Tradição, razão e mudança

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Sociais, na especialidade de Ciência PolíticaNesta tese considera-se a relação entre tradição, razão e mudança que marca a modernidade e diversas correntes da teoria política moderna e contemporânea. Esta relação é analisada à luz das ideias de autores liberais, conservadores e comunitaristas, procurando-se contribuir para evidenciar divergências e convergências entre estas teorias políticas. Desta forma, as noções de tradição, razão e mudança são abordadas colocando em diálogo as três teorias através de autores que consideramos serem representativos destas e que contribuíram significativamente para a temática em análise, nomeadamente, Friedrich Hayek, Karl Popper, Michael Polanyi e Edward Shils, no que ao liberalismo diz respeito; Edmund Burke, Michael Oakeshott e Roger Scruton, por parte do conservadorismo; e Alasdair MacIntyre, no que ao comunitarismo concerne. Procura-se realizar uma interpretação, uma síntese teórica, resultante da sistematização das ideias destes autores e demonstrar que tradição e razão, na concepção do racionalismo crítico ou evolucionista, não se opõem e que, na verdade, estão intrinsecamente ligadas, contrariando a tese do racionalismo construtivista de que a razão tem de rejeitar a tradição. No que concerne à componente empírica, procura-se aplicar a abordagem metodológica neo-institucionalista, em particular na sua variante discursiva, combinada com a síntese teórica interpretativa da relação entre tradição, razão e mudança – ou seja, com uma abordagem tradicionalista – à análise da ideia de sociedade civil enquanto tradição, realizando, para o efeito, uma sistematização da evolução deste conceito, evidenciando como foi originado, como foi transmitido e alterado ao longo do tempo, como se cindiu e ramificou em várias tradições distintas, incorporando as tradições políticas liberal e marxista, mostrando que estas duas tradições competiram entre si no século XX e demonstrando ainda de que forma a prevalência da tradição liberal contribui para a crise do Estado soberano.This thesis considers the relationship between tradition, reason and change that marks modernity and several currents of modern and contemporary political theory. This relationship is examined considering the ideas of liberal, conservative and communitarian authors with the aim of highlighting differences and similarities between these political theories. Thus, the notions of tradition, reason and change are addressed by placing in dialogue the three theories through authors we consider to be representative of said theories and which have contributed significantly to the topic under analysis. These authors are the liberals Friedrich Hayek, Karl Popper, Michael Polanyi and Edward Shils; the conservatives Edmund Burke, Michael Oakeshott and Roger Scruton; and the communitarian Alasdair MacIntyre. An interpretation, a theoretical synthesis, is developed in result of the systematization of the ideas of these authors and demonstrates that tradition and reason, in the light of critical or evolutionary rationalism, are not opposed and are, in fact, inextricably linked, thus contradicting the thesis of constructivist rationalism which states that reason must reject tradition. Regarding the empirical component, the neo-institutionalist methodological approach, particularly in its discursive variant, combined with the interpretative theoretical synthesis of the relationship between tradition, reason and change – i.e., with a traditionalist approach – is applied to the analysis of the idea of civil society as a tradition. Thus, for this purpose, a systematization of the evolution of this concept is developed, showing how it was originated, how it was transmitted and changed over time, how it has been split and branched out into several distinct traditions, incorporating the political traditions of liberalism and marxism, showing that a competition between these two traditions occurred in the twentieth century and also demonstrating how the prevalence of the liberal tradition contributes to the crisis of the sovereign state.N/

Brexit, the Rise of China, and the Future of the Liberal International Order and Great Power Competition

In the last decade, the European Union (EU), a bulwark of the liberal international order, has been subject to a high degree of turmoil resulting from various processes and crises and has witnessed the rise of national populism, of which Brexit was the main exponent. The leadership of the order was also impacted by the changes in the foreign policy of the United States of America (USA) effected by the Trump Administration. The USA, the United Kingdom (UK), and the EU are the leaders of the liberal zone of peace and if national populism structurally affects them the liberal international order could be seriously challenged. Among the various instances of national populism, Brexit remains a significant challenge to the EU and might greatly impact the liberal international order. By adopting an interpretivist methodology anchored in hermeneutics and in the methodological approach of emergent causation, this article seeks to understand how Brexit, as an internal challenge to the order, and the rise of China and other revisionist powers, as an external one, might influence the future of the liberal international order and great power competition. I argue that the news of the order’s death is greatly exaggerated, and that depending on British, German, and US variables, Brexit and the rise of China can either challenge or reinforce the liberal international order. Nevertheless, liberalism has a resilience no other political perspective has due to its innate ability for criticism and adaptation to change. Considering that the current liberal international order is a USA-led order, I argue that these are the two main variables concerning how Brexit might influence the liberal international order and how the order’s leading powers will adapt their strategies and foreign policies towards China and other revisionist powers.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Do conceito de liberdade em Friedrich A. Hayek: um contributo para o estudo do liberalismo clássico em Portugal

Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciência PolíticaEste trabalho tem como objectivo entender como se articula o pensamento de Friedrich A. Hayek no que diz respeito à salvaguarda da liberdade individual. Começando por operacionalizar o conceito de liberdade, pretende-se demonstrar que há uma clara linha no pensamento de Hayek que articula a ordem espontânea, a cataláxia e o estado liberal de forma a gerar uma dinâmica que tem como objectivo garantir o maior grau de liberdade individual possível. Neste trabalho fica também patente a demonstração de que o socialismo e o planeamento centralizado são epistemologicamente impossíveis, e que o conceito de justiça social é o responsável pelo descrédito da política nas modernas democracias liberais. Desta forma, procura-se efectuar uma reflexão crítica, recorrendo tanto à descrição como à análise do pensamento de Hayek, que, por estar parcamente traduzido em português, carece de ser estudado como forma de o divulgar à generalidade dos portugueses

Variabilidade genética do cavalo Pantaneiro utilizando marcadores RAPDPCR

Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de cavalos Pantaneiros de cinco regiões dos estados de Mato Grosso do Sul e Mato Grosso. As raças Mangalarga Marchador, Árabe e Puro-Sangue Inglês (PSI) usando marcadores moleculares RAPD-PCR (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA – Polymerase Chain Reaction) foram incluídas no intuito de se calcular as distâncias genéticas e comparar a variabilidade genética entre e dentro de cada uma das raças. Dos 146 primers escrutinados, 13 foram escolhidos para amplificação com cada um dos indivíduos das oito populações, gerando um total de 44 bandas polimórficas. Os resultados encontrados na Análise de Variância Molecular (AMOVA) indicam que grande parte da variabilidade genética detectada se deve a diferenças entre indivíduos dentro de populações (75,47%). Na análise da estimativa dos percentuais de variabilidade genética entre pares de populações, foram observados maiores valores para os pares formados entre as cinco populações de cavalo Pantaneiro e a raça Árabe, enquanto os menores percentuais ocorreram entre Pantaneiro e Mangalarga Marchador. Maior índice de diversidade gênica foi observado na raça Pantaneiro (0,3396). No dendrograma gerado pelo método UPGMA, a partir da matriz de similaridade obtida pelo coeficiente de Jaccard, houve distinção entre as raças naturalizadas (Pantaneiro e Mangalarga Marchador) e as exóticas (Árabe e PSI). Os resultados encontrados sugerem que o Pantaneiro apresenta maior variabilidade genética que os de outras raças e está estreitamente relacionado ao Mangalarga Marchador.Blood samples were collected from Pantaneiro Horses in five regions of Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso States. Arabian, Mangalarga Marchador and Thoroughbred were also included to estimate genetic distances and the existing variability among and within these breeds by RAPD-PCR (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA – Polymerase Chain Reaction) molecular markers. From 146 primers, 13 were chosen for amplification and 44 polymorphic bands were generated. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that the greatest portion of detected variability was due to differences between individuals within populations (75.47%). Analysis of the genetic variability between pairs of populations presented higher estimates for the five Pantaneiro populations with the Arabian breed, while lowest estimates were presented by pairs formed among the Pantaneiro populations with the Mangalarga Marchador. Highest genic diversity was shown by the Pantaneiro (0.3396), which also showed highest genetic distance with the Arabian and lowest with Mangalarga Marchador breed. UPGMA dendrogram showed distinct differences between naturalized (Pantaneiro and Mangalarga Marchador) and exotic (Arabian and Thoroughbred) breeds. In the dendrogram generated by UPGMA method, the similarity matrix generated by the Jaccard coefficient showed distinction between the naturalised breeds, Pantaneiro and Mangalarga Marchador, and the exotic breeds, Árab and English Thoroughbred. Results suggest that the Pantaneiro presents a higher genetic variability than the other studied breeds and has a close relationship with the Mangalarga Marchador

Análise morfométrica de populações do caranguejo-uçá (Ucides Cordatus L.) (Crustacea - Decapoda) em manguezais do litoral do Espírito Santo

