PROSES PEMBELAJARAN KEAKSARAAN PADA MASYARAKAT BADUY DI DESA KANEKES KECAMATAN LEUWIDAMAR KABUPATEN LEBAK JAWA BARAT

Masyarakat Baduy merupakan salah satu masyarakat terasing yang bertempat tinggal menetap di Desa Kanekes Kecamatan Leuwidamar Kabupaten Lebak Jawa Barat. Kehidupan masyarakatnya sangat terikat dengan pola pikukuh adat yang diberlakukan sepanjang jaman. Khusus dalam bidang pendidikan, masyarakat yang bersangkutan tidak mengenal kehadiran pendidikan sekolah. Namun demikian, meskipun secara adat tidak menerima kehadiran pendidikan sekolah, ternyata telah ada sekelompok masyarakat yang telah melek huruf Studi ini mencoba mengungkap proses pembelajaran yang telah dilakukan masyarakat dalam upaya mengentaskan diri dari kebutahurufan. Untuk kepentingan penelitian, studi ini dibatasi ke dalam beberapa pertanyaan penelitian, yaitu sebagai berikut : (a) apakah masyarakat Baduy telah memiliki kebutuhan belajar, kalau memang telah memilikinya, apakah jenisnya ?, (b) bagaimana gaya belajar yang telah dilakukan oleh masyarakat Baduy ?, (c) apakah ada relevansi antara pikukuh adat masyarakat Baduy dengan kebutuhan pendidikan dan gaya belajar yang dilakukannya, (d) faktor-faktor apakah yang mempengaruhi masyarakat Baduy untuk mau dan mampu membelajarkan dirinya ?, (e) apakah ada perbedaan proses pembelajaran antara masyarakat Baduy luar dengan Baduy dalam ?, dan (f) kebutuhan belajar apalagikah yang diperlukan masyarakat Baduy setelah mereka melek huruf? Studi ini pada dasarnya bertujuan untuk : (a) mengkaji kebutuhan belajar masyarakat Baduy, terutama dalam bidang pendidikan luar sekolah, (b) mengkaji model pembelajaran yang telah dilakukan masyarakat Baduy dalam mengentaskan dirinya dari kebutahurufan, (c) mengkaji berbagai faktor penyebab munculnya kemauan dan kemampuan masyarakat untuk membelajarkan dirinya, (d) mengamati proses pembelajaran yang telah dilakukan, (f) mengkaji jenis-jenis kebutuhan belajr lain setelah mereka melek huruf. Studi ini bersifat deskriptif dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif Tehnik penelitian yang digunakan berupa wawancara dan dokumentasi. Subyek penelitiannya ditentukan secara purposif. Para informan dari studi ini terdiri atas carik desa (sekretaris) Kanekes dan sejumlah anggotaMasyarakat Baduy yangtelah melek huruf. Topik studi di atas pada dasarnya didukung oleh teori perubahan sosial dan proses pemberdayaan masyarakat. Teori perubahan sosial pada intinya menyatakan bahwa tidak ada masyarakat yang statis, mengingat kehidupan itu sendiri merupakan gerak maju. Pada sisi lain teori perubahan sosial memandang bahwa terjadinya perubahan dalam masyarakat merupakan suatu peristiwa yang wajar terjadi. Terjadinya perubahan sosial didukung oleh faktor-faktor sebagai berikut : (a) kontak budaya lain, (b) sistem pendidikan formal yang maju, (c) keinginan untuk maju, (d) toleransi terhadap perbuatan yang menyimpang, (e) sistem pelapisan masyarakat yang terbuka, dan (f) heterogenitas penduduk. Konsep kedua yang melandasi topik studi ini adalah pemberdayaan. Pendidikan luar sekolah dianggap sebagai proses pemberdayaan, diharapkan dapat memberikan pengertian dan kesadaran kepada individu/kelompok guna memahami dan mengontrol kekuatan sosial, ekonomi dan politik sehingga dapat memperbaiki kehidupannya di masyarakat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Masyarakat Baduy : (a) secara adat dituntut untuk terus menjalankan pikukuhnya, (b) telah memiliki kebutuhan belajar, (c) gaya pembelajarannya dilakukan secara individual, (d) sebagian warga masyarakat yang telah melek huruf berasal dariKampung BaduyPanamping dan berusia muda, (e) ada dua faktor utama yang mendorong masyarakat untuk mau dan mampu membelajarkan dirinya, yaitu internal dan eksternal, (f) carik (sekretaris) desa telah berperan sebagai fasilitator dan sumber belajar, (g) pendidikan anak sepenuhnya merupakan tanggung jawab para orang tua, serta (h) memiliki etika lingkungan yang tinggi. Bertitik tolak dari hasil studi di atas, penulis merekomendasikan : (a) pemberdayaan masyarakat Baduy hendaknya disesuaikan dengan referensi nilai-nilai budaya masyarakat yang bersangkutan, (b) perlunya identifikasi kebutuhan belajar aktual, yang benar-benar fungsional bagi kehidupan masyarakat setempat (c) memperbanyak bahan-bahan bacaan yang berkaitan langsung dengan kegiatan hidup mereka sehari-hari, (d) carik perlu secara aktif membelajarkan masyarakat, tetapi tetap memperhatikan referensi adat masyarakat yang bersangkutan sehingga mereka tidak merasa sedang diintervensi fihak luar, (e) bagi fihak-fihak terkait seperti seksi Dikmas Depdikbud hendaknya mengambil peran aktif dalam membelajarkan masyarakat Baduy, seperti menyediakan bahan-bahan belajar dan meningkatkan pengetahuan dengan cara mengadakan pelatihan khusus bagi carik sebagai ujung