Two species of Bibionidae (Diptera) new to the Finnish fauna

Bibio varipes Meigen, 1830 and Dilophus borealis Skartveit, 1993 are recorded as new species to the Finnish fauna. Bibio lepidus Loew, 1871 should be reintroduced into the Finnish list

Optimizing formulations for reservoir drilling fluids

When drilling a well, equivalent circulation density exceeding the fracture gradient can cause lost circulation. In a reservoir section, invasion of drilling fluids can potentially cause a permanent permeability reduction in the near wellbore area, which can be detrimental to well productivity. Low-permeable filter cakes that reduce fluid loss and are easily removed during drawdown are desirable to prevent damaging the formation. The main focus of the thesis is to find formulations for low-permeable formation drilling fluids that prevents loss to the formation and simultaneously prevent formation damage. Fluid properties for fractured scenarios in a reservoir zone are also investigated. Eleven samples of conventional drilling fluids and five samples of Lost Circulation Material (LCM) pills for severe losses were prepared with varying concentrations and additives. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and fibers were added as LCM, while modified and crosslinked potato starch were used as filtration control polymers. HTHP fluid loss tests of conventional drilling fluids were performed on porous discs and filter paper, while pressure tests of LCM pills were performed on tapered discs. The results show how addition of fibers in conventional drilling fluids with CaCO3 as LCM may improve sealing capabilities and maintain low formation damage when containing effective filtration control polymers. For LCM pills, addition of CaCO3 may regulate the thickness of the filter cake and the ability to remove it.When drilling a well, equivalent circulation density exceeding the fracture gradient can cause lost circulation. In a reservoir section, invasion of drilling fluids can potentially cause a permanent permeability reduction in the near wellbore area, which can be detrimental to well productivity. Low-permeable filter cakes that reduce fluid loss and are easily removed during drawdown are desirable to prevent damaging the formation. The main focus of the thesis is to find formulations for low-permeable formation drilling fluids that prevents loss to the formation and simultaneously prevent formation damage. Fluid properties for fractured scenarios in a reservoir zone are also investigated. Eleven samples of conventional drilling fluids and five samples of Lost Circulation Material (LCM) pills for severe losses were prepared with varying concentrations and additives. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and fibers were added as LCM, while modified and crosslinked potato starch were used as filtration control polymers. HTHP fluid loss tests of conventional drilling fluids were performed on porous discs and filter paper, while pressure tests of LCM pills were performed on tapered discs. The results show how addition of fibers in conventional drilling fluids with CaCO3 as LCM may improve sealing capabilities and maintain low formation damage when containing effective filtration control polymers. For LCM pills, addition of CaCO3 may regulate the thickness of the filter cake and the ability to remove it

Unge menn og styrketrening: En kvantitativ studie om sammenhengen mellom motivasjon og kroppsbilde

Unge menn opplever i dag et stort kroppspress for å se attraktiv og muskuløs ut i det moderne samfunnet. Ettersom kroppspress er et viktig tema innenfor trening på treningsstudio, ønsker denne artikkelen å undersøke sammenhengen mellom negativt kroppsbilde og hvilken effekt det har på motivasjonsgrunnlaget for trening blant unge menn. Deltakerne svarte på en spørreundersøkelse som beskrev hvordan deres nåværende kroppsbilde var og hvor mye de trener for indre motivasjon og ytre motivason. Å trene for indre motivasjon innebærer å trene fordi man ser verdien i selve treningen. Ytre motivasjon omhandler å trene for belønningen man oppnår av det. Dette tar utgangspunkt i selvbestemmelsesteorien. Resultatene viser at det er en betydelig sammenheng mellom det å ha negativt kroppsbilde og å trene for ytre motivasjon blant deltakerne (N=58). Vi fant derimot ingen sammenheng mellom kroppsbilde og indre motivasjon. Kort oppsummert betyr resultatene at de med et negativt kroppsbilde trener mer på grunnlag av ytre faktorer sammenlignet med de som har et positivt kroppsbilde. Nøkkelord: Unge menn, Kroppsbilde, ytre motivasjon, indre motivasjon, trening, selvbestemmelsesteorienYoung men today experience great body pressure to look attractive and muscular in the modern society. As body pressure is an important topic within training in the gym, this article wants to investigate the connection between a negative body image and the effect it has on motivational reasons for training among young men. The participants answered a survey that described how their current body image was, and how much they train for intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation deals with training because of the value in the training itself, and extrinsic motivation deals with training for the reward you receive from it. This is based on the self-determination theory. The results show that there is a significant connection between having a negative body image and exercising for external motivation among the participants (N=58). However, we found no connection between body image and internal motivation. In short, results mean that those with a negative body image exercise more based on external factors compared to those with a positive body image. Key words: Young men, body image, extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation, training, self- determination theor

