evaluation of Tumor Microenvironment

Background: The tumor microenvironment is an important target of studies in different types of neoplasms. Understanding the role of general components such as immune, vascular and fibroblastic cells has the objective of contributing to prognosis and treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between mast cells and angiogenesis in benign and malignant mammary neoplasms by investigating the role of degranulation and microlocation of mast cells and neoformed vessels in canine mammary neoplasms.Materials, Methods & Results: Mammary glands (n = 122) from 50 female dogs submitted to mastectomy without chemotherapy were evaluated and categorized into 3 groups: control group (n = 46); malignant group (n = 57) and benign group (n = 19). Lymph nodes without changes (n = 59) and with metastases (n = 6) were also evaluated. To evaluate the MCD (mast cell density) and angiogenesis, Toluidine Blue (0.1%) and Gomori’s Trichrome techniques were performed and adapted from previous studies. Photomicrographs of 10 hotspot areas on a 40x objective lens of the mammary glands and lymph nodes were captured to assess MCD and angiogenesis. In the absence of these areas, random fields were captured. For the mammary glands of the malignant and benign groups, 20 fields were analyzed, as the analysis considered the microlocation (peritumoral and intratumoral). Counting was performed manually using ImageJ software version 1.42q by 2 observers. The statistical analysis were performed using SPSS software version 19.0. The most frequent histological type in the malignant group was carcinoma in mixed tumor (68.42%; 39/57) and in the benign group was benign mixed tumor (57.89%; 11/19). Female dogs without breed pattern were more frequently affected represented 70% of the animals and the mean age was 9 years and 8 months ± 3 years and 1 month. The granulated density of mast cells and peritumor vessels was higher in the malignant group (P = 0.03; P = 0.02). There was also a positive correlation between intratumor and total vessel density and mast cell density. There was no significance between the malignant and benign groups in regard with fibrosis density.Discussion: In this study were observed a greater density of blood vessels in malignant group, suggesting the participation of blood vessels for neoplastic proliferation. Furthermore, these vessels were located in the peritumoral region as in previous studies. The positive correlation between MCD and blood vessels was similar to a previous study performed in canine breast carcinomas and breast cancer in women. Regarding microlocation, another study also found higher MCD in the peritumoral region than in the intratumoral region of canine carcinomas. Although there are already studies for this purpose in cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma in humans, we believe this is the first study to investigate the role of mast cell degranulation in mammary neoplasm of bitches. The MCD was not significant among the malignant and benign groups and in the mammary glands of the control group the MCD was higher, as observed by other studies. Future studies should be associated the survival time and the presence of metastases in order to confirm the findings. In view of these findings, we may conclude that a higher density of mast cells is related to a higher density of blood vessels and that these are more abundant in malignant neoplasms, which reinforces the crucial role of angiogenesis in the neoplastic development.Keywords: tumor microenvironment, mammary tumor, mast cells, angiogenesis, bitches

“Eles querem do lado de casa”: entrevistas com gestores municipais da Educação Infantil

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar entrevistas realizadas no âmbito de uma pesquisa sobre a expansão da pré-escola no estado do Rio de Janeiro, compreendendo esse processo em quatro municípios da Região Metroplitana, identificando aspectos polêmicos, ambiguidades, desafios e avanços. A escolha pelo estudo da política de expansão da Educação Infantil deve-se à compreensão de que toda enunciação é de natureza social, ideologicamente marcada, e que é no cotidiano, em espaços de interação social, que os sujeitos constroem seus fazeres. Os discursos são produzidos por sujeitos situados, concretos, históricos. Os referenciais foram tecidos com vários autores, especialmente com a filosofia da linguagem de Bakhtin, com os estudos no campo da descentralização e da municipalização e da política da Educação Infantil (VILASBÔAS, PAIM, 2008, KRAMER, 2005, entre outros). O material revela a percepção dos gestores sobre as famílias, a ampliação da cobertura de creche e pré-escola, a formação e as demandas docentes. Este percurso analítico trouxe conclusões e proposições para as políticas, destacam-se: a existência de um olhar preconceituoso sobre as famílias que tem colaborado para a construção de uma relação assimétrica; a obrigatoriedade da pré-escola tem induzido os municípios a criarem estratégias de expansão, porém muitas respostas são arranjos precários; a baixíssima capacidade operativa dos municípios na construção de novas pré-escolas a partir de convênios federais; a distância da democratização da creche mostra-se expressiva até para os contextos privilegiados

