1,146 research outputs found
Diversity in the outcome of dust radial drift in protoplanetary discs
The growth of dust particles into planet embryos needs to circumvent the
radial-drift barrier, i.e. the accretion of dust particles onto the central
star by radial migration. The outcome of the dust radial migration is governed
by simple criteria between the dust-to-gas ratio and the exponents p and q of
the surface density and temperature power laws. The transfer of radiation
provides an additional constraint between these quantities because the disc
thermal structure is fixed by the dust spatial distribution. To assess which
discs are primarily affected by the radial-drift barrier, we used the radiative
transfer code MCFOST to compute the temperature structure of a wide range of
disc models, stressing the particular effects of grain size distributions and
vertical settling.
We find that the outcome of the dust migration process is very sensitive to
the physical conditions within the disc. For high dust-to-gas ratios (> 0.01)
or flattened disc structures (H/R < 0.05), growing dust grains can efficiently
decouple from the gas, leading to a high concentration of grains at a critical
radius of a few AU. Decoupling of grains can occur at a large fraction (> 0.1)
of the initial radius, for a dust-to-gas ratio greater than ~ 0.05. The exact
value of the required dust-to-gas ratio for dust to stop its migration is
strongly dependent on the disc temperature structure. Non growing dust grains
are accreted for discs with flat surface density profiles (p<0.7) while they
always remain in the disc if the surface density is steep enough (p>1.2). Both
the presence of large grains and vertical settling tend to favour the accretion
of non growing dust grains onto the central object, but it slows down the
migration of growing dust grains. All the disc configurations are found to have
favourable temperature profiles over most of the disc to retain their
planetesimals.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publications in A&A, corrected typo
Super-Earths in the TW Hya disc
We test the hypothesis that the sub-millimetre thermal emission and scattered
light gaps seen in recent observations of TW Hya are caused by planet-disc
interactions. We perform global three-dimensional dusty smoothed particle
hydrodynamics simulations, comparing synthetic observations of our models with
dust thermal emission, CO emission and scattered light observations. We find
that the dust gaps observed at 24 au and 41 au can be explained by two
super-Earths (). A planet of approximately
Saturn-mass can explain the CO emission and the depth and width of the gap seen
in scattered light at 94 au. Our model produces a prominent spiral arm while
there are only hints of this in the data. To avoid runaway growth and migration
of the planets we require a disc mass of
in agreement with CO observations but 10100 times lower than the estimate
from HD line emission.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
EFEKTIFITAS GABUNGAN TES SUBJEKTIF DAN TES OBJEKTIF DALAM MENGEVALUSI HASIL BELAJAR FISIKA SISWA SMP NEGERI 11 BANDA ACEH
Kata kunci : efektivitas, tes subjektif, tes objektif, gabungan tes subjektif dan tes objektif , evaluasi, hasil belajarPenelitian yang berjudul Efektivitas Gabungan Tes Subjektif dan Tes Objektif dalam Mengevaluasi Hasil Belajar Fisika Siswa SMP Negeri 11 Banda Aceh.Masalahnya adalah rendahnya hasil belajar fisika siswa yang diduga akibat belum sempurnanya sistem evaluasi yang digunakan guru,baik yang subjektif maupunobjektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektifitas gabungan tes subjektif dan tes objektif dalam mengevaluasi hasil belajar fisika siswa. Populasi penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 11 Banda Aceh tahun pelajaran 2015/2016 yang berjumlah 46 siswa. Dan jumlah populasi tersebut dijadikan sampel berjumlah 20 siswa. Penentuan sampel dilakukan secara random (random sampling). Metode yang digunakan metode kualitatifdengan pendekatan deskriftif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik tes dan pengolahan data menggunakan persentase (hasil yang dicapai setiap siswa dihitung dari persentase jawaban yang benar). Hasil analisis data menunggunakan persentase menunjukkan bahwa terdapat efektivitas gabungan tes subjektif dan tes objektif dalam mengevaluasi hasil belajar fisika siswa SMP Negeri 11 Banda Aceh. Berdasarkan kategori nilai yang menjadi acuan penelitian ini, nilai rata-rata diatas 60% berada pada katagori baik. Dengan demikian, kemampuan rata-rata siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 11 Banda Aceh tahun pelajaran 2015/2016 dalam gabungan tes subjektif dan objektif berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini tergolong baik
The Herschel view of GAS in Protoplanetary Systems (GASPS): First comparisons with a large grid of models
The Herschel GASPS key program is a survey of the gas phase of protoplanetary discs, targeting 240 objects which cover a large range of ages, spectral types, and disc properties. To interpret this large quantity of data and initiate self-consistent analyses of the gas and dust properties of protoplanetary discs, we have combined the capabilities of the radiative transfer code MCFOST with the gas thermal balance and chemistry code ProDiMo to compute a grid of ≈300 000 disc models (DENT). We present a comparison of the first Herschel/GASPS line and continuum data with the predictions from the DENT grid of models. Our objective is to test some of the main trends already identified in the DENT grid, as well as to define better empirical diagnostics to estimate the total gas mass of protoplanetary discs. Photospheric UV radiation appears to be the dominant gas-heating mechanism for Herbig stars, whereas UV excess and/or X-rays emission dominates for T Tauri stars. The DENT grid reveals the complexity in the analysis of far-IR lines and the difficulty to invert these observations into physical quantities. The combination of Herschel line observations with continuum data and/or with rotational lines in the (sub-)millimetre regime, in particular CO lines, is required for a detailed characterisation of the physical and chemical properties of circumstellar discs
Benchmark problems for continuum radiative transfer. High optical depths, anisotropic scattering, and polarisation
Solving the continuum radiative transfer equation in high opacity media
requires sophisticated numerical tools. In order to test the reliability of
such tools, we present a benchmark of radiative transfer codes in a 2D disc
configuration. We test the accuracy of seven independently developed radiative
transfer codes by comparing the temperature structures, spectral energy
distributions, scattered light images, and linear polarisation maps that each
model predicts for a variety of disc opacities and viewing angles. The test
cases have been chosen to be numerically challenging, with midplane optical
depths up 10^6, a sharp density transition at the inner edge and complex
scattering matrices. We also review recent progress in the implementation of
the Monte Carlo method that allow an efficient solution to these kinds of
problems and discuss the advantages and limitations of Monte Carlo codes
compared to those of discrete ordinate codes. For each of the test cases, the
predicted results from the radiative transfer codes are within good agreement.
The results indicate that these codes can be confidently used to interpret
present and future observations of protoplanetary discs.Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in A&
The Foggy Disks Surrounding Herbig Ae Stars: a Theoretical Study of the H2O Line Spectra
Water is a key species in many astrophysical environments, but it is
particularly important in proto-planetary disks. So far,observations of water
in these objects have been scarce, but the situation should soon change thanks
to the Herschel satellite. We report here a theoretical study of the water line
spectrum of a proto-planetary disk surrounding Ae stars. We show that several
lines will be observable with the HIFI instrument onboard the Herschel Space
Observatory. We predict that some maser lines could also be observable with
ground telescopes and we discuss how the predictions depend not only on the
adopted physical and chemical model but also on the set of collisional
coefficients used and on the H2 ortho to para ratio through its effect on
collisional excitation. This makes the water lines observations a powerful, but
dangerous -if misused- diagnostic tool.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ Letter
Planet gaps in the dust layer of 3D proto-planetary disks: Observability with ALMA
Among the numerous known extrasolar planets, only a handful have been imaged
directly so far, at large orbital radii and in rather evolved systems. The
Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) will have the capacity to
observe these wide planetary systems at a younger age, thus bringing a better
understanding of the planet formation process. Here we explore the ability of
ALMA to detect the gaps carved by planets on wide orbits.Comment: 2 pages, 2 figures, to appear in the Proceedings of IAU Symp. 299:
Exploring the Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems (Victoria, Canada
PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN SAINTIFIK DENGAN MODEL INQUIRY BERBANTUAN MEDIA PREZI UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR GEOGRAFISISWA KELAS XI SMA NEGERI 8 BANDA ACEH
ABSTRAKKata Kunci : Inquiry, Media Prezi, Hasil Belajar, Geografi Penerapan pendekatan Saintifik dalam pembelajaran melibatkan keterampilan proses seperti mengamati, menanya, mengumpulkan informasi, mengasosiasi, dan menyimpulkan. Model pembelajaran Inquiry merupakan pembelajaran yang berupaya menanamkan dasar-dasar berfikir ilmiah pada diri siswa, sehingga dalam proses pembelajaran ini siswa lebih banyak belajar sendiri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui (1) Peningkatan hasil belajar siswa; (2) Aktivitas guru dan siswa; (3) Keterampilan guru dalam mengelola pembelajaran; dan (4) Respon siswa terhadap Penerapan pendekatan Saintifik dengan model Inquiry berbantuan media Prezi. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan (1) Lembar soal; (2) Lembar pengamatan aktivitas guru dan siswa; (3) Lembar pengamatan keterampilan guru; dan (4) lembar respon siswa. Analisis data menggunakan statistic deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) Persentase ketuntasan secara individual meningkat dari 22 siswa menjadi 27 siswa yang tuntas belajar, sedangkan persentase ketuntasan klasikal pun meningkat dari 60% menjadi 90%; (2) Aktivitas guru dan siswa antara siklus I sampai siklus II telah mencerminkan penerapan Pendekatan Saintifik dengan model Inquiry berbantuan media Prezi, terjadi peningkatan pada aktivitas guru dan siswa secara keseluruhan sudah mengalami peningkatan (3) Keterampilan guru dalam mengelola pembelajaran dengan menggunakan penerapan Pendekatan Saintifik dengan model Inquiry berbantuan media Prezi meningkat dari perolehan skor rata-rata 2,6 dengan kategori baik menjadi 3,4 dengan kategori baik; dan (4) Respon siswa, terhadap penerapan Pendekatan Saintifik dengan model Inquiry berbantuan media Prezi dapat dikatakan baik. 93 persen dari 29 siswa berpendapat bahwa dengan belajar melalui pembelajaran penerapan Pendekatan Saintifik dengan model Inquiry berbantuan media Prezi siswa dapat memahami materi pelajaran yang telah mereka ikuti
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