Impacto de las enfermedades foliares en la dinámica del nitrógeno en una colección internacional de genotipos de trigo

Los patógenos que afectan la partición de nitrógeno al grano de trigo pueden afectar la calidad de los productos para la panificación que de ellos se obtienen. A razón de esto el objetivo del presente trabajo fue contribuir al mejoramiento de trigo a través de la identificación de genotipos de diferente comportamiento con respecto a la dinámica de nitrógeno (N) y resistencia a enfermedades fúngicas foliares. Para esto se realizaron ensayos con un diseño de parcela dividida en bloques al azar con tres repeticiones, donde la parcela principal fueron los tratamientos: con fungicida (CF) y sin fungicidas (SF) y la subparcela, 102 genotipos de trigo de una colección internacional. Para el estudio de la dinámica del N en el cultivo, el % de N se determinó por el método de microkjeldahl y se calculó el N removilizado (NREM), el N absorbido post-antesis (NPA), la eficiencia en la removilización de N (NRE), el índice de cosecha de N (ICN). Se realizaron evaluaciones de severidad (% de hoja cubierta por las enfermedades) de las enfermedades presentes más importantes en macollaje (EC22), espigazón (EC55), grano lechoso (EC70) y grano pastoso (EC80). Discriminado la severidad causada por patógenos biótrofos y necrótrofos Los datos se analizaron mediante análisis de varianza para parcelas subdivididas y las medias se compararon mediante test de LSD (P<0.05). Se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple entre el N absorbido post antesis (g) y el N removilizado (g) como variables dependientes y la severidad causada por patógenos biótroficos y necrótroficos para determinar la contribución de estas últimas variables en la dinámica del nitrógeno. Para los parámetros ICN, NRE, N REM y NPA se observa, que los genotipos los tratamientos de fungicidas y la interacción genotipo x tratamiento con fungicida presentan diferencias significativas. En los análisis de regresión lineal se observó que las enfermedades explicaron 13,6% el parámetro N absorbido post antesis (g) y un 9,8% del N removilizado, pero no hubo diferencias significativas entre ambos tipos de patógenos.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Study on the impact of the training corpus of the language model on the performance of a speech recognizer

Dentro del reconocimiento automático del habla, los modelos de lenguaje estadísticos basados en la probabilidad de secuencia de palabras (n-gramas) suponen uno de los dos pilares sobre los que se basa su correcto funcionamiento. En este trabajo se expone el impacto que tienen sobre las prestaciones de reconocimiento a medida que estos modelos se mejoran con más texto de mejor calidad, cuando estos se ajustan a la aplicación final del sistema, y por lo tanto, cuando se reducen el número de palabras fuera de vocabulario (Out Of Vocabulary - OOV). El reconocedor con los distintos modelos de lenguaje ha sido aplicado sobre cortes de audio correspondientes a tres marcos experimentales: oralidad formal, habla en noticiarios, y TED talks en gallego. Los resultados obtenidos muestran claramente una mejora sobre los marcos experimentales propuestos.Within the automatic speech recognition, statistical language models based on the probability of word sequences (n-grams) represent one of the two pillars on which its correct functioning is based. In this paper, the impact they have on the recognition result is exposed as these models are improved with more text of better quality, when these are adjusted to the final application of the system, and therefore, when the number out of vocabulary (OOV) words is reduced. The recognizer with the different language models has been applied to audio cuts corresponding to three experimental frames: formal orality, talk on newscasts, and TED talks in Galician. The results obtained clearly show an improvement over the experimental frameworks proposed.El trabajo realizado está enmarcado en el proyecto del Plan Nacional TraceThem TEC2015-65345-P y en la red gallega TecAnDaLi ED431D 2016/011 financiada por la Xunta de Galicia. Asimismo se beneficia de las ayudas de la Xunta de Galicia de Grupos de Referencia Competitiva GRC2014/024 y Agrupación Estratéxica Consolidada de Galicia acreditación 2016-2019 y a la Unión Europa a través de los fondos FEDER

Cruise Summary Report - MEDWAVES survey. MEDiterranean out flow WAter and Vulnerable EcosystemS (MEDWAVES)

The MEDWAVES (MEDiterranean out flow WAter and Vulnerable EcosystemS) cruise targeted areas under the potential influence of the MOW within the Mediterranean and Atlantic realms. These include seamounts where Cold-water corals (CWCs) have been reported but that are still poorly known, and which may act as essential “stepping stones” connecting fauna of seamounts in the Mediterranean with those of the continental shelf of Portugal, the Azores and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. During MEDWAVES sampling has been conducted in two of the case studies of ATLAS: Case study 7 (Gulf of Cádiz-Strait of Gibraltar-Alboran Sea) and Case study 8 (Azores). The initially targeted areas in the Atlantic were: the Gazul Mud volcano, in the Gulf of Cádiz (GoC) area, included in the case study 7, and the Atlantic seamounts Ormonde (Portuguese shelf) and Formigas (by Azores), both part of the case study 8. In the Mediterranean the targeted areas were The Guadiaro submarine canyon and the Seco de los Olivos (also known as Chella Bank) seamount. Unfortunately it was not possible to sample in Guadiaro due to time constraints originated by adverse meteorological conditions which obligate us to reduce the time at sea focusing only in 4 of the 5 initially planned areas. MEDWAVES was structured in two legs; the first leg took place from the 21st September (departure from Cádiz harbour in Spain) to the 13th October 2016 (arrival in Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Azores, Portugal took place the 8th of October due to the meteorological conditions that obligated to conclude the first leg earlier as planned). during the Leg 1 sampling was carried out in Gazul, Ormonde and Formigas. The second leg started the 14th October (departure from Ponta Delgada) and finished the 26th October (arrival in Málaga harbour, Spain). MEDWAVES had a total of 30 effective sampling days, being 6 days not operative due to the adverse meteorological conditions experienced during the first leg which forced us to stay in Ponta Delgada from the 08th to the 13th October. During MEDWAVES the daily routine followed a similar scheme, depending of course on the weather and sea conditions. The main activity during the day, starting early in the morning (around 08:00 AM, once the night activities were finished), was the ROV deployment. Generally a single ROV dive of around 8 hours was performed, however in several occasions two dives were carried out in the same day (see General station list, Appendix II). After the ROV (and sometimes between two dives) the Box Corer and/or Van Veen Grab and/or Multicore was deployed. After these activities, during the night CTD-Rosette deployments and MB was conducted. Accordingly to this schema the scientific personnel worked in the day or in the night watch. A total of 215 sampling stations have been covered in MEDWAVES, using the following sampling gears: Multibeam echosounder, CTD-Rosette, LADCP, Box Corer, Van Veen Grab, Multicorer and a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV). Table 1 sumamrised the number of sampling stations conducted with each gear in each sampling zone. Additionally MB surveys have been conducted during the transits between area