Intoxicação experimental por Brachiaria decumbens em coelhos

Brachiaria spp. are important sources of forage for ruminants in Brazil, due to the easy cultivation, good resistance to drought, good adaptation to different soils and low maintenance cost. However, the ingestion of this grass has been related to photosensitization outbreaks in cattle and sheep with significant economic losses. The hepatotoxic effects related to the ingestion of grass are the formation of crystals and foamy macrophages due to the accumulation of toxic metabolites. The use of cattle and sheep in experiments involving the plant presents several obstacles in the ethical, economic and animal management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of rabbits as an experimental model for B. decumbens poisoning. Two experiments were carried out. In Experiment 1 four rabbits received the fresh plant in daily doses of 10, 20, 40 and 80g/kg body weight for 120 days. In Experiment 2 three rabbits received the fresh plant in amounts of 500g daily with duration of 210 days. The animals of Experiment 1 showed no clinical signs and no macroscopic and microscopic changes characteristic of B. decumbens poisoning. In Experiment 2 the animals also showed no clinical signs or significant macroscopic alterations. Histological analysis showed isolated foamy macrophages or present in random groups of cells in the liver and mesenteric lymph nodes. Samples of liver and mesenteric lymph nodes of the rabbits of Experiment 2 were submitted to the lectin-histochemistry technique. The WGA, sWGA and RCA lectins showed reactivity in foamy macrophages in both organs. This is the first study of our knowledge that demonstrates histopathological lesions caused expetimentally by Brachiaria spp. in rabbits, demonstrating its potential as an animal model.Brachiaria ssp. são importantes fontes de forragem para ruminantes no Brasil, devido ao fácil cultivo, boa resistência a seca, boa adaptação a diferentes solos e baixo custo de manutenção. Entretanto, a ingestão desta gramínea está relacionada a surtos de fotossensibilização, em bovinos e ovinos, principalmente, ocasionando prejuízos econômicos significativos. Os efeitos hepatotóxicos relacionados à ingestão da gramínea são a formação de cristais e macrófagos espumosos causados pelo acúmulo de metabólitos tóxicos. A utilização de bovinos e ovinos em experimentos envolvendo a planta apresenta vários empecilhos, tanto no âmbito ético, econômico e no manejo dos animais. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a sensibilidade de coelhos como modelo experimental para intoxicação por B. decumbens. No presente estudo foram realizados dois experimentos. O Experimento 1 utilizou quatro coelhos que receberam a planta fresca em doses diárias de 10, 20, 40 e 80 g/Kg de peso vivo durante 120 dias. O Experimento 2 utilizou três coelhos recebendo a planta fresca em quantidades de 500g diárias por animal com duração de 210 dias. No Experimento 1, os animais não apresentaram sinais clínicos e nem alterações macroscópicas e microscópicas características de intoxicação por B. decumbens No Experimento 2 os animais também não apresentaram sinais clínicos e alterações macroscópicas significativas. Na análise histológica observou-se presença de macrófagos espumosos isolados ou em grupos aleatórios de células no fígado e nos linfonodos mesentéricos. Amostras de fígado e linfonodos mesentéricos dos animais do Experimento 2 foram submetidos à técnica de lectino-histoquímica. As lectinas WGA, sWGA e RCA apresentaram reatividade em macrófagos espumosos nos dois órgãos. Este é o primeiro trabalho de nosso conhecimento que demonstra lesões histopatológicas por Brachiaria spp conduzido de forma experimental em coelhos, demonstrando seu potencial como modelo animal nesse campo de estudo

Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma in the Duodenum of a Dog

Background: Osteosarcoma is the most observed primary bone tumor in dogs, and may affect the appendicular and axial skeletons. In addition, it may be present in extraskeletal form, accounting for only 1% of cases. As shown by few reports in the literature, the involvement of the intestinal region by is rare. The objective of this study was to report the case of a 13-year-old Yorkshire dog, submitted to an exploratory laparotomy for suspected partial intestinal obstruction, diagnosed with extraskeletal osteosarcoma. Case: A 13-year-old dog, Yorkshire Terrier, male, presented clinical signs of gastrointestinal abnormalities. An ultrasound examination was performed and was found a mass in small intestine region with wall and lumen invasion. Then, was realized exploratory laparotomy and detected intestinal obstruction due to a mass with approximately 5.0 x 6.0 x 4.4 cm localized in duodenum. Surgical removal was performed and the sample sent to the veterinary diagnostic laboratory for histopathological examination. The sample had an irregular surface and firm consistency. In addition, when cut, the mass enveloped the intestinal layers and sometimes obstructed the lumen. Then, the sample were processed routinely for histopathology. After that, in microscopy evaluation was detected cell proliferation, affecting all layers of intestine. In detail, cells were elongated with pleomorphism marked and atypical mitosis. In addition, there was production of cartilage and bone matrix. So, sue the absence of others sites, the neoplasm was considered primary of intestine. After that, to evaluate the expression of KI-67 and COX-2 was performed, and the cell proliferation index was 54.0% and the COX-2 expression was moderate in less than 10% of neoplastic cells. After the surgery, the patient was hospitalized for a week and continue the treatment in home. Afterwards, the tutor received the diagnosis, but even though he was instructed on the severity of the case, he chose not to undergo chemotherapy. After three months, the patient presented abdominal fluid and nodules in your liver, suggesting metastasis, but without diagnosis confirmation. The patient died five months after the diagnosis of extraskeletal osteosarcoma. However, no necropsy was realized, impossibility the diagnosis confirm. Discussion: The frequency of extraskeletal osteosarcoma in dogs remains unknown, with the mammary glands being the most affected site. In the present study, osteosarcoma affects the duodenal region and no reports of this neoplasm in the duodenum of dogs have been found in the literature. The clinical sign of dyschezia was important for the tutor to refer the animal to the veterinarian and perform the ultrasound in an attempt to elucidate the case, as the tumor mass is not always palpable. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry were necessary for the differential diagnosis and to establish the prognosis, although after the surgery the tutor chose not to perform chemotherapy. Extraskeletal osteosarcoma are usually highly metastatic, mainly affecting the lymph nodes and liver. In this case, the patient presented a liver nodule three months after the tumor removal surgery, but unfortunately, there was no diagnostic confirmation. Such neoplastic type is rarer and more aggressive than appendicular and axial OS, with an average survival of 1 to 3 months. In this case, as a necropsy was not obtained, we cannot attribute the survival time to the disease. The survival rates of osteosarcomas in dogs are few months, but in the present case, although the patient died five months after surgery, the failure to perform a necropsy compromises the attribution of survival time to extraskeletal osteosarcoma. Keywords: canine, neoplasm, histopathology, immunohistochemistry

