The structure of the understorey of pure stand of Mimosa scabrella Bentham in mined area, in Poços de Caldas, Brazil

Foi realizado um inventário florístico-estrutural da regeneração natural de espécies arbustivo-arbóreas do sub-bosque de um plantio homogêneo de Mimosa scabrella Bentham implantado, visando à reabilitação de área minerada, em Poços de Caldas. Foram utilizadas dezenove parcelas de 50 m2 (5 m × 10 m) e amostrados os indivíduos arbustivo-arbóreos com altura igual ou superior a 30cm, tendo sido encontrados 1.946 indivíduos, pertencentes a 63 famílias botânicas. Amostras de solo foram coletadas à profundidade de 0 cm a 20 cm, em cada uma das dezenove parcelas e analisados os teores de areia, silte, argila, matéria orgânica, pH, nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio e magnésio. Foi analisada a influência de variáveis edáficas sobre a densidade das espécies amostradas, utilizando Análise de Correspondência Canônica (“Canonical Correspondence Analysis” – CCA). Foi verificada correlação significativa entre elas a 5% de probabilidade pelo teste de Monte-Carlo. As espécies Miconia sellowiana, Miconia pepericarpa, Cestrum amictum, Alchornea triplinervia, Cordia superba e Casearia sylvestris apresentaram comportamento próximo ao indiferente em relação às variáveis edáficas estudadas, sendo que estas se destacam de forma superior em relação às demais espécies quanto aos parâmetros florístico-estruturais. Esse comportamento reforça a indicação de tais espécies, feita por NAPPO (1999), como de potencial para uso em plantios mistos e de enriquecimento em condições similares às da área estudada. A identificação e mensuração de outras variáveis ambientais e do histórico da área são peças importantes para o entendimento dos processos de dinâmica de povoamentos e, em particular, para áreas degradadas em fase de reabilitação. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTA floristic and structural survey of the natural regeneration of shrubby and arboreal species of the understory of an established homogeneous plantation of Mimosa scabrella Bentham was corried out viewing, the reclamation of a mined area, in Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Nineteen plots of 50 m2 (5 m × 10 m) were used and the shrubby and arboreal individuals measuring equal or above 30 cm were sampled and 1,946 individuals belonging to 63 botanic families were found. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0 to 20 cm, in each of the 19 plots, and the contents of sand, silt,clay, organic matters, pH nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium were analysed. The influence of the soil variables upon the density of the sampled species was analysed using the Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). A significative correlation was verified among these variables at a level of 5% of probability using the Monte Carlo test. The species Miconia sellowiana, Miconia pepericarpa, Cestrum amictum, Alchornea triplinervia, Cordia superba and Casearia sylvestris presented a close to indifferent behaviour in relation to the soil variables studied, and these species largely surpassed the other species in relation to the floristic and the strutured parameters. This behaviour reinforces the indication of the species, made by NAPPO (1999), as having a potential for use in mixed and enrichment plantation in condition similar to those of the studied area. The identification and mensuration of the enviromental variables and of the history of the area are important pieces for the understanding of the process of population dynamics, and particularly, for degraded area getting to the reclamation phase

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid metastatic to the breast: a case report and literature review

Breast malignancies, apart from skin cancer, are the leading cause of cancer from cancer among the female population. Unlike the high prevalence of primary mammary malignancies, metastases to the breast are uncommon, and account for only 0.2-2.7% of all malignancies affecting this organ. We report the case of a 35-year-old woman who sought medical care because of a breast lump. A mammogram suggested a breast tumor, which was biopsied. The histopathological workup resulted in the diagnosis of a metastasis from a medullary thyroid cancer. The authors review the most useful clinical, radiological, histological, and immunohistochemical features concerning extramammary malignancy to the breast

Accelerated aging of Jatropha curcas L. seeds

Jatropha curcas L. is an oleaginous plant that has distinguished itself by presenting the qualities necessary to the biodiesel production. This study aimed to adjust the accelerated aging test methodology to evaluate the physiological potential of Jatropha curcas seeds. For this, four seeds lots were initially characterized by water content, germination percentage and first counting, seedlings emergence percentage and speed index, low temperature germination, and shoot height. The treatments included three temperatures (41ºC, 42ºC, and 45ºC) and four seeds exposure times (24, 48, 72, and 96 hours), in about 100% relative humidity. The accelerated aging test carried out for 24 hours, at 41ºC, was efficient for evaluating the Jatropha curcas vigour seeds, allowing to classify lots according to vigour levels, similarly to the germination first counting tests, seedlings emergence, low temperature germination, emergence speed index, and shoots height

