Niveles de vida, salud y educación en perspectiva histórica : desarrollo humano en Portugal durante el último siglo /

Departament responsable de la tesi: Departament d'Història Moderna i ContemporàniaEsta investigación propone nuevos indicadores del desarrollo humano en Portugal y compara su evolución con otros disponibles para España. Con este fin, reconstruye series históricas de los niveles de vida, salud y educación en Portugal, y con esta información elabora un Índice de Desarrollo Humano Híbrido, desde el inicio del siglo XX. El método empleado se basa en el enfoque de las capacidades humanas, definido inicialmente por Amartya Sen, y en las aportaciones realizadas por historiografía económica de los últimos años sobre dos cuestiones. De un lado, las limitaciones de usar únicamente indicadores de crecimiento económico para evaluar el desarrollo humano. Del otro, las nuevas posibilidades analíticas que se obtienen cuando se consideran nuevas dimensiones de este proceso (Educación, salud…), y nuevos índices sintéticos claramente definidos (por ejemplo, el Índice de Desarrollo Humano). La tesis se divide en siete capítulos, más una introducción y una conclusión. En el primer capítulo: discuto los conceptos de bienestar, crecimiento económico y desarrollo humano; realizo una breve reseña histórica de este concepto; y desarrollo un análisis crítico de la metodología utilizada, según las propuestas de diferentes autores. También destaco las posibilidades de esta metodología, como herramienta para analizar la evolución del bienestar humano en el pasado y mejorarlo. En el segundo capítulo discuto las fuentes utilizadas y presento la metodología utilizada concretamente en la investigación (el Índice de Desarrollo Humano híbrido, IDHH). En el tercer capítulo presento los resultados obtenidos para el IDHH portugués con diferentes métodos de análisis. En los capítulos cuarto, quinto y sexto, discuto la evolución de los indicadores parciales de aquel índice. En el capítulo séptimo, comparo la evolución histórica de los niveles de desarrollo humano en España y Portugal, tomando también en consideración trabajos previos. En las conclusiones, resumo los principales resultados alcanzados.This research introduces new indicators of human development for Portugal and compares its evolution with that of others available for Spain. For that it constructed historical series of living standards, health and education for Portugal, and with this information calculated a Hybrid Human Development Index, since the beginning of the twentieth century. The method used is based on the capability approach, primarily delineated by Amartya Sen, and on the contributions made by economic historiography in recent years regarding two matters: on the one hand, the limitations of only using economic indicators to assess human development, on the other, the larger analytical possibilities if new dimensions of the process (education, health...), and new synthetic indices clearly defined are considered. The thesis is divided into seven chapters, plus an introduction and a conclusion. In the first chapter we discuss the concepts of wellbeing, economic growth and human development, we make a brief introduction to the concept of human development and a critical analysis to the methodology used, as proposed by different authors. We also highlight the possibilities of using such methodology as a tool to analyze the evolution of human wellbeing in the past and improve it. In the second chapter we discuss the sources and present the methodology used in this research (the hybrid Human Development Index). In the third chapter we present the results obtained for Portugal's HHDI using different methods of analysis. In chapters fourth, fifth and sixth, we discuss the evolution of the different Index's indicators. In chapter seven, taking into account previous works, we compare the historical evolution of Spain's and Portugal's human development levels. In the conclusions we summarize the overall results

Guía metodológica para la enseñanza de la lengua y literatura

Los objetivos deben expresarse con claridad para evitar posibles desviaciones en el proceso de investigación cuantitativa y ser susceptibles de alcanzarse; son las guías del estudio y hay que tenerlos presente durante todo su desarrollo. Evidentemente, los objetivos que se especifiquen requieren ser congruentes entre sí. (Hernández, 2006). Objetivo general: Proponer una guía metodológica para la enseñanza de la lengua y la literatura en la Básica a través de talleres y juegos. Objetivos Específicos: Utilizar los juegos lúdicos como estrategia para potenciar el aprendizaje significativo. Emplear las guías metodológicas como herramienta complementaria del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje y que sirva de apoyo para afianzar los conocimientos teóricos de la y la literatura

Evaluation of weed flora changes in Portugal in a 10 year basis

The aim of this study was to assess the composition of weed communities starting from a rainfed farming system (1997), to the early period of transformation in agricultural systems with the adoption of irrigation (2007). The assessments were made within a 10-year interval and the floristic surveys were conducted in the same georeferenced plots. In 1997, the surveys were mostly performed in winter cereals (wheat, oat, barley), while in 2007, considering the same georeferenced plots, there were winter cereals and also irrigated olive groves, parcels of fallow, pasture and pine forest. Weed flora was determined by means of relative frequency, abundance and weed infestation degree. The effect of time was also evaluated by applying the methodology of variance analysis on the values of Shannon-Wiener Index. Canonical Correspondence Analysis was used to complement this information only for 2007 to know how the flora was distributed by the different cultures. Our results revealed that in both cases weed flora was of high diversity (229 and 264 species in 1997 and 2007, respectively), with the most representative families being always the same, namely Asteraceae, Poaceae and Fabaceae. The number of weeds that could be of concern for the farmers revealed to be relatively low. Our study confirmed that despite of the intensification of the agricultural production system, biodiversity increased over time. In both years, Lolium rigidum was present at high densities

New polyoxometalate-functionalized cellulosic fibre/silica hybrids for environmental applications

