Investigation of diagnostic value of artificial intelligence systems in the diagnosis of breast cancer based on histopathological images using Meta-MUMS DTA tool

ORIGINAL ARTICLES Epidemiology Biostatistics and Public Health - 2020, Volume 17, Number 2Investigation of diagnostic value of artificial intelligence systems in the diagnosis of breast cancer based on histopathological images using Meta-MUMS DTA toolInvestigation of diagnostic value of artificialintelligence systems in the diagnosis of breastcancer based on histopathological imagesusing Meta-MUMS DTA toolABSTRACTBackground: Various artificial intelligence systems are available for diagnosing breast cancer based onhistopathological images. Assessing the performance of existing methodologies for breast cancer diagnosis is vital.Methods: The SCOPUS database has been searched for studies up to December 15, 2018. We extracted the data,including "true positive," "true negative," "false positive," and "false negative". The pooled sensitivity, pooled specificity,positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic odds ratio, area under the curve of summary receiveroperating characteristic curve were useful in assessing the diagnostic accuracy. Egger's test, Deeks' funnel plot, SVE(Smoothed Variance regression model based on Egger’s test), SVT (Smoothed Variance regression model based onThompson’s method), and trim and fill methodologies were essential tests for publication bias identification.Results: Three studies with eight approaches from thirty-seven articles were found eligible for further analysis. Asensitivity of 0.95, a specificity of 0.78, a PLR of 7525, an NLR of 0.06, a DOR of 88.15, and an AUC of 0.953showed high significant heterogeneity; however, the reason was not the threshold effect. The publication bias wasdetected by SVE, SVT, and trim and fill analysis.Conclusion: The artificial intelligent (AI) systems play a pivotal role in the diagnosis of breast cancer usinghistopathological cell images and are important decision-makers for pathologists. The analyses revealed that theoverall accuracy of AI systems is promising for breast cancer; however, the pooled specificity is lower than pooledsensitivity. Moreover, the approval of the results awaits conducting randomized clinical trials with sufficient dat

Hourly Reconfiguration of Large-scale Networks in the Presence of Dispersed generations Based on Changes in Load and Generation Levels with Teaching-Learning Based Optimization Algorithm

Reconfiguration of distribution networks is a problem related to exploitation that, due to changes in the mode of switches, causes changes in configuration of distributed feeders to achieve optimal topology in order to minimize network losses. In addition, dispersed generation units play an important role in distribution networks. The present study aims to examine the reconfiguration of distribution networks by considering the effect of changes in generation level of dispersed generation units and also in load levels with Teaching-Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) Algorithm in order to reduce network power losses. Given the fact that presence of dispersed generation units has a significant effect on reducing network losses, it is necessary to extract optimal topologies in the presence of, in the absence of, and based on the changes in the generation level of these units. In this study, analysis of performance is presented on a standard 69-bus distribution network and effectiveness of the proposed method is proven. Also, some part of the real network of Ardabil with two sub-transmission posts and 5 medium-pressure feeders is analyzed as a large-scale network. The simulation results show that reduction of power losses and improvement of the voltage profile in distribution networks are achieved with the presence of dispersed generation units and also reconfiguration of the distribution network

Efectos de las formaciones geológicas y la topografía sobre la evolución y diversidad de los suelos

