Vitality from Walking and Cycling

Vitality from walking and cycling presents results from PYKALA II –project which was carried out in 2009-2013 in Transport Research Centre Verne of Tampere University of Technology. The aim of the project was to produce new knowledge in order to tap into the potential for walking and cycling even better. The four components of the project were increasing the share of cycling in urban traffic, pedestrian areas as part of city life, developing the monitoring of walking and cycling and best practices in cycling winter maintenance processes as well as in cost-benefit analyses of cycling schemes. Material was collected from several European countries and cities. Case cities in the project were Linkoping, Lund and Umea (Sweden); Copenhagen (Denmark); Nijmegen, Delft, Utrecht and ‘s-Hertogenbosch (the Netherlands); Sheffield and Peterborough (Great Britain) and Oulu (Finland). In addition, expert interviews were held with Gehl Architects (Copenhagen) and Decisio companies (Amsterdam) as well as in TU Delft. The purpose of this book is to serve as stimulus for developing highquality walking and cycling conditions in Finnish cities. The book gathers diverse knowledge for instance on how improving pedestrian conditions affects businesses and how geographical data may be utilized in the designing of a cycling network. In addition, it provides concrete guidance for designing spaces for pedestrians and to improve cycling conditions year-round. One picture is worth a thousand words, and thus the results are presented with the help of multitude of figures. This book is continuation to Best European practices in promoting cycling and walking, which was published in 2011 by Transport Research Centre Verne

Wintertime subarctic new particle formation from Kola Peninsula sulfur emissions

The metallurgical industry in the Kola Peninsula, north-west Russia, form, after Norilsk, Siberia, the second largest source of air pollution in the Arctic and subarctic domain. Sulfur dioxide (SO2/emissions from the ore smelters are transported to wide areas, including Finnish Lapland. We performed investigations on concentrations of SO2, aerosol precursor vapours, aerosol and ion cluster size distributions together with chemical composition measurements of freshly formed clusters at the SMEAR I station in Finnish Lapland relatively close (similar to 300 km) to the Kola Peninsula industrial sites during the winter 2019-2020. We show that highly concentrated SO2 from smelter emissions is converted to sulfuric acid (H2SO4/in sufficient concentrations to drive new particle formation hundreds of kilometres downwind from the emission sources, even at very low solar radiation intensities. Observed new particle formation is primarily initiated by H2SO4-ammonia (negative-)ion-induced nucleation. Particle growth to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) sizes was concluded to result from sulfuric acid condensation. However, air mass advection had a large role in modifying aerosol size distributions, and other growth mechanisms and condensation of other compounds cannot be fully excluded. Our results demonstrate the dominance of SO2 emissions in controlling wintertime aerosol and CCN concentrations in the subarctic region with a heavily polluting industry.Peer reviewe

Maternal gluten, cereal, and dietary fiber intake during pregnancy and lactation and the risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in the child

Background & aims: Maternal gluten intake in relation to child's risk of type 1 diabetes has been studied in few prospective studies considering the diet during pregnancy but none during lactation. Our aim was to study whether gluten, cereals, or dietary fiber in maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation is associated with the risk of islet autoimmunity or type 1 diabetes in the offspring. Methods: We included 4943 children with genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes from the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) Study, born between 1996 and 2004. Maternal intake of gluten, different types of cereals, and dietary fiber were derived from a semi-quantitative validated food frequency questionnaire covering the eighth month of pregnancy and the third month of lactation. Children were monitored for islet autoantibodies up to age of 15 years and type 1 diabetes until year 2017. Risk of islet autoimmunity and clinical type 1 diabetes were estimated using Cox regression model, adjusted for energy intake, child's sex, HLA genotype, and familial diabetes. Results: Altogether 312 children (6.4%) developed islet autoimmunity at median age of 3.5 (IQR 1.7, 6.6) years and 178 children (3.6%) developed type 1 diabetes at median age of 7.1 (IQR 4.3, 10.6) years. Gluten intake during pregnancy was not associated with islet autoimmunity (HR 0.96; 95% CI 0.68, 1.35), per 1 g/MJ increase in intake nor type 1 diabetes (HR 0.96; 95% CI 0.62, 1.50) in the offspring. Higher barley consumption during lactation was associated with increased risk of type 1 diabetes (HR 3.25; 95% CI 1.21, 8.70) per 1 g/MJ increase in intake. Maternal intake of other cereals or dietary fiber was not associated with the offspring outcomes. Conclusions: We observed no association between maternal intake of gluten, most consumed cereals, or dietary fiber during pregnancy or lactation and the risk of islet autoimmunity or type 1 diabetes in children from a high-risk population

Sidosryhmätyö kestävän kaupunkiliikenteen SUMP-ohjelman laadinnassa : havaintoja Hyvinkäältä ja maailmalta

Muut julkaisu

Le rôle de l'État dans l'avancement des transports publics en France et en Suisse

Joukkoliikenteellä on tärkeä rooli ympäristöhaittojen ja päästöjen suhteen asetettujen tavoitteiden saavuttamisessa. Tämä diplomityö on syntynyt Liikennevirastolle tehdyn hankkeen ohessa, ja työssä lähestyttiin valtion roolia joukkoliikenteen edistäjänä kolmen ranskalaisen ja sveitsiläisen case-esimerkin avulla. Case-tutkimus suoritettiin kirjallisuuspohjaisena tutkimuksena, jota täydennettiin asiantuntijahaastatteluin. Ranskan valtio on antanut kaupungeille joukkoliikenteen rahoitustyökaluksi yrityksiltä perittävän joukkoliikenneveron. Tällä hetkellä joukkoliikenneveron osuus joukkoliikenteen kokonaisrahoituksesta on noin 40 – 45 prosenttia, ja vero on valtion ja kuntien näkökulmasta korvaamaton rahoitusapu joukkoliikenteelle ja sen kehittämiselle. Lisäksi Ranskassa valtio edellyttää suurimmilta kuntaseuduiltaan kestävän kaupunkiliikenteen suunnitelmaa, joka tähtää ensisijaisesti autoliikenteen vähentämiseen ja joka on sidottu vahvasti ympäristöön ja päästöihin liittyviin tavoitteisiin. Autoliikenteen kasvua onkin saatu hillittyä, kun taas joukkoliikenteen käyttö on kasvanut voimakkaasti. Sveitsissä on käytössä yhteislippujärjestelmä, jolloin matkustaja saa ostettua matkalipun koko matkaketjulle, vaikka hän käyttäisi matkallaan useaa eri liikennöitsijää ja joukkoliikennemuotoa. Noin puolet sveitsiläisistä käyttää joukkoliikennettä ja yhteislippujärjestelmään liittyviä matkakortteja on yhteensä lähes kolmella miljoonalla sveitsiläisellä. Ranskassa ja Sveitsissä valtio on ottanut aktiivisen roolin joukkoliikenteen edistämiseen ja hyviä tuloksia on saatu aikaan lyhyessäkin ajassa. Vahva asiakas- ja asukaslähtöisyys voidaan nähdä taustalla olevana ajatuksena tarkastelluissa eurooppalaisissa edistysaskelissa. Nämä edistysaskeleet ovat hyviä esimerkkejä siitä, kuinka valtio voi toimia suunnannäyttäjänä joukkoliikenteen suhteen