Farmakološko djelovanje izatina i njegovih derivata

Isatin is an endogenous compound identified in humans that possesses wide range of biological activities. Isatin has anxiogenic, sedative, anticonvulsant activity and acts as a potent antagonist on atrial natriuretic peptide receptors in vitro. A series of p-substituted isatin semicarbazones have shown anticonvulsant activity in MES, scPTZ and scSTY tests. Various isatin N-Mannich bases of isatin-3-thiosemicarbazones have shown antiviral and tuberculostatic activity. Methisazone is an effective compound against variola and vaccinia viruses. The N-dimethyl and morpholino derivative of 5-methyl isatin and trimethoprim exhibited an EC50 of more than 4.3 and 17.7 microgram mL-1 and 17.7 microgram mL-1, respectively. Isatin (3-o-nitrophenyl)hydrazone has shown activity against Walker carcinoma-256. Various substituted indolinones showed antitubercular activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv with MIC ranging from 10-20 microgram mL-1. Isatin derivatives of Mannich bases had fibrinolytic, muscle relaxant, antiallergic, immunosuppressant, and antithrombotic activity. Isatin showed cardioinhibitory effect on frog heart, and hypotensive, respiratory depression and antidiuretic effects.Izatin je endogeni spoj prisutan u organizmu čovjeka koji posjeduje niz farmakoloških učinaka. Izatin djeluje kao antioksidans, sedativ i antikonvulziv. In vitro je snažni antagonist na receptorima za natrijeve ione u atriju. Serija p-supstituiranih semikarbazona izatina pokazala je antikonvulzivno djelovanje u MES, scPTZ i scSTY testovima, a N-Mannichove baze izatina i izatin-3-tiosemikarbazona virustatsko i tuberkulostatsko djelovanje. Metisazon je učinkovit protiv infekcija variola i vakcinia virusima. EC50 N-dimetil i morfolino derivata 5-metilizatina i trimetoprima veći je od 4,3, odnosno 17,7 g mL-1. Izatin (3-o-nitrofenilhidrazon) inhibira rast tumorskih stanica Walker-256, a supstituirani indolinoni su aktivni protiv M. tuberculosis H37Rv (MIC vrijednosti 1020 g mL-1. Mannichove baze izatina djeluju kao fibrinolitici, miorelaksansi, antihistaminici, imunosupresivi i antitrombotici. Izatin ima kardioinhibitorni učinak na srce žabe, a djeluje i kao hipotenziv, depresor respiracije i antidiuretik

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic

Anticonvulsant and Sedative-Hypnotic Activities of N-Acetyl / Methyl Isatin Derivatives

A series of N-methyl/acetyl 5-(un)-substituted isatin-3-semicarbazones were screened for anticonvulsant and sedative-hypnotic activities. The results revealed that protection was obtained in all the screens i.e., Maximal electroshock, (MES) subcutaneous pentylene tetrazole (scPTZ) and subcutaneous strychnine (scSTY) screens. Three compounds (2a,2e and 2i) possessed anti-MES activity and all the compounds were less neurotoxic than phenytoin, carbamazepine and phenobarbital. All the compounds were completely non-toxic at 4h when compared to phenytoin, carbamazepine and phenobarbital, which were toxic at 100 and 300 mg/kg respectively. Compounds 2a, 2b, 2e, 2g and 2i emerged as the active compounds in oral MES screen. Selected compounds were evaluated for quantification studies in MES, scPTZ and neurotoxicity screens after i. p (2b, 2i) and oral administration (2a, 2g) in rats. Among all the compounds 2a, 2b and 2g emerged as broad-spectrum compounds as indicated by their protection in MES, scSTY and scPTZ screens. All the compounds except compound 2b showed significant sedative-hypnotic activity

Exploring the effect of workplace spirituality on job embeddedness among higher secondary school teachers in Ernakulam district

The quality of education is determined by the quality of the teachers. As teachers are entrusted with the responsibility of shaping and guiding the future citizens of a nation, it is essential for them to be involved and committed toward their job. This brings out the importance of retaining teachers in their job. The concept of workplace spirituality (WPS) brings in the very feeling of being connected to the workplace, which, undoubtedly helps them to remain attached to the job. The study tries to understand the relationship between WPS and job embeddedness (JE) among the higher secondary school teachers in Ernakulam District. WPS was measured using the scale adapted from Milliman et al. and JE was measured using the scale developed by Mitchell et al. A sample size of 105 was selected using simple random sampling method. The study found a satisfactorily good level of WPS and JE among the respondents. The result of the study also shows a significant positive relationship between WPS and JE

IoT: Effective Authentication System (EAS) using Hash based Encryption on RFID Attacks

Internet of Things (IoT) is undoubtedly a well-known research area. Security on IoT communication services is the major challenge with advanced technology and devices. This paper mainly focusing on Perceptron layer based attacks and counter measures based on Effective Authentication System (EAS). This paper is ordered as outlining IoT Architecture, Types of Threats ,Perceptron Layer  based attacks, sensor based communication services ,RFID mechanism ,Tag identify and verification by back end server and Hash based Effective Authentication System (EAS)  to avoid pseudonym attacks .This paper proposes EAS as security measure by preventing   privacy attack, pseudonym attack, location tracking and asynchronous attack