The mangrove crab (Ucides cordatus) is a crustacean (Decapoda: Brachyura) of great cultural, biological and commercial value in all Espírito Santo. However, there is still a great lack of data regarding the mangrove crab. In order to minimize this situation, the present work carried through a study on the population divergence of Ucides cordatus in Espírito Santo mangroves. Four morphometric features have been analysed in 172 male individuals, from São Mateus (N=62), from Vitória (N=60) and from Anchieta (N=50). Meaningful difference between the three populations was observed (p < 0,01) by the Multivaried Analysis. The greatest degree of similarity was found between São Mateus (North) and Anchieta (South) so they had been classified in a single group. Vitória (Center) was enclosed in another group, evidencing divergence between this population and the other. This results suggests differents pressure by selection in the interior populations in relation with de capital populations, which may be connected with a greater human action on the capital populations.O caranguejo-uçá (Ucides cordatus) é um crustáceo (Decápoda: Brachyura) de grande valor cultural, biológico e comercial em todo Espírito Santo. Contudo, ainda há uma grande lacuna de conhecimentos acerca de sua biologia. Com o intuito de minimizar essa carência, o presente trabalho realizou um estudo sobre a caracterização morfológica de três populações do caranguejo-uçá (Ucides cordatus L.) em manguezais do Espírito Santo. Foram analisadas quatro características morfométricas em 172 indivíduos machos, coletados nas cidades de São Mateus (N=62), Vitória (N=60) e Anchieta (50). Foi observada diferença significativa entre as três populações (

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI &lt;18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For school&#x2;aged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI &lt;2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI &gt;2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

A teoria da decisão em Maquiavel

Figurando entre os principais pensadores do chamado realismo político, Nicolau Maquiavel ocupa um lugar cimeiro na história do pensamento político ocidental, sendo classificado por Jaime Nogueira Pinto como um dos antecedentes do pensamento contra-revolucionário. Esta corrente de pensamento é marcada, entre outros factores, pela consciência da necessidade de decisão e esta consciência está patente no contexto que rodeia a redacção das obras de Maquiavel. Na medida em que este sugere um conjunto de recomendações quanto à actuação política assentes numa determinada concepção do político que é radicalmente diferente da que está na base da filosofia política clássica e atendendo à influência que os seus escritos tiveram e têm sobre a teoria e a praxis políticas, torna-se particularmente relevante para a teoria da decisão. O nosso objectivo geral é o de caracterizar a teoria da decisão decorrente dos contributos de Maquiavel, procedendo a uma análise da sua concepção do político e das principais componentes do seu pensamento, como sejam o pessimismo antropológico, a rejeição da tradição da filosofia política clássica, o legado da razão de Estado, a rejeição da moralidade cristã, a separação entre a moral e a política – que, ainda que seja uma interpretação generalizada da obra de Maquiavel, é alvo de uma contestação assaz pertinente por parte de Isaiah Berlin –, e o patriotismo.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Organ-related cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress is strain-dependent.

Background: Cigarette smoke (CS) is associated with oxidative stress in several organs because it contains high concentrations of free radicals and reactive oxygen species. Experimental models, using different strains, provide important insights into the genetic basis of diseases. This study sought to identify, in different mouse strains, the organ that is most-susceptible to CS-induced oxidative stress to obtain an optimized experimental animal model of oxidative injury induced by CS. Material/Methods: Male Swiss, DBA/2, C3H, BALB/c, and C57BL/6 mice were exposed to CS 3 times a day (4 cigarettes per session) for 60 consecutive days. Control groups from the same strains were sham-treated. Protein content, malondialdehyde level, myeloperoxidase activity, and nitrite level were assayed in lung, liver, kidney, and brain from all strains. Catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities were measured. Analyses of data were done by using a 1-way ANOVA with Bonferroni?s post-test (P<.05). Results: Cigarette smoke exposure resulted in distinct, organ-specific responses among strains. The survival rate of DBA/2 mice was lowest. BALB/c and C57BL/6 strains were more-susceptible to oxidative damage in the lung and liver. C3H and C57BL/6 mice were more-susceptible to oxidative damage in the brain. No renal oxidative damage was seen. Conclusions: Mouse strains and individual organs display a range of susceptibilities to CS-induced oxidative stress. BALB/c and C57BL/6 strains appear to be the best choices as experimental models for studying CS effects on liver and lung, and C3H and C57BL/6 strains for CS-effects on the brain