Se pueden formar diferentes suelos con varias propiedades y en ocasiones con diferentes tipos de limitaciones lo que es necesario para investigar las condiciones de formación y evolución del suelo para su óptimo aprovechamiento. En este estudio, estudiamos la relación entre el suelo, la topografía en términos de pendiente y elevación y el material parental con la morfología de la tierra y las propiedades físicas y químicas del suelo, cómo se formó y evolucionó el suelo. A partir de 19 perfiles de suelo de control, se obtuvieron 57 muestras de suelo de tres capas y se midieron algunas características del suelo que incluyen acidez, salinidad, yeso, cal, textura y materia orgánica. Usando el software NEWHALL, se determinó el régimen de temperatura y humedad del suelo. Para estudiar las condiciones de topografía se elaboró ​​el mapa digital de elevación y pendiente, se determinaron las características de las formaciones geológicas y con base en el índice de Gower y el índice de Jacquard se estudió la relación entre los factores de evolución del suelo con la topografía y los materiales parentales. La clasificación de la diversidad de suelos se estudió utilizando la riqueza, uniformidad de los índices de Shannon y Simpson. Con base en los resultados obtenidos de los índices de similitud de Gower y Jacquard, se demostró el efecto de la topografía y los materiales parentales sobre la diversidad del suelo. Los índices de diversidad de suelos mostraron una tendencia creciente desde el nivel del orden del suelo hasta la familia del suelo. El aumento en el índice de riqueza fue mayor a nivel de familia de suelos, por lo que la mayor diversidad de suelos se observó a nivel de familia de suelos. Además, la diversidad del suelo se ve afectada principalmente por factores intrínsecos y, en cierta medida, por factores ambientales. El desarrollo del perfil del suelo está influenciado principalmente por la pendiente, los materiales parentales y en algunas áreas por el nivel del agua subterránea

Screening of salt stress in the overexpressed type of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. for the identification of significant hub genes using a systems biology approach

Worldwide, it is known that abiotic and biotic stresses can affect the production of crops by a declining trend. To control the situation, SnRK2 (a subfamily 2 of SNF1-related protein kinase) overexpression levels can induce salt tolerance. This study used a dataset for 2 types of Arabidopsis thaliana including the wild and PtSnRK2.7 overexpressed in mock and salt conditions to compare and identify the salt stress-responsive genes. A computational systems biology approach was employed to identify the differentially expressed genes and determine their mechanisms in terms of molecular functionalities, cellular components, KEGG enrichment pathways and plant ontology analyses. The results indicate that the 15 genes identified for PtSnRK2.7 overexpressed type in mock against salt conditions were upregulated (AT1G19180 and AT2G23150 were downregulated) and related to various environmental stresses. Furthermore, 8 out of 15 identified genes were downregulated for the wild type exposed to salt stress and the rest were upregulated. And, the only upregulated gene found differentially expressed between wild and overexpressed types in salt stress conditions was AT4G15110. In contrast, the other two AT1G15010 and AT4G19430 were downregulated and involved in transient stress and inactivation of chloroplast, respectively. Taken together, it has been shown that A. thaliana PtSnRK2.7 overexpressed type can resist salt stress. Finally, more experimental studies and computational systems biology methodologies are needed to reveal and confirm the responsive gene for salt stress in A. thaliana

Efectos de las formaciones geológicas y la topografía sobre la evolución y diversidad de los suelos