Controle genético da resistência da soja à raça 4 de Cercospora sojina

The objective of this work was to study the genetic control of resistance to frogeye leaf spot in segregating populations derived from the cross between Paraná and Bossier soybean cultivars. The progenitors and the F1, F2, RC1 and RC2 generations were evaluated for six plant characters associated to the disease: infection grade (NT); number of lesions per foliole (NLF); average diameter of lesion (DML); percentage of lesioned foliar area (PAFL); number of lesions per square centimeter (NLC) and disease index (ID). Soybean resistance to frogeye leaf spot behaved as a quantitative character, and the additive genic effect was the most important character. The influences on NT were the following: additive effect (62.05%), dominance effect (7.68%) and additive x additive, additive x dominant and dominant x dominant epistatic interactions (7.32%). The additive-dominant model was satisfactory to explain the variations only of PAFL and NLC characters. The influence of the effect of epistatic interactions varied from 2.22% for PAFL up to 30.78% for DML character. The additive-dominant genetic model is satisfactory to explain the behavior of the average of the generations of PAFL and NLC characters. However, for NT, NLF, DML and ID, the additive-dominant-epistatic model is more adequateO objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o controle genético da resistência à Cercospora sojina, em populações segregantes derivadas do cruzamento entre as cultivares de soja Paraná e Bossier. Foram avaliadas nos genitores e nas gerações F1, F2, RC1 e RC2 seis características das plantas associadas com a doença: nota para infecção (NT); número de lesões por folíolo (NLF); diâmetro médio de lesão (DML); porcentagem de área foliar lesionada (PAFL); número de lesões por cm2 (NLC) e índice de doença (ID). A resistência da soja à cercosporiose comportou-se como um caráter quantitativo, e o efeito gênico aditivo o mais importante. As influências sobre NT foram as seguintes: efeito aditivo (62,05%), efeito da dominância (7,68%) e as interações epistáticas aditiva x aditiva, aditiva x dominante e dominante x dominante (7,32%). O modelo aditivo-dominante foi suficiente para explicar as variações somente nos caracteres PAFL e NLC. A influência dos efeitos das interações epistáticas variaram de 2,22% no caráter PAFL e em até 30,78% no caráter DML. O modelo genético aditivo-dominante é satisfatório para explicar o comportamento da média das gerações em relação aos caracteres PAFL e NLC. Entretanto, quanto a NT, NLF, DML e ID, o modelo aditivo-dominante-epistático é o mais adequado

Genetic parameters of soybean resistance to Cercospora sojina

A herança da resistência da soja a Cercospora sojina Hara foi avaliada por meio de parâmetros genéticos, estimados pela análise de médias e de variâncias de um índice multivariado. Foram utilizados os cruzamentos de duas cultivares resistentes, Paraná (P) e Uberaba (U), com uma suscetível, Bossier (B). Foram avaliados cinco caracteres associados à doença, nos genitores e nas gerações F1, F2, RCR e RCS de cada cruzamento: nota do grau de infecção avaliado visualmente; diâmetro médio da lesão; porcentagem de área foliar lesionada; número de lesões por centímetro quadrado; e índice de doença. Foi aplicado aos dados das análises de gerações um índice multivariado anteriormente estabelecido. O efeito genético aditivo foi o mais importante na determinação dos caracteres relacionados com a resistência da soja a C. sojina. Nos dois cruzamentos, PxB e UxB, pelo menos um dos tipos de epistasia (aa, ad e dd) foi significativo, sendo mais adequada a avaliação da resistência da soja a C. sojina, pelo modelo aditivo-dominante-epistático.The inheritance of soybean resistance to Cercospora sojina Hara was studied based on genetic parameters estimated by the analysis of means and variances of a multivariate index. The crosses between two resistant cultivars, Paraná (P) and Uberaba (U), with a susceptible, Bossier (B), were used. The parents and F1, F2, BCR and BCS generations from each cross were evaluated on five characteristics associated to the disease: visually evaluated infection degree; lesion mean diameter; percentage of lesioned leaf area; number of lesions per square centimeter; and disease index. A multivariate index previously established was applied to the data of the generation analyses. The additive genetic effect was the most important in the determination of the characters related to the resistance of soybean to C. sojina. On both crosses (PxB and UxB) at least one kind of epistatic interaction (aa, ad and dd) was significant and the additive-dominant-epistatic model was more adequate to describe the resistance of soybean to C. sojina