tombak dalam proses pembelajaran Masyarakat Baduy. The Baduy's community is one of many locked communities in Indonesia. They live permanently in Desa Kanekes, Kecamatan Leuwidamar, Kabupaten Lebak - West Java. Actually, their lives are deeply involved by "pola pikukuh adat" (Local tradition) that has been grown up over and over sinceThey lived in The area. Especially in education, They don't know a kind of scholarship education. Nevertherless, although they don't know about it, there are many peolples of the member of Baduy's community have been able to read. This study is going to try to explain and prove some learning processes that have been done, in order to get out from the condition that they couldn't read. In order to get any explanation of the problems, the study is limited by some research questions, as follows : (a) has The Baduy community had a kind of learning need, and what kind of learning process that has been done ?, (b) what kind of learning style that has been done by the Baduy's, (c) is there any relevancies between Pikukuh adat of TheBafiiy's with their learning need and also with learning style that has been done ?, (d) what kind of factors those determine the Baduy's to be able to learn themselves, and (e) are there any differences between Baduy Luar and Baduy Dalam especially in learning process ?, and (f) are any other learning needs for the Baduy's after they are able to read ? The objectives of the research are : (a) to study the Baduy's learning need, especially in out of school education, (b) to study a model of learning process that has been done bythem, inorder to get out from the condition where they couldn't read, (c) to find out many factors those motivate them to learn, (d) to study a learning process that has been done, and also (e) to find out any other kinds of learning needs those rise after they are able to read. Descriptively, this research use a qualitative approach with interview and documentation methods. In the research, the writer tries to use a purposive sample by handing out from the research population. The method is used in order to get a maximized result. To get an accurate data, the writer researches the condition of Baduy's lives directly for many times. Beside of it, the writer also gets many data and informations from some informen. They are "Carik Desa Kanekes" (Secretary Officer of Kanekes Village) and some peoples of a member of The Baduy's community who have been able to read. The study is based on two grand theories. Those are social changing theory and the concept of community empowering. The first theory expalin that there is no a static community in the world because life is a kind of social mobility time by time. Onthe other hand, the theory is also explain that social change is a natural process. There are many factors those determine of the process, as follows : (a) a process of social contact with another culture, (b) delevoping in a system of formal education, (c) communities need to improve themselves, (d) the tolerance to many distortion of behaviors, (e) opened social stratifications, and (f) the heterogenity of the member of community. The second concept is community empowering. Trough the concept, we can see that the out of school education is said as a process of empowering. The process is hoped to be able to give a conciuousness to anyindividu or clan to understand a social, economic and plotical power so that they can improve their lives. Through the research, we can see that : (a) traditionly, the members of Baduy's community have to behave the same as their live style that has strongly handed time by time, (b) they have had learning needs, (c) their learnig style is done individual, (d) many peoples of the Baduy's community who have been able to read come from "Kampung Baduv Panampins? (Outer Baduy Village) and are especially youngers, (e) there are two main factros that motivate many peoples to learn themselves. They are internal and external factors, (f) Carik Desa has become as a facilitator and a learning resource in the process, (g) Parents have a fully resposibilities to their Children Education process, and (h) the Baduys have a deeply environmental ethics. Based on the research, a writer has some recomendations, as follows : (a) a process of Baduy's empowering has to match by a set of local references, especially any habitual culture, (b)we need to identify an actual learning needs, (c) wehave to give them more books or meny references those link to their habitual life, (d) The Carik has to give a learning process actively to the Baduy's, (e) The instancies those involved in the programm (e.g. Seksi Dikmas Depdikbud) has to take an active role in the programm, for examples in offering many books (or learning materials), in improving Carik's knowledges, and so on