The distribution of Bibionidae (Diptera) in Scotland

We review the material of the family Bibionidae from Scotland in the Natural History Museum, London and the National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh, as well as some material from other collections and published records from the SIRI (Scottish Insect Records Index). Eleven species of the genus Bibio Geoffroy, 1762 and four species in the genus Dilophus Meigen, 1803 have been collected in Scotland. We review the distribution and ecology of each species and present maps of records. Previous Scottish records of Bibio hortulanus (Linnaeus, 1758) and B. reticulatus Loew, 1846 are deemed to be most likely erroneous. Additionally, we have not found any specimens confirming the literature record of Bibio venosus (Meigen, 1804), but we believe this record is most likely correct since this species is distinctive and well defined with no substantial confusion about its identity. There is also a recent record of Dilophus humeralis Zetterstedt, 1850 which we have not been able to confirm. The following species have unambiguous records from Scotland: Bibio clavipes Meigen, 1818; B. ferruginatus (Linnaeus, 1758); B. johannis (Linnaeus, 1767); B. lanigerus Meigen, 1818; B. leucopterus (Meigen, 1804); B. longipes Loew, 1864; B. marci (Linnaeus, 1758); B. nigriventris Haliday, 1833; B. pomonae (Fabricius, 1775); B. varipes Meigen, 1830; Dilophus bispinosus Lundström, 1913; D. febrilis (Linnaeus, 1758); D. femoratus Meigen, 1804

Novelleskriving på ungdomstrinnet: En analyse av elevers bruk av kohesjonsmekanismer

Novelleskriving på ungdomstrinnet handler om hvordan elevene bruker kohesjonsmekanismer når de skriver noveller. Studien plasserer seg innenfor tekstlingvistikken i språkvitenskapen, og forskningsprosjektet har en kvalitativ og hermeneutisk tilnærming. Utvalget består av 5 elevtekster fra 9. trinn, samtlige skrevet i novellesjangeren. Alle tekstene er autentiske og er skrevet under tentamen til jul i 2021, noe som vil si at tekstene ikke er et produkt av veiledning. Studiens problemstilling er: Hvordan bruker en gruppe elever på 9. trinn kohesjonsmekanismer når de skriver noveller? Hvordan lykkes de med dette? Tekstmaterialet ble utforsket ved hjelp av systemisk funksjonell lingvistikk, og elevtekstene er analysert ved hjelp av kohesjonsmekanismene referanser, setningskoblere, leksikalske kohesjoner og kohesjonskjeder. Analysene avdekker at de tekstlige omgivelsene i stor grad bidrar til måten elevene bruker kohesjonsmekanismer når de skriver noveller. Analysene viser også at elevenes brudd i teksten ofte er knyttet sammen med deres referansebruk, og dette kan knyttes sammen med manglende mottakerbevissthet. Studien kan bidra til kunnskap om elevers skrivekompetanse på ungdomstrinnet generelt og belyse hvordan sjangre påvirker elevenes skriving. Videre kan studien fungere som en brobygger mellom den skjønnlitterære sjangeren og saktekst-sjangeren, både på grunn av sjangerens fortettede og konsentrerte språk, men også ved å være en sjanger som maner til mottakerbevissthet og kommunikasjon. Dette er aspekter som kan overføres til både andre sjangre, fag og arenaer ved skolen i dag.Short story writing at the secondary level is about how students use cohesion mechanisms when they write short stories. The study is situated within text linguistics, and the research project has had a qualitative and hermeneutic approach. The selection consists of 5 student texts from 9th grade, all written in the short story genre. All the texts are authentic and were written during the exam in 2021, which means that the texts are not a product of guidance. The study's problem is: How does a group of pupils in the 9th grade use cohesion mechanisms when they write short stories? How do they succeed in this? The textual material was explored by using systemic functional linguistics, and the student texts are analyzed through the cohesion mechanisms reference, sentence connectors, lexical cohesion and cohesion chains. The analyzes reveal that the textual environment largely contributes to the way students use cohesion mechanisms when writing short stories. The analyzes also show that the students' violations in the text are often linked to their use of references, and this can be linked to the students' lack of recipient awareness. The study can contribute to knowledge about pupils' writing skills at secondary level in general and shed light on how genres affect pupils' writing. Furthermore, the study can contribute as a bridge-builder between the fiction genre and the non-fiction genre that calls for recipient awareness and communication. These are aspects that can be transferred to both other genres, subjects and arenas at the school today