Different soils with various properties and sometimes with different types of limitations can be formed which is necessary to investigate the conditions of soil formation and evolution for their optimal use. In this study, we studied the relationship between soil, topography in terms of slope and elevation, and parent material with the land morphology and physical and chemical properties of soil, how the soil formed and evolved. From 19 control soil profiles, 57 soil samples were obtained from three layers and some soil characteristics including Acidity, Salinity, Gypsum, Lime, Texture and Organic matter were measured. Using NEWHALL software, the soil temperature and moisture regime was determined. To study the conditions of topography, the digital elevation map and slope was prepared, the characteristics of geological formations were determined and based on the Gower index and Jacquard index, the relationship between soil evolution factors with topography and parent materials were studied. The diversity of soils classification was studied using richness, uniformity of Shannon and Simpson indices. Based on the results obtained from Gower and jacquard similarity indices, the effect of topography and parent materials on soil diversity was proved. Soil diversity indices showed an increasing trend from the soil order level to the soil family. The increase in the Richness index was higher at the soil family level, so that the highest soil diversity observed at the soil family level. Also, soil diversity is mainly affected by intrinsic factors and to some extent by environmental factors. Soil profile development is mostly influenced by slope, parent materials and in some areas by groundwater level.Se pueden formar diferentes suelos con varias propiedades y en ocasiones con diferentes tipos de limitaciones lo que es necesario para investigar las condiciones de formación y evolución del suelo para su óptimo aprovechamiento. En este estudio, estudiamos la relación entre el suelo, la topografía en términos de pendiente y elevación y el material parental con la morfología de la tierra y las propiedades físicas y químicas del suelo, cómo se formó y evolucionó el suelo. A partir de 19 perfiles de suelo de control, se obtuvieron 57 muestras de suelo de tres capas y se midieron algunas características del suelo que incluyen acidez, salinidad, yeso, cal, textura y materia orgánica. Usando el software NEWHALL, se determinó el régimen de temperatura y humedad del suelo. Para estudiar las condiciones de topografía se elaboró ​​el mapa digital de elevación y pendiente, se determinaron las características de las formaciones geológicas y con base en el índice de Gower y el índice de Jacquard se estudió la relación entre los factores de evolución del suelo con la topografía y los materiales parentales. La clasificación de la diversidad de suelos se estudió utilizando la riqueza, uniformidad de los índices de Shannon y Simpson. Con base en los resultados obtenidos de los índices de similitud de Gower y Jacquard, se demostró el efecto de la topografía y los materiales parentales sobre la diversidad del suelo. Los índices de diversidad de suelos mostraron una tendencia creciente desde el nivel del orden del suelo hasta la familia del suelo. El aumento en el índice de riqueza fue mayor a nivel de familia de suelos, por lo que la mayor diversidad de suelos se observó a nivel de familia de suelos. Además, la diversidad del suelo se ve afectada principalmente por factores intrínsecos y, en cierta medida, por factores ambientales. El desarrollo del perfil del suelo está influenciado principalmente por la pendiente, los materiales parentales y en algunas áreas por el nivel del agua subterránea

Subchronic effects of different doses of Zinc oxide nanoparticle on reproductive organs of female rats: An experimental study

Background: Zinc performs many biochemical and physiological functions; however, toxicological studies demonstrate that Nano-zinc oxide has harmful effects on human health and environmental species in high concentrations. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles on reproductive tissues of female rat. Materials and Methods: Eighty female Wistar adult rats weighing 180–200 gr, divided into eight groups (n= 10 in each group) including control, sham (treated with saline), and six groups injected with different doses of zinc oxide nanoparticle with 10–30 nanometer size (4, 8, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) twice a week for four weeks. At the end of the study, the rats were bled and slaughtered; the Ovary and Uterus were taken for histopathology studies and blood samples were transferred to the laboratory for biochemical analysis. Results: Microscopic diagnoses in ovary tissue were included; increase in the corpus luteum, follicular cysts, inflammatory cells infiltration and fibrosis. Histopathological changes in ovary in a dose-dependent manner. In uterus tissue the lesions consisted; epithelial destruction, hyperplasia of endometrial glands. The Estrogen and Progesterone level in the serum of rats increased in low doses and reduced in a dose-dependent manner at high doses. Conclusion: The results of the current study proved the toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the ovary and uterus organs at high concentrations, so further investigation is needed to reduce these effects. Key words: Zinc oxide, Nanoparticles, Ovary, Uterus, Toxicity

A meta-analysis of systematic reviews and meta-analyses to evaluate the psychological consequences of COVID-19