Forest restoration monitoring through digital processing of high resolution images

Monitoring and evaluating forest restoration projects is a challenge especially in large-scale, but the remote monitoring of indicators with the use of synoptic, multispectral and multitemporal data allows us to gauge the restoration success with more accurately and in small time. The objective of this study was to elaborate and compare methods of remote monitoring of forest restoration using Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) data and multispectral imaging from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) camera, in addition to comparing the efficiency of supervised classification algorithms Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Random Forest (RF). The study was carried out in a restoration area with about 74 ha and five years of implementation, owned by Fibria Celulose S.A., in the southern region of Bahia State, Brazil. We used images from Canon S110 NIR (green, red, Near Infrared) on UAV and LIDAR data composition (intensity image, Digital Surface Model, Digital Terrain Model, normalized Digital Surface Model). The monitored restoration indicator was the land cover separated in three classes: canopy cover, bare soil and grass cover. The images were classified using the ML and RF algorithms. To evaluate the accuracy of the classifications, the Overall Accuracy (OA) and the Kappa index were used, and the last was compared by Z test. The area occupied by different land cover classes was calculated using ArcGIS and R. The results of OA, Kappa and visual evaluation of the images were excellent in all combinations of the imaging methods and algorithms analyzed. When Kappa values for the two algorithms were compared, RF presented better performance than ML with significant difference, but when sensors (UAV camera and LIDAR) were compared, there were no significant differences. There was little difference between the area occupied by each land cover classes generated by UAV and LIDAR images. The highest cover was generated for canopy cover followed by grass cover and bare soil in all classified images, indicating the need of adaptive management interventions to correct the area trajectory towards the restoration success. The methods employed in this study are efficient to monitor restoration areas, especially on a large scale, allowing us to save time, fieldwork and invested resources

Diametric struture dynamics for tree and shrub natural regeneration understory within pure stands of Mimosa scabrella Bentham planted on a mined-out site at Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais state

A área do Retiro-Branco, de propriedade da Companhia Geral de Minas, subsidiária da ALCOA Alumínio S.A., foi minerada para a extração de bauxita de 1978 até 1981. Em 1982/1983, essa área teve seu processo de reabilitação implementado mediante a hidrossemeadura de gramíneas e leguminosas e o plantio puro de Mimosa scabrella Bentham. Em 1997 foi realizado o primeiro inventário da regeneração natural do Retiro-Branco, aravés da implantação de 19 parcelas permanentes para caracterização inicial do processo de sucessão natural. E em 2000 foi realizado o segundo inventário dessas parcelas para caracterizar o processo de dinâmica da regeneração, o objeto deste trabalho. O processo de dinâmica da regeneração natural foi caracterizado mediante análises quantitativas e qualitativas da distribuição diamétrica. Os estudos indicaram que o monitoramento mediante inventário florestal contínuo, com parcelas permanentes setorizadas, é uma ferramenta viável para avaliações da dinâmica da regeneração natural, rumo à compreensão dos caminhos da sucessão. Foi caracterizado o processo de estratificação da regeneração natural, em que as espécies pioneiras e clímax foram as principais componentes do estrato inferior e as secundárias, as principais componentes do estrato superior. O povoamento florestal do Retiro-Branco está sobre intensa atividade de estruturação, caracterizando o estágio inicial do processo de sucessão. As espécies secundárias são as de maior dominância nas maiores classes de altura e de diâmetro, sendo as principais responsáveis pela edificação do estrato superior. A prognose da distribuição diamétrica, realizada mediante o emprego da Cadeia de Markov, foi uma ferramenta de fácil implementação e que permitiu prever o caminho do processo de sucessão para o povoamento todo e para os grupos ecológicos de espécies, ampliando o entendimento dos mecanismos que regem o comportamento interno da sucessão. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTRetiro-Branco mine, a property of Companhia Geral de Minas, subsidiary of ALCOA Alumínio S.A., underwent bauxite extraction from 1978 to 1981. In 1982/1983 as part of its mine rehabilitation strategy, herbaceous species were hydroseeded and tree seedlings of Mimosa scabrella Bentham planted in the mining site. In 1997, 19 sample plots (50m2) were established in this area for the initial characterization of the natural regeneration process. In 2000, a second inventory was performed in the same plots to characterize natural regeneration dynamics. The process of natural regeneration dynamics was characterized through quantitative and qualitative analyses of diameter distribution. These studies demonstrated that using continuous forest inventory with a sample plot grid is a viable tool for evaluating natural regeneration dynamics. The stratification process for natural regeneration was characterized. Pioneer and climax species are the main components of the inferior stratum and the secondary ones the main component of the superior stratum. Retiro-Branco forest was found to be undergoing intense structuring activity, characterizing initial stage of succession. Secondary species are the most dominant in classes with greatest height and diameter, being the most responsible for the superior stratum construction. Diameter distribution prediction using Markov Matrix proved to be a simple way for foreseeing both the succession process of natural regeneration and future ecological groupings of species, increasing the understanding of mechanisms that rule internal succession behavior