PERFIL DOS EMPREENDEDORES DE STARTUP DE UM PROGRAMA DE ACELERAÇÃO DO ESTADO DE MINAS GERAIS

Startups são empresas embrionárias, com ideias inovadoras em um ambiente de extrema incerteza. Esta pesquisa descreveu o perfil dos empreendedores de startups aceleradas por um programa de aceleração público do Estado de Minas Gerais. Pode-se dizer que os empreendedores pesquisados são, predominantemente, do sexo masculino, estão na faixa etária de 25 a 34 anos, possuem na maior parte dos casos, nível superior e MBA. Possuem formação principalmente nas áreas de ciências exatas e humanas. São na maior parte solteiros, das classes C e D. Este estudo de caráter quantitativo visou principalmente identificar traços comportamentais de perfil. Concluiu-se que os principais fatores motivacionais ao empreendedorismo de startup foram: “paixão pelo que faz”, espírito de liderança e busca de independência/ autonomia, e, influenciados pelas seguintes experiências pessoais: habilidades gerenciais e operacionais desenvolvidas em empresas anteriores, conhecimento prévio da natureza do negócio e sociedade com pessoas mais experientes. Acerca dos principais fatores ambientais de influência percebeu-se a decisão de se dedicar a um sonho de carreira, identificação de oportunidade no mercado em conformidade com os interesses pessoais e profissionais e identificação de nichos de mercado não atendidos, e ainda, as principais competências dos empreendedores foram administrativas, de relacionamento e comprometimento

Solid Iridociliary Carcinoma in a Dog

Background: Iridociliary epithelial tumors (ICETs) originate from the iris epithelium or ciliary body. They comprise ciliary body adenoma, carcinoma, pleomorphic adenocarcinomas, medulloepitheliomas, and other primitive neuroectodermal tumors. They are the second most common primary intraocular tumors in dogs and have already been reported in sheep and humans. In dogs, they occur more frequently in middle-aged to elderly animals, and the Labrador and Golden Retriever seem to be more predisposed breeds. This study aimed to describe the clinical and pathological aspects of solid iridociliary carcinoma in a dog. Case: A 3-year-old Poodle bitch was treated for discomfort in the left eyeball region, increased intraocular pressure and moderate buphthalmia. A direct ophthalmological examination was performed without equipment, and a mass was visualized in the posterior chamber, distorting the pupillary cleft. We opted for unilateral enucleation and forwarded the material for histological analysis. Macroscopically, the eyeball measured 3.4 cm (anteroposterior) x 2.6 cm (vertical), with a brownish mass that occupied the entire anterior chamber and part of the posterior chamber. Histologically, there was a neoformation in the ciliary body and iris pigment epithelium, partially well-delimited and densely cellular. The neoplasm was organized into predominantly solid formations interspersed with a discrete amount of blood vessels, rare bundles of fibrous stroma, and amorphous eosinophilic material forming membranes that were positive for PAS. Sections of the neoplasm were subjected to immunohistochemistry using anti-cytokeratin AE1/AE3, anti-S100 protein, anti-vimentin, and anti-Ki-67. Positive cytoplasmic immunostaining for cytokeratin and S-100 was observed. Only 45.6% of cells were positive for Ki-67 (500 cells). No immunostaining was observed for vimentin. Discussion: The diagnosis of solid iridociliary carcinoma was based on the histological features and positive immunostaining for cytokeratin AE1/AE3 and protein S100. Iridociliary carcinomas present positive immunostaining for cytokeratin, whereas adenomas and normal iridociliary epithelium do not present this immunostaining. Moreover, the high rate of cell proliferation was indicative of malignant neoplasia, as observed by the high mitotic count and high positivity for Ki-67. The S100 protein helped in the diagnosis of ICETs, as the iridociliary epithelium showed positive staining for this protein. Some histological features are important to consider in the diagnosis of iridociliary tumors in dogs, such as noninvasive growth in the posterior chamber, pigment epithelium, and thick homogeneous membranes on the cell surface. Furthermore, the presence of positive PAS membranes favors the diagnosis of iridociliary epithelial tumors. ICETs must be differentiated from melanocytomas, anterior uveal melanoma, medulloepitheliomas, and metastatic and pleomorphic carcinomas. The histological characteristics, especially the presence of PAS-positive membranes, associated with the immunohistochemical profile of neoplasm cells, help differentiate the ICETs from these tumors. In general, the prognosis is poor for eyeball and vision maintenance in canine iridociliary tumors, and scleral invasion is associated with a higher recurrence rate.   Keywords: neoplasm, eye, immunohistochemistry, cytokeratin, S100 protein