Novi nalazi iz porodica Hesperinidae i Bibionidae (Insecta, Diptera) iz Hrvatske

We review the published records of Hesperinidae and Bibionidae (Diptera) from Croatia and add some new records based on recent, sporadic collecting in the country. The species Bibio handlirschi Duda, 1930 and Bibio reticulatus Loew, 1846 are recorded for the first time from Croatia. Notes are given on the taxonomy and bionomy of some of the species.U radu se daje pregled objavljenih nalaza iz porodica Hesperinidae i Bibionidae (Diptera) iz Hrvatske, uz dodatak novih nalaza prikupljenih slučajnim prikupljanjem. Vrste Bibio handlirschi Duda, 1930 i Bibio reticulatus Loew, 1846 zabilježene su prvi puta za Hrvatsku. Daju se podaci o taksonomiji i životu nekih vrsta

Satellite-based sunshine duration for Europe

In this study, two different methods were applied to derive daily and monthly sunshine duration based on high-resolution satellite products provided by the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring using data from Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager). The satellite products were either hourly cloud type or hourly surface incoming direct radiation. The satellite sunshine duration estimates were not found to be significantly different using the native 15-minute temporal resolution of SEVIRI. The satellite-based sunshine duration products give additional spatial information over the European continent compared with equivalent in situ-based products. An evaluation of the satellite sunshine duration by product intercomparison and against station measurements was carried out to determine their accuracy. The satellite data were found to be within ±1 h/day compared to high-quality Baseline Surface Radiation Network or surface synoptic observations (SYNOP) station measurements. The satellite-based products differ more over the oceans than over land, mainly because of the treatment of fractional clouds in the cloud type-based sunshine duration product. This paper presents the methods used to derive the satellite sunshine duration products and the performance of the different retrievals. The main benefits and disadvantages compared to station-based products are also discussed

Temporomandibular joint pain and associated magnetic resonance findings: a retrospective study with a control group

Background To better understand and evaluate clinical usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), parameters for the evaluation are useful. Purpose To assess a clinically suitable staging system for evaluation of MRI of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and correlate the findings with age and some clinical symptoms of the TMJ. Material and Methods Retrospective analysis of 79 consecutive patients with clinical temporomandibular disorder or diagnosed inflammatory arthritis. Twenty-six healthy volunteers were included as controls. Existing data included TMJ pain, limited mouth opening (<30 mm) and corresponding MRI evaluations of the TMJs. Results The patients with clinical TMD complaints had statistically significantly more anterior disc displacement (ADD), disc deformation, caput flattening, surface destructions, osteophytes, and caput edema diagnosed by MRI compared to the controls. Among the arthritis patients, ADD, effusion, caput flattening, surface destructions, osteophytes, and caput edema were significantly more prevalent compared to the healthy volunteers. In the control group, disc deformation and presence of osteophytes significantly increased with age, and a borderline significance was found for ADD and surface destructions on the condylar head. No statistically significant associations were found between investigated clinical and MRI parameters. Conclusion This study presents a clinically suitable staging system for comparable MRI findings in the TMJs. Our results indicate that some findings are due to age-related degenerative changes rather than pathological changes. Results also show that clinical findings such as pain and limited mouth opening may not be related to changes diagnosed by MRI.publishedVersio

The cascading impacts of livestock grazing in upland ecosystems: a 10-year experiment

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank The Woodland Trust, Scotland for permission to use the Glen Finglas Estate. Sally Burgess, Timothy Conner, Charlie Gardner, Ian Joyce,Fi Leckie, Elaine McEwan, Ruth Mitchell, Gabor Pozsgai, Gina Prior and others assisted with the collection and sorting of samples at different stages of the project. S. M. Redpath, R. J. Pakeman, P. Dennis and D. M. Evans designed the study; D. M. Evans, N.Villar, N. A. Littlewood, S. A. Evans and J. Skartveit collected the data; D. M. Evans and N. Villar analyzed the data; D. M. Evans and N. Villar co-wrote as joint-first authors the first draft of the manuscript, and all authors contributed substantially to revisions.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

The Active Tamoxifen Metabolite Endoxifen (4OHNDtam) Strongly Down-Regulates Cytokeratin 6 (CK6) in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells

Introduction: Tamoxifen is an anti-estrogen drug used in treatment of Estrogen Receptor (ER) positive breast cancer. Effects and side effects of tamoxifen is the sumof tamoxifen and all itsmetabolites. 4-Hydroxytamoxifen (4OHtam) and 4-hydroxy-N-demethyltamoxifen (4OHNDtam, endoxifen) both have ER affinity exceeding that of the parent drug tamoxifen. 4OHNDtam is considered the main active metabolite of tamoxifen. Ndesmethyltamoxifen (NDtam) is the major tamoxifen metabolite. It has low affinity to the ER and is not believed to influence tumor growth. However, NDtam might mediate adverse effects of tamoxifen treatment. In this study we investigated the gene regulatory effects of the three metabolites of tamoxifen in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Material and Methods: Using concentrations that mimic the clinical situation we examined effects of 4OHtam, 4OHNDtam and NDtam on global gene expression in 17β-estradiol (E2) treated MCF-7 cells. Transcriptomic responses were assessed by correspondence analysis, differential expression, gene ontology analysis and quantitative real time PCR (Q-rt-PCR). E2 deprivation and knockdown of Steroid Receptor Coactivator-3 (SRC-3)/Amplified in Breast Cancer 1 (AIB1) mRNA in MCF-7 cells were performed to further characterize specific effects on gene expression. Results: 4OHNDtam and 4OHtamcausedmajor changes in gene expression compared to treatment with E2 alone, with a stronger effect of 4OHNDtam. NDtam had nearly no effect on the global gene expression profile. Treatment ofMCF-7 cells with 4OHNDtam led to a strong down-regulation of the CytoKeratin 6 isoforms (KRT6A, KRT6B and KRT6C). The CytoKeratin 6 mRNAs were also down-regulated inMCF-7 cells after E2 deprivation and after SRC-3/ AIB1 knockdown. Conclusion: Using concentrations that mimic the clinical situation we report global gene expression changes that were most pronounced with 4OHNDtam and minimal with NDtam. Genes encoding CytoKeratin 6, were highly down-regulated by 4OHNDtam, as well as after E2 deprivation and knockdown of SRC-3/AIB1, indicating an estrogen receptor-dependent regulation.publishedVersio