Mujer y vida prenatal: ¿dos realidades irreconciliables? Análisis sobre la posible reforma en materia de aborto

[Resumen] Desde la entrada en vigor de la Ley 5/1985 sobre la despenalización parcial del aborto se ha planteado desde las instancias políticas y sociales, así como desde el ámbi- to jurídico la posibilidad de articular un cambio en dicha regulación. La posible reforma del aborto pasaría por sustituir el actual sistema de indica- ciones, bajo las cuales abortar es un acto lícito, por un sistema de plazos. Este último es el medio elegido por la mayor parte de los países europeos para despenalizar parcial- mente el aborto. En el presente trabajo se realiza un análisis de la normativa penal española en materia de aborto, así como un examen de las legislaciones europeas que han optado por un sistema diferente al español. La justificación de este estudio es precisamente el planteamiento de una posible reforma del aborto en España, analizando las ventajas y desventajas de los dos sistemas implantados en Europa para la despenalización parcial del aborto.[Abstract] Since the entry into force of the Law 5 / 1985 on the partial decriminalization of abortion has emerged from the political, social and legal field since the possibility of articulating a change in such regulation. The possible reform of abortion would be to replace the current indications under which abortion is a lawful act, by a system of deadlines. The latter is the means chosen by the majority of European countries to partially decriminalize abortion. In this paper an analysis of Spanish criminal law on abortion, as well as a review of European legislation that have opted for a different system to Spanish. The rationale of this study is precisely the approach of a possible reform of abortion in Spain, ana- lyzed the advantages and disadvantages of the two systems in place in Europe for the partial depenalization of abortion

Los delitos urbanísticos en España: la protección dispensada por el artículo 319 del Código Penal español a la ordenación del territorio

La problemática de la protección del territorio ha sido abordada por el legislador penal a partir de la creación de los delitos sobre la ordenación del territorio. El Código Penal de 1995 castiga en su artículo 319 a los promotores, constructores y técnicos directores que edifiquen o construyan en suelo no urbanizable o especialmente protegido. En sus dos apartados el artículo 319 contempla un tipo básico y otro agravado que pretenden reprimir las conductas que suponen los ataques más graves a la ordenación del territorio. Más allá del acierto en relación a la decisión de implicar al ordenamiento penal en estas cuestiones, acontece que la mencionada regulación no está exenta de problemas interpretativos, tales como la concreción del bien jurídico protegido, la naturaleza común o especial de estos delitos o la posibilidad de determinar la demolición de lo construido como medida reparadora del orden territorial perturbado

Los delitos de alzamiento de bienes en el código penal de 1995

[Resumen] La tesis doctoral se centra en el análisis de los distintos tipos penales de alzamiento de bienes tipificados en el Código Penal español de 1995. Teniendo presente que dichos delitos se encuadran en el conjunto de los delitos de insolvencia punible, se ha estructura el trabajo de investigación en dos partes claramente diferencias. En la primera de ellas se aborda el estudio de los elementos comunes a todos los delitos de insolvencia punible. Se inicia dicho estudio con un análisis histórico del tratamiento que se ha otrogado al desbalenace económico de la insolvencia, desde el Derecho Romano hasta la actual regulación del Código Penal español. De esta regulsción ha de destacarse los importantes cambios operados por el legislador penal, de entre los cuales destaca la ampliación de las conductas delictivas. Seguidamente, se abora el análisis de la naturaleza jurídica de los delitos de insolvencia punible, en el cual ha sido imprescindible detenerse en el examen del bien jurídico pretegio. Se exponen en esta parte las dictintas posturas doctrinales y jurisprudenciales sostenidas en la dotrina al respecto y exponiendo una visión particular y propia del interés tutelado en los mencionados delito. Determinado el objeto de protección, se entra a definir el concepto central de insolvencia. Para el desarrollo del contenido este término ha sido imprescindible recurrir a las normas de Derecho civil y mercantil. La segunda parte de la tesis se ciñe al estudio concreto de los delitos de alzamiento de bienes, tanto del tipo básico -art. 257. 1. 1º del CP- como de las modalidades específicas de dicho delito -arts. 257. 1.2º y 258 del CP. En el examen del tipo básico se abora la cuestión del contenido, del injusto, los sujetos activo y pasivo del delito, el concepto central de deuda, el iter criminis, la posibilidad de admitir el error de tipo y de prohibición, las cuestines concursales, autoría y participación, responsabilidad civil derivada del delito y perseguibilidad del delito. En cuanto a los tipos penales epecíficos, además de asumir las premisas básicas del tipo básico, se intenta poner de manifiesto las diferencias entre las distintas conductas típicas. Para la elaboración de la tesis doctoral se ha tenido presenta la bibliografía nacional y extranjera sobre el tema, así como los fallos jurispredenciales más relevantes derivados de los tribunales nacionales. Es reseñable el elevado número de procesos que se inician anualmente por delito de alzamiento de bienes en los tribunales españoles. En cuento a la bibliografía manejada, esta no se ciñe exclusivamente a la doctrina penal, sino que ha sido necesaria la consulta de manuales y obras monográficas de la doctrina mercantil, civil, procesal y financiera

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Higher COVID-19 pneumonia risk associated with anti-IFN-α than with anti-IFN-ω auto-Abs in children

We found that 19 (10.4%) of 183 unvaccinated children hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia had autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing type I IFNs (IFN-alpha 2 in 10 patients: IFN-alpha 2 only in three, IFN-alpha 2 plus IFN-omega in five, and IFN-alpha 2, IFN-omega plus IFN-beta in two; IFN-omega only in nine patients). Seven children (3.8%) had Abs neutralizing at least 10 ng/ml of one IFN, whereas the other 12 (6.6%) had Abs neutralizing only 100 pg/ml. The auto-Abs neutralized both unglycosylated and glycosylated IFNs. We also detected auto-Abs neutralizing 100 pg/ml IFN-alpha 2 in 4 of 2,267 uninfected children (0.2%) and auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-omega in 45 children (2%). The odds ratios (ORs) for life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia were, therefore, higher for auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-alpha 2 only (OR [95% CI] = 67.6 [5.7-9,196.6]) than for auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-. only (OR [95% CI] = 2.6 [1.2-5.3]). ORs were also higher for auto-Abs neutralizing high concentrations (OR [95% CI] = 12.9 [4.6-35.9]) than for those neutralizing low concentrations (OR [95% CI] = 5.5 [3.1-9.6]) of IFN-omega and/or IFN-alpha 2

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p &lt; 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics