31 research outputs found

    Analysis of reversible solid oxide cell technology for grid-energy storage and synthetic natural gas production with CO2

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    Reducing electricity related carbon emissions requires movement toward renewable energy technologies such as wind and solar, which is challenging due to their inherent intermittency. Electrical energy storage (EES) is expected to play a critical role in enabling greater penetration of renewables, but current technologies suffer from capacity limitations and high cost. Reversible solid oxide cells (ReSOCs) are an electrochemical energy conversion technology that can provide high efficiency and cost effective storage at both distributed and grid scales. This presentation discusses the fundamentals of ReSOC operation and compares the performance, cost, and net carbon emissions of ReSOCs employed in traditional EES systems with that of ReSOCs integrated with natural gas pipeline infrastructure and captured carbon dioxide. ReSOCs are ceramic electrochemical devices that can be used to either produce power from fuel when electricity is needed (fuel cell mode), or produce fuel from electricity when excess energy is available (electrolysis mode). By leveraging C-O-H reaction chemistry and operating at intermediate temperatures (600oC), these cells can be mildly exothermic in both operating modes, eliminating the need for external heat input or high over-potential operation during electrolysis. Storage of fuel (H2, CO, CH4) and exhaust (H2O, CO2) in tanks at the distributed scale and large caverns at the grid scale allows ReSOC systems to provide stand-alone EES services. While previous work has quantified performance and cost of ReSOC energy storage systems at both distributed and grid scales, this work focuses on ReSOC systems that couple natural gas pipelines as a fuel source and captured carbon dioxide as a co-electrolysis feedstock. ReSOCs are well suited for both carbon capture and synthetic fuel production. In fuel cell mode, ReSOCs consume fuel and oxygen and produce water, CO2, and excess air. Because fuel oxidation occurs via oxygen transport across the ReSOC electrolyte, separation of carbon dioxide from the exhaust stream can be achieved without concern for nitrogen. In electrolysis mode, internal methanation can be promoted to both provide heat for co-electrolysis of water and CO2 and to produce methane. Coupling ReSOC systems with natural gas pipelines and piped or tanked CO2 allows for both electricity generation with carbon-rich exhaust and for scalable carbon utilization given a source of CO2 and excess renewable electricity. However, it is unclear how such a system should be designed and operated in order to provide cost competitive electricity and synthetic natural gas, while maintaining low net carbon emissions. This work explores system design concepts, performance, cost, and net carbon emissions of a 50 MWe ReSOC system integrated with natural gas pipelines and stored CO2, and compares to ReSOCs used as flow-battery energy storage systems. Preliminary modeling results predict a fuel cell mode LHV efficiency of 56%, an electrolysis mode LHV efficiency of 62.6%, and system cost of 700$/kW. Additionally, it is observed that the stack and air-side components (heat exchangers, compressors, expanders) can be compatible in both modes of operation, reducing cost. The compatibility of condensers, heat exchangers, and compressors used for fuel and exhaust processing, however, depends strongly on the relative pressures of natural gas and carbon dioxide sources and sinks. Additional ways of reducing cost and net carbon emissions are also investigated and presented

    Corrigendum to: “Measurement of the tt ̄ production cross-section using eμ events with b-tagged jets in pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector” [Phys. Lett. B 761 (2016) 136–157]

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    This paper describes a measurement of the inclusive top quark pair production cross-section (sigma(t (t) over bar)) with a data sample of 3.2fb(-1)of proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of root s= 13TeV, collected in 2015 by the ATLAS detector at the LHC. This measurement uses events with an opposite-charge electron-muon pair in the final state. Jets containing b-quarks are tagged using an algorithm based on track impact parameters and reconstructed secondary vertices. The numbers of events with exactly one and exactly two b-tagged jets are counted and used to determine simultaneously sigma(t (t) over bar) and the efficiency to reconstruct and b-tag a jet from a top quark decay, thereby minimising the associated systematic uncertainties. The cross-section is measured to be:sigma(t (t) over bar) = 818 +/- 8 (stat) +/- 27 (syst) +/- 19 (lumi) +/- 12 (beam) pb,where the four uncertainties arise from data statistics, experimental and theoretical systematic effects, the integrated luminosity and the LHC beam energy, giving a total relative uncertainty of 4.4%. The result is consistent with theoretical QCD calculations at next-to-next-to-leading order. A fiducial measurement corresponding to the experimental acceptance of the leptons is also presented

    Measurement of the nuclear modification factor for muons from charm and bottom hadrons in Pb+Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV with the ATLAS detector