AVALIAÇÃO DA MOBILIDADE ARTICULAR DO QUADRIL E COLUNA EM MULHERES PRATICANTES DE ATIVIDADE FÍSICA

A flexibilidade é importante para a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos, sendo preconizada para manter a amplitude de movimento necessária para as atividades diárias e atividades físicas. O presente estudo busca verificar o nível da flexibilidade de quadril e coluna de 58 mulheres (60±5,70 anos) participantes da Universidade Integrada da Terceira Idade, que foram submetidas ao protocolo para avaliar a flexibilidade pelo teste "Banco de Wells". Após a análise dos dados, observou-se que 74,14% das avaliadas apresentaram uma flexibilidade de quadril e coluna consideradas ótimas. Conclui-se, que as alunas da UNITI já iniciaram o programa com um ótimo nível de flexibilidade.Palavras-chave: Flexibilidade. Banco de Wells. Mulheres.EVALUATION OF MOBILITY TO ARTICULATE OF THE HIP AND COLUMN IN PRACTICING WOMEN OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITYAbstract: Flexibility is important for the quality of life of individuals, and is recommended to maintain range of motion necessary for daily activities and physical activities. The present study aims to verify the level of flexibility of the hip and spine in 58 women (60 ± 5.70 years) participating in the UNITI, which were submitted to the "test bank Wells. After analyzing the data, it was observed that 74.14% of assessed had a hip and spine flexibility considered optimal. It is concluded that the UNITI students have already begun the program with a great level of flexibility.Keywords: Political history. Public planning. Maranhão.AVALIACIÓN DE LA MOBILIDAD ARTICULACIÓN DE LA CADERA Y COLUMNA EM MUJERES PRACTICANTES DE ACTIVIDAD FISICAResumen: La flexibilidad es importante para la calidad de vida de las personas y se recomienda para mantener el rango de movimiento necesaria para las actividades diarias y las actividades físicas. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo verificar el nivel de flexibilidad de la cadera y la columna vertebral en 58 mujeres (60 ± 5,70 años) que participan en la UNITI, que se presentaron a la "prueba de Wells banco. Tras analizar los datos, se observó que el 74,14% de los evaluados tenía una cadera y la flexibilidad de la columna vertebral se considera óptimo. Se concluye los estudiantes UNITI ya han iniciado el programa con un gran nivel de flexibilidad.Palabras clave: Flexibilidad. Banco de Wells. Las mujeres

CALCINOSE CUTÂNEA EM UM PACIENTE COM DOENÇA RENAL CRÔNICA

Increasingly common in Services Medical Clinic, chronic kidney disease may be accompanied by deterioration in several other organ systems. In this context, the involvement of the skin can be portrayed through specific or nonspecific disorders, which may signal the level of commitment by the chronic kidney disease. The deposition of calcium salts in the skin and subcutaneous tissues, skin lesion called calcinosis, consists of a specific alteration of chronic kidney disease, which may indicate later stages of the disease. The authors describe the case of a patient with hypertension and diabetes, which develops chronic kidney disease DRC , during the illness evolves with calcinosis cutis. After supportive treatment before clinical improvement, the patient was discharged, becoming regularly followed by Clinic of Internal Medicine unit.Cada vez mais frequente nos Serviços de Clínica Médica, a doença renal crônica pode ser acompanhada da deterioração de vários outros sistemas orgânicos. Neste contexto, o acometimento da pele pode ser retratado por meio de desordens específicas ou inespecíficas, as quais podem sinalizar o nível de comprometimento pela doença renal crônica. A deposição de sais de cálcio na pele e tecido subcutâneo especialmente, lesão denominada calcinose cutânea, consiste em uma alteração específica da doença renal crônica, podendo indicar estágios mais tardios da patologia. Os autores descrevem o caso de um paciente hipertenso e diabético, que desenvolve doença renal crônica e, no decurso da doença, evolui com calcinose cutânea. Após tratamento de suporte, diante da melhora clínica, o paciente recebeu alta hospitalar, passando a ser acompanhado regularmente pelo Ambulatório de Clínica Médica da unidade