Crescimento e qualidade de mudas de amendoim-bravo (Pterogyne nitens Tull.) em resposta à adubação nitrogenada

The objective of this work aimed to evaluate to effect of nitrogen fertilization on growth and quality of amendoim-bravo (Pterogyne nitens Tull) seedlings. Were used six doses of nitrogen (0, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 mg.dm -³) also parceled out and applied at 0, 21th, 42th and 63th days after the first thinning. The experimental design was a randomized block design, using as substrate in red yellow latosol, with four repetitions. After 120 days after sowing collected data of height, collar diameter, aerial part dry weight and root, and the ration between height and collar diameter, height aerial part and dry weight, aerial part dry weight and dry weight root and Dickson quality index (IQD). The nitrogen fertilization were positive and significant for all traits except for collar diameter and ration dry weight aerial part and dry weight root. Recommended for seedlings of amendoim-bravo application of 200 mg.dm-³ of ammonium sulfate.O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da adubação nitrogenada no crescimento e qualidade de mudas de Amendoim-Bravo (Pterogyne nitens Tull). Foram utilizadas seis doses de nitrogênio (0, 60, 120, 180, 240 e 300 mg.dm-³) igualmente parceladas e aplicadas aos 0, 21, 42 e 63 dias após o primeiro desbaste. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, utilizando como substrato Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, com quatro repetições. Aos 120 dias após a semeadura, foram coletados dados de altura da parte aérea, diâmetro do coleto, massa seca da parte aérea, massa seca de raízes e massa seca total, além das relações altura/diâmetro do coleto, massa seca da parte aérea/massa seca de raízes, altura da parte aérea/massa seca da parte aérea e índice de qualidade de Dickson A aplicação do fertilizante nitrogenado ao substrato apresentou efeito significativo para todas as características avaliadas com exceção do diâmetro do coleto e para relação massa seca da parte aérea/massa seca de raiz Recomenda-se para produção de mudas de amendoim-bravo a aplicação de 200 mg.dm-3 de nitrogênio

Crescimento e qualidade de mudas de Piptadenia gonoacantha (Mart.) J.F. Macbr. (pau-jacaré) em resposta à adubação com potássio e enxofre