Abstract Background Several meta-analysis studies have been reported in the literature on the incidence of psychopathological conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. This investigation aims to compile and analyze the findings of previously published meta-analysis research, as shown by the present meta-analysis of previous meta-analysis studies. Methods The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched from 1 January 2019 to 30 May 2022. The procedure was carried out according to the PRISMA flow chart and the qualities of the identified studies were analyzed using AMSTAR 2. Heterogeneities and risk of bias were assessed using the Meta-MUMS tool. The corresponding results, forest and funnel plots of the psychological consequences of COVID-19 were synthesized. Results Eleven meta-analysis studies were included. Random-effects meta-analysis of anxiety and depression showed (ER = 0.318 p-value < 0.001, ER = 0.295 p-value < 0.001) high heterogeneities (I2 = 99.70%, I2 = 99.75) between studies. Random-effects meta-analyses of sleep difficulties and insomnia were shown (ER = 0.347 p-value < 0.001, ER = 0.265, p-value < 0.001) along with heterogeneities (I2 = 99.89, I2 = 99.64). According to the random meta-analysis of post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSS) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (ER = 0.246, p-value = 0.001, ER = 0.223 p-value < 0.001) with heterogeneities (I2 = 99.75, I2 = 99.17). Random-effects meta-analyses of somatic and fear symptoms have been shown (ER = 0.16 p-value < 0.001, ER = 0.41, p-value = 0.089) with high heterogeneities (I2 = 99.62, I2 = 98.63). Random-effects meta-analysis of obsessive–compulsive symptoms and distress (ER = 0.297 p-value = 0.103; ER = 0.428, p-value = 0.013) with high heterogeneity, as I2 = 99.38%. Subgroup analysis of all symptoms and Egger's tests for detecting publication bias were also assessed. Conclusion The data from the current meta-analysis showed different psychological disorders of COVID-19 during the pandemic. Clinicians should be aware of the prevalence with which COVID-19-infected patients experience emotional distress, anxiety, fatigue, and PTSD. About half of the included systematic reviews (SRs)/meta-analyses (MAs) suffered from poorer methodological quality and increased risk of bias, reducing confidence in the findings. There must be more SRs/MAs and high-quality clinical trials conducted to confirm these findings

A systematic review and meta-analysis on the outcomes of extracorporeal shock wave compared to ureteroscopic lithotripsy for the treatment of ureteral stones