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    Heavy-flavour hadron production provides information about the transport properties and microscopic structure of the quark-gluon plasma created in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. A measurement of the muons from semileptonic decays of charm and bottom hadrons produced in Pb+Pb and pp collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider is presented. The Pb+Pb data were collected in 2015 and 2018 with sampled integrated luminosities of 208 mu b(-1) and 38 mu b(-1), respectively, and pp data with a sampled integrated luminosity of 1.17 pb(-1) were collected in 2017. Muons from heavy-flavour semileptonic decays are separated from the light-flavour hadronic background using the momentum imbalance between the inner detector and muon spectrometer measurements, and muons originating from charm and bottom decays are further separated via the muon track's transverse impact parameter. Differential yields in Pb+Pb collisions and differential cross sections in pp collisions for such muons are measured as a function of muon transverse momentum from 4 GeV to 30 GeV in the absolute pseudorapidity interval vertical bar eta vertical bar < 2. Nuclear modification factors for charm and bottom muons are presented as a function of muon transverse momentum in intervals of Pb+Pb collision centrality. The bottom muon results are the most precise measurement of b quark nuclear modification at low transverse momentum where reconstruction of B hadrons is challenging. The measured nuclear modification factors quantify a significant suppression of the yields of muons from decays of charm and bottom hadrons, with stronger effects for muons from charm hadron decays

    A search for an unexpected asymmetry in the production of e+μ− and e−μ+ pairs in proton-proton collisions recorded by the ATLAS detector at root s = 13 TeV

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    This search, a type not previously performed at ATLAS, uses a comparison of the production cross sections for e(+)mu(-) and e(-)mu(+) pairs to constrain physics processes beyond the Standard Model. It uses 139 fb(-1) of proton-proton collision data recorded at root s = 13 TeV at the LHC. Targeting sources of new physics which prefer final states containing e(+)mu(-) and e(-)mu(+), the search contains two broad signal regions which are used to provide model-independent constraints on the ratio of cross sections at the 2% level. The search also has two special selections targeting supersymmetric models and leptoquark signatures. Observations using one of these selections are able to exclude, at 95% confidence level, singly produced smuons with masses up to 640 GeV in a model in which the only other light sparticle is a neutralino when the R-parity-violating coupling lambda(23)(1)' is close to unity. Observations using the other selection exclude scalar leptoquarks with masses below 1880 GeV when g(1R)(eu) = g(1R)(mu c) = 1, at 95% confidence level. The limit on the coupling reduces to g(1R)(eu) = g(1R)(mu c) = 0.46 for a mass of 1420 GeV

    Measurements of photo-nuclear jet production in Pb plus Pb collisions with ATLAS

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    Ultra-peripheral heavy ion collisions provide a unique opportunity to study the parton distributions in the colliding nuclei via the measurement of photo-nuclear jet production. An analysis of jet production in ultra-peripheral Pb+Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV performed using data collected with the ATLAS detector in 2015 is described. The data set corresponds to a total Pb+Pb integrated luminosity of 0.38 nb−1. The ultra-peripheral collisions are selected using a combination of forward neutron and rapidity gap requirements. The cross-sections, not unfolded for detector response, are compared to results from Pythia Monte Carlo simulations re-weighted to match a photon spectrum obtained from the STARlight model. Qualitative agreement between data and these simulations is observed over a broad kinematic range suggesting that using these collisions to measure nuclear parton distributions is experimentally realisable

    Measurements of photo-nuclear jet production in Pb + Pb collisions with ATLAS

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    Ultra-peripheral heavy ion collisions provide a unique opportunity to study the parton distributions in the colliding nuclei via the measurement of photo-nuclear jet production. An analysis of jet production in ultra-peripheral Pb+Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV performed using data collected with the ATLAS detector in 2015 is described. The data set corresponds to a total Pb+Pb integrated luminosity of 0.38 nb⁻¹. The ultra-peripheral collisions are selected using a combination of forward neutron and rapidity gap requirements. The cross-sections, not unfolded for detector response, are compared to results from Pythia Monte Carlo simulations re-weighted to match a photon spectrum obtained from the STARlight model. Qualitative agreement between data and these simulations is observed over a broad kinematic range suggesting that using these collisions to measure nuclear parton distributions is experimentally realisable

    Observation of photon-induced W+W??? production in pp collisions at TeV using the ATLAS detector

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    This letter reports the observation of photon-induced production of W -boson pairs, γγ→WW . The analysis uses 139 fb −1 of LHC proton–proton collision data taken at s=13 TeV recorded by the ATLAS experiment during the years 2015–2018. The measurement is performed selecting one electron and one muon, corresponding to the decay of the diboson system as WW→e±νμ∓ν final state. The background-only hypothesis is rejected with a significance of well above 5 standard deviations consistent with the expectation from Monte Carlo simulation. A cross section for the γγ→WW process of 3.13±0.31(stat.)±0.28(syst.) fb is measured in a fiducial volume close to the acceptance of the detector, by requiring an electron and a muon of opposite signs with large dilepton transverse momentum and exactly zero additional charged particles. This is found to be in agreement with the Standard Model prediction
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