In a floristic recomposition program, knowledge of the nutritional requirements of tree species is of great importance in the adequate recommendation of fertilizers in the nursery, since it provides good quality seedlings, reflecting the greater potential for survival and growth after planting. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of potassium (K) and sulfur (S) doses on the growth and biomass of seedlings Piptadenia gonoacantha (Mart.) J.F. Macbr. (pau-jacaré), to determine the optimal doses of these nutrients. An experiment was carried out using rigid polyethylene pots with a capacity of 1.5 dm³ and Red-Yellow Latosol soil. Treatments consisted of seven K rates (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 mg.dm-³) combined with five rates of S (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg dm-³), split into four applications: 20, 41, 62 and 83 days after transplanting. After 115 days of transplanting, were measured the shoot height, collar diameter, aerial and root dry weight. The analysis of variance showed a significant interaction for K and S doses for all evaluated characteristics except for shoot height, and this interaction was studied using the response surface methodology. Based on these results, the application of 160 mg.dm-³ of K and 55 mg.dm-³ of S splitted four times (20, 41, 62 and 83 days after transplanting) was recommended for pau-jacaré (Piptadenia gonoacantha) seedlings.Em um programa de recomposição florística, o conhecimento das exigências nutricionais das espécies arbóreas é de grande importância na recomendação adequada de fertilizantes no viveiro, uma vez que proporciona mudas de boa qualidade, refletindo maior potencial de sobrevivência e crescimento após o plantio. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de doses de potássio (K) e enxofre (S) sobre o crescimento de mudas de Piptadenia gonoacantha (Mart.) J.F. Macbr. (pau-jacaré), para determinar a dose ótima destes nutrientes. Foi conduzido um experimento utilizando vasos de polietileno rígido com 1,5 dm³ de capacidade e como substrato um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo. Utilizou-se como tratamentos sete doses de K (0; 50; 100; 150; 200; 250 e 300 mg.dm-³) combinadas com cinco doses de S (0, 20, 40, 60 e 80 mg.dm-³), as quais foram parceladas em quatro aplicações: 20, 41, 62 e 83 dias após a repicagem. Após 115 dias da repicagem foram avaliados dados de altura, diâmetro do coleto, massa seca da parte aérea e de raiz. A análise de variância apresentou interação significativa para as doses K e S, para todas as caracteristicas avaliadas exceto para a altura da parte aérea e esta interação foi estudada por meio da metodologia da superfície de resposta. Diante dos resultados obtidos, recomenda-se para produção de mudas de pau-jacaré a aplicação de 160 mg.dm-³ de K e 55 mg dm-³ de S, parceladas ao 20, 41, 62 e 83 dias após a repicagem

Biometry of Adrenal Glands of Mixed-Breed Dogs

Background: Differences of the size of the adrenal glands, in healthy dogs or in endocrinopathies, undermine correct diagnosis of endocrine disorders and evaluations of the adrenal cortex in relation to its size and possible correlation with endocrinopathies are rare. The aim of the present study was to perform measurements of the length, width, thickness and weight of the adrenal glands of young, adult and elderly mixed-breed dogs and correlate them with the age, sex and weight of animals. In addition, the areas occupied by the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex were measured in order to establish a microscopic biometric pattern.Material, Methods & Results: The right and left adrenal glands of 12 young (six females and six males), 12 adults (six females and six males), and 12 elderly (six females and six males), all mongrels, derived from routine and necropsied in the Animal Pathology Sector of the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Espírito Santo (HOVET-UFES) were weighed and the length, width, and thickness were measured. For the microscopic measurement of the adrenal cortex, 10 randomly selected samples were submitted to routine histological processing and the microscope slides were observed under a light microscope at 5× and 10× objectives, photodocumented and measurements were obtained from a random portion of the adrenal cortex and the zones composing the cortex were measured in triplicate with the aid of the computerized image analysis software. The left adrenal showed a greater average length than the right adrenal in young, adult, and elderly dogs. The size of the glands in the young and adult dogs is not influenced by the sex of the animals, but in older dogs the females had a greater mean width than the males. The weight of the animals presented a positive correlation in relation to the length and weight of the right and left adrenal glands in all studied groups. The age did not influence the length and weight variables of the glands. However, some differences in thickness and width were observed in the elderly group compared to those in other groups. For the microscopic measurements in the right adrenal gland, the cortex was 1.53 mm, being 0.21 mm for the glomerular zone (14.6% of the total adrenal cortex), 1.04 mm for the zona fasciculata (66.9%), and 0.29 mm for the zona reticularis (18.5%). In the left adrenal gland, the cortex was 1.83 mm, being 0.23 mm for the glomerular zone (13.2% of the total adrenal cortex), 1.23 mm for the zona fasciculata (63.96%), and 0.37 for the zona reticularis (22.84%).Discussion: Studies on the size of the adrenal gland in dogs using macroscopic biometrics are scarce, and the current study presents results regarding mixed-breed (male and female) dogs of different ages, which presented variation in size and weight, which could also influence the size of the adrenal gland. Thus, it can be observed that a variation of measurements can be found, especially for dogs with no defined breed. These results demonstrate the importance of studies that perform the macroscopic analysis of such glands. It was concluded that there was a clear variation in the size of the adrenal glands in mixed-breed dogs of different ages and both sexes; the left adrenal showed greater lengths and weights than the right gland. The sex of the animals did not influence the size of the glands in young and adult dogs, but in elderly dogs, the females showed a greater mean width than the males. The right and left adrenal cortices are formed at a greater percentage by the zona fasciculata, followed by the zona reticularis and zona glomerulosa