KOMPETENSI PEMBUATAN INSTRUMEN PENGUKURAN HASIL BELAJAR OLEH GURU IPS SMP DI KOTA BANDUNG

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kemampuan guru IPS Sekolah Menengah Pertama Kota Bandung dalam membuat alat ukur hasil belajar. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah survey. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa alat ukur bentuk tes lebih dominan digunakan dibandingkan bentuk non tes, baik pada Ulangan Harian, Ujian Tengah Semester (UTS) maupun Ujian Akhir Semester (UAS). Selain itu, hanya sebagian kecil responden guru yang membuat soal dengan mengacu pada kisi-kisi, bahkan ada guru yang tidak membuat kisi-kisi. Alat ukur tes yang dibuat pun tidak melalui tahap uji validitas dan reliabilitas. Responden guru belum menunjukkan peningkatan kualitas dalam pengembangan alat ukur hasil belajar peserta didik. Peneliti merekomendasikan kepada semua pihak terkait untuk melakukan peningkatan, pembiasaan dan pengawasan terhadap guru untuk membuat alat ukur hasil belajar, khususnya bagi guru-guru IPS. Abstract: This study aimed to analyze the ability of the Social Studies Teachers of Junior High School of Bandung city in creating instruments to measure the students’ learning outcomes. This research used survey method. The result of this study showed that the test form was more dominant than non-test forms, both on Daily Tests and Middle or Final Semester Exams. In addition,  only a few teachers made questions referring to the question framework, and several teachers did not even use it. The instrument also did not pass the validity and reliability test. Teachers had not indicated the quality improvement in developing instrument to measure the students’ learning outcomes. Researcher recommended to all relevant parties to improve, habituate and supervise teachers to make learning outcome instruments, especially for Social Studies teachers

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AbstrakHukum Islam tidak mengenal aturan percampuran antara harta suami dan harta istri karena perkawinan. Aturan percampuran antara harta suami dan harta istri karena perkawinan muncul dalam hukum Positif di Indonesia melalui Pasal 35, 36 dan 37 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan. Adapun Kepemilikan bersama dalam hukum Islam diatur dalam Hukum Syirkah. Pembagian harta bersama dalam perkawinan memunculkan persoalan perihal jumlah prosentase pem­bagian dari harta bersama. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari putusan Mahkamah Agung tentang pembagian harta bersama terhadap suami yang tidak memberi nafkah terhadap anak dan istri berdasarkan putusan Nomor 266K/­AG/2010. Berdasarkan putusan tersebut, penggugat (istri) ber­hak mendapat tiga perempat dan tergugat (suami) berhak memiliki se­perempat bagian dari harta bersama. Harta bersama dalam hukum Islam merujuk pada teori syirkah dengan tujuan memelihara ke­mas­la­hatan dan dalam hukum positif merujuk kepada KUH Perdata, Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan Pasal Pasal 35-37 dan Kompilasi Hukum Islam Pasal 85-97.Kata Kunci: Syirkah, Harta Bersama, Pengadilan Agam

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