Cellulosic fibre/silica hybrid materials functionalized with Keggin-type polyoxometalates ([PV2Mo10O40]52, [PVMo11O40]42, ([PMo12O40]32 or [PW12O40]32) were prepared by a sol–gel method at room temperature. The novel materials are composed of ca. 56 wt% of polysaccharides, ca. 37 wt% of propylamine-modified silica, 2 wt% of polyoxometalate, and 5% of hydration water. The silica network of these hybrids exhibits relatively high degree of condensation being distributed mainly on the surface of the cellulosic fibres as a dense film. The functionalization of silica with polyoxometalates via electrostatic interactions with protonated propylamino groups of modified silica was unambiguously confirmed. Despite their high silica content cellulose/silica hybrids retained basic cellulosic pulp properties—supramolecular and fibrous structure, porosity, relatively low density, etc. The novel bio-based material functionalized with 2% of [PVMo11O40]42 shows particularly high activity towards the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in urban air thus anticipating future environmental applications.publishe

Distribution models for nitrophenols in a liquid-liquid system

The formation of nitrophenols by-products is still of major concern for the economics and environmental impact of the industrial process of benzene (Bz) nitration to mononitrobenzene (MNB) with mixed acid (sulphuric and nitric acids). The knowledge of nitrophenol (NP) distribution ratios in the liquid-liquid mixture (Dj,j={NP}) is desirable for process optimization and for understanding the reaction mechanisms behind nitrophenols formation. In this study, a data-driven approach was implemented to provide prediction models for Dj of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) in a biphasic liquid system with a composition representative of the industrial processes. In the first step, screening tests were performed to identify the main variables influencing the experimental equilibrium weight fractions of nitrophenols in the aqueous phase wj,eA. Subsequently two independent data sets were built for development and external validation of prediction multivariate linear regression (MLR) models, at 30°C. The fitting results (R2 and Rad2⩾0.90) and the prediction results (Rpred,DNP2=0.931,Rpred,TNP2=0.908) confirmed the quality of the wj,eA models. Statistical significant predictive MLR models were also developed for Dj (which is related with wj,eA), at 30°C, with DNP evidencing a higher affinity for the organic phase (i.e. DDNP≈2DTNP).publishe

La competencia de “Lolium perenne” RG afecta el rendimiento de uva y la calidad del vino de la región del Duero

To assess the efficacy of post-emergence herbicide programs in “Lolium perenne” L. populations glyphosate resistant (GR), a field experiment was carried out in a Douro vineyard (North Portugal) in 2014. A random block design (RBD) experiment with 11 treatments and three replicates was implemented. Fruit size, cluster number and grape weight were determined. Quality parameters (pH, total polyphenols anthocyanin content and color intensity) were also analysed. Analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were used to test the effects of weed cover on grape yield and quality. Tukey test was used to determine the differences among group means. The results show that weed cover affects crop productivity but it does not affect fruit composition, and therefore to wine quality.En 2014 se llevó a cabo un ensayo en un viñedo del Douro (Norte de Portugal) para evaluar la eficacia de diferentes herbicidas en post-emergencia sobre “L. perenne” GR. Se evaluó los efectos de la infestación en la productividad y calidad de la uva. La productividad se determinó midiendo el tamaño, peso y número de frutos y racimos. Los parámetros de calidad analizados fueron: pH, contenido de antocianinas, polifenoles totales e intensidad de color. El ensayo se dispuso en un diseño de bloques al azar con 11 tratamientos y 3 repeticiones. Se realizó el análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y la prueba de Tukey para observar las diferencias significativas entre la media de la eficacia, la productividad y la calidad. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la producción se vio afectada por la cobertura de “L. perenne”. Sin embargo, la composición del fruto, y por lo tanto la calidad del vino no se vio alterada

Naturaleza de la gracia actual : Status Quaestionis

Puesto que es una verdad firmemente profesada por nuestra fe católica que no hay salvación si no es por los méritos de nuestro Señor Jesucristo, quien padeció y murió por todos nosotros, y que tal salvación es gracia de Dios, constituye para el cristiano una inquietud permanente intentar desentrañar en plenitud qué es aquello que le santifica y le constituye en la dignidad de hijo de Dios. Muchas explicaciones se han formulado a lo largo del tiempo, y en nuestros días se encuentra casi generalizada la posición según la cual, junto a una gracia «habitual» —entitativa—, existe otra gracia «actual» —operativa—, por la cual somos movidos por Dios para obrar el bien

Optimization of the supercritical fluid extraction of Quercus cerris cork towards extraction yield and selectivity to friedelin

Optimization of the supercritical fluid extraction of Quercus cerris cork was carried out using Box-Behnken design of experiments and response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized process variables were temperature (T : 40, 50 and 60 °C), ethanol content (EtOH: 0.0, 2.5 and 5.0 wt%) and CO2 flow rate (QCO2: 5, 8 and 11 −g min )1 . The studied responses were total extraction yield (ηTotal), friedelin concentration of the extract (CFriedelin), and selectivity towards friedelin (αF,nF). The linear effect of EtOH was by far the most influent operating condition (Pareto analysis) and the highest yield (ηTotal = 2.2 wt%) was attained with 5.0 wt% EtOH. The RSM model estimates maximum friedelin concentration in the extracts (38.2 wt%) to occur without cosolvent (0 wt% EtOH) for the lowest T (40 °C) and QCO2 (5 −g min )CO2 1 . As for selectivity, the experimental αF,nF values were always higher than 1.0 and reached 3.1 (at 50 °C, 5 wt% EtOH, 11 −g minCO2 1). Altogether, these results suggest friedelin can be selectively removed from Quercus cerris cork by supercritical fluid extraction within the range of experimental conditions studiedpublishe