المخلص: أهداف البحث: في هذه المراجعة النظامية والتحليل الشامل، سعى المؤلفون لمعرفة أي من الإجراءات، تفتيت الحصى بالموجات الصدمية خارج الجسم أو تفتيت الحصى بالمنظار البولي، هو الأكثر ملاءمة لعلاج حصى الحالب. طرق البحث: تم إجراء الدراسة الحالية والبحث في قواعد بيانات جوجل سكولار وبوب ميد باستخدام إرشادات بريزما. تم النظر في إجراءات تفتيت الحصى بالموجات الصدمية خارج الجسم مقابل تفتيت الحصى بالمنظار البولي لتحقيق النتائج. قمنا بتقييم مضاعفات كل طريقة، البول الدموي، التمزق، الفشل، إزالة الحصى، توقف الحصى في البداية، وقت العملية، حجم الحصى، الإجراء المساعد، والنتائج الشاملة لتوقف الحصى. تم إجراء التحليل الشامل واختبار التباين وتحليل المجموعة الفرعية والانحدار الميتا وتحليلات الحساسية واختبارات إيجر وإيجر ذو التباين الملساء وتومسون ذو التباين الملساء للكشف عن تحيز النشر لجميع النتائج من الإجراءين.النتائج:حسب عشر دراسات مؤهلة، تم إجراء تحليل شامل لبيانات 1509 مرضى. تم علاج 677 مريضا باستخدام تقنية الصدمات الكهربائية خارج الجسم لتفتيت الحصوات ، وتم علاج الباقي (عدد = 832) باستخدام إجراء تفتيت الحصوات بالمنظار البولي. كانت النتائج على النحو التالي: المضاعفات (معدل الأخطار النسبية = 0.780 ، قيمة الاحتمال = 0.269 ، ك = 13.465 ، قيمة الاحتمال = 0.062، اي2 = 48.011). معدل نسبة الدم في البول (معدل الأخطار النسبية = 0.782 ، قيمة الاحتمال = 0.657 ، ك = 19.056 ، قيمة الاحتمال = 0.001 ، اي2 = 79.01) ، الثقب (معدل الأخطار النسبية = 0.13 ، قيمة الاحتمال = 0.003 ، ك = 0.159 ، قيمة الاحتمال = 0.997 ، اي2 = 0) ، فشل العلاج (معدل الأخطار النسبية = 0.329 ، قيمة الاحتمال = 0.369 ، ك = 22.659 ، قيمة الاحتمال <0.001 ، اي2 = 77.934) ، نسبة تفتيت الحصوات (معدل الأخطار النسبية = 0.699 ، قيمة الاحتمال = 0.374 ، ك = 24.957 ، قيمة الاحتمال <0.001 ، اي2 = 75.959) ، ونسبة الحصوات الحرة بشكل عام (معدل الأخطار النسبية = 0.428 ، قيمة الاحتمال = 0.005 ، ك = 21.462 ، قيمة الاحتمال = 0.011 ، اي2 = 58.066) ، وزمن العملية الجراحية (الانحراف المعياري الموحد = -29.314 ، قيمة الاحتمال <0.001 ، ك = 827.872 ، قيمة الاحتمال <0.001 ، اي2 = 99.758) ، وحجم الحصوات (الانحراف المعياري الموحد = -0.723 ، قيمة الاحتمال = 0.04 ، ك = 261.353 ، قيمة الاحتمال <0.001 ، اي2 = 96.939) ، والنسبة المبدئية للحصوات الحرة (معدل الأخطار النسبية = 0.236 ، قيمة الاحتمال <0.001 ، ك = 7.446 ، قيمة الاحتمال <= 0.059 ، اي2 = 59.712) ، والإجراءات البولية الإضافية (معدل الأخطار النسبية = 0.996 ، قيمة الاحتمال = 0.991 ، ك = 0.816 ، قيمة الاحتمال = 0.665 ، اي2 = 0). الاستنتاجات: أشارت هذه الدراسة إلى أن عمليات تفتيت الحصوات بالموجات الصدمية خارج الجسم وتفتيت الحصوات بالمنظار ضرورية في علاج حصوات الحالب، على الرغم من أن معدل التثقيب أعلى في تفتيت الحصوات بالمنظار مقارنة بإجراءات تفتيت الحصوات بالموجات الصدمية خارج الجسم. في الواقع، تعد المعدلات الإجمالية الخالية من الحصوات أفضل في إجراء تفتيت الحصوات بالمنظار. Abstract: Objectives: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we sought to identify whether extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) or ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URSL) is the most appropriate method for treating ureteral stones. Methods: We identified relevant literature by searching the Google Scholar and PubMed databases in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. We focused on the outcomes of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy and ureteroscopic lithotripsy. For each method, we compared complications, hematuria, perforation, failure, stone clearance, initial stone-free, operating time, stone size, auxiliary procedures, and overall stone-free outcomes. Our analysis involved meta-analysis, heterogeneity testing, subgroup analysis, meta-regression sensitivity analyses, Egger's tests, Smoothed Variance Egger's (SVE) testing, and Smoothed Variance Thomson (SVT) testing. In addition, we detected publication bias for all outcomes related to the two procedures. Results: Based on ten eligible studies, we conducted a meta-analysis on a total of 1509 patients. Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy was used to treat 677 patients; the remaining 832 patients were treated by the ureteroscopic lithotripsy procedure. Considering the meta-analysis statistical parameters including odds ratio (OR), standardized mean difference (SMD), Q, I2 and their p-values, the overall stone-free, operating time, stone size outcomes were identified with significant OR, SMD, and Q values. The hematuria, failure, and stone clearance outcomes were determined to have significant Q values. The perforation and initial stone free outcomes had significant OR values. And, complications and auxiliary urinary procedures were not significant in terms of OR and Q values. Conclusions: Analysis indicated that ESWL and URSL procedures are essential for the treatment of ureteral stones, even though the perforation rate is higher for URSL than for ESWL. Overall stone-free rates were better for the URSL procedure