Spread of a SARS-CoV-2 variant through Europe in the summer of 2020

[EN] Following its emergence in late 2019, the spread of SARS-CoV-21,2 has been tracked by phylogenetic analysis of viral genome sequences in unprecedented detail3,4,5. Although the virus spread globally in early 2020 before borders closed, intercontinental travel has since been greatly reduced. However, travel within Europe resumed in the summer of 2020. Here we report on a SARS-CoV-2 variant, 20E (EU1), that was identified in Spain in early summer 2020 and subsequently spread across Europe. We find no evidence that this variant has increased transmissibility, but instead demonstrate how rising incidence in Spain, resumption of travel, and lack of effective screening and containment may explain the variant’s success. Despite travel restrictions, we estimate that 20E (EU1) was introduced hundreds of times to European countries by summertime travellers, which is likely to have undermined local efforts to minimize infection with SARS-CoV-2. Our results illustrate how a variant can rapidly become dominant even in the absence of a substantial transmission advantage in favourable epidemiological settings. Genomic surveillance is critical for understanding how travel can affect transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and thus for informing future containment strategies as travel resumes.S

RICORS2040 : The need for collaborative research in chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a silent and poorly known killer. The current concept of CKD is relatively young and uptake by the public, physicians and health authorities is not widespread. Physicians still confuse CKD with chronic kidney insufficiency or failure. For the wider public and health authorities, CKD evokes kidney replacement therapy (KRT). In Spain, the prevalence of KRT is 0.13%. Thus health authorities may consider CKD a non-issue: very few persons eventually need KRT and, for those in whom kidneys fail, the problem is 'solved' by dialysis or kidney transplantation. However, KRT is the tip of the iceberg in the burden of CKD. The main burden of CKD is accelerated ageing and premature death. The cut-off points for kidney function and kidney damage indexes that define CKD also mark an increased risk for all-cause premature death. CKD is the most prevalent risk factor for lethal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the factor that most increases the risk of death in COVID-19, after old age. Men and women undergoing KRT still have an annual mortality that is 10- to 100-fold higher than similar-age peers, and life expectancy is shortened by ~40 years for young persons on dialysis and by 15 years for young persons with a functioning kidney graft. CKD is expected to become the fifth greatest global cause of death by 2040 and the second greatest cause of death in Spain before the end of the century, a time when one in four Spaniards will have CKD. However, by 2022, CKD will become the only top-15 global predicted cause of death that is not supported by a dedicated well-funded Centres for Biomedical Research (CIBER) network structure in Spain. Realizing the underestimation of the CKD burden of disease by health authorities, the Decade of the Kidney initiative for 2020-2030 was launched by the American Association of Kidney Patients and the European Kidney Health Alliance. Leading Spanish kidney researchers grouped in the kidney collaborative research network Red de Investigación Renal have now applied for the Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS) call for collaborative research in Spain with the support of the Spanish Society of Nephrology, Federación Nacional de Asociaciones para la Lucha Contra las Enfermedades del Riñón and ONT: RICORS2040 aims to prevent the dire predictions for the global 2040 burden of CKD from becoming true

Cover loss in a seagrass Posidonia oceanica meadow accelerates soil organic matter turnover and alters soil prokaryotic communities

Este artículo contiene 13 páginas, 8 figuras, 1 tabla.Carbon stocks in coastal vegetated ecosystems account for half of the carbon in marine sediments and soils. Disturbance in these ecosystems can release vast amounts of carbon through mineralization, depending on poorly understood factors, such as soil organic matter (SOM) quality and environmental factors. The meadows of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica, which is the species with the larger carbon stocks, are currently under threat. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of cover loss on the SOM and microbial community composition in a P. oceanica meadow. For this purpose, soil cores were taken in dead, degraded and healthy areas in the same meadow. Cores were analyzed for total, inorganic and organic carbon and nitrogen contents, as well as for molecular SOM composition by analytical pyrolysis (<2 mm fraction). Bacteria and archaea communities were assessed by 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding. The results showed the mineralization of polysaccharides and guaiacyl and syringyl lignin and a selective preservation of p-hydroxybenzoic acid moieties and methylene chain compounds. Soil depth and plant cover showed significant effects on microbial richness and diversity. Spatial variations in SOM inputs and microbial community composition between cores highlighted the importance of intrameadow variability. Cover loss resulted in a release of soil organic carbon (1.8 fold decrease) and the boost of archaeal communities in the rhizosphere, whereas no effect was found in deeper layers. Our study demonstrates that seagrass cover loss enhances SOM mineralization and highlights the importance of soil stabilization against erosion to avoid the release of millenary SOM stocks.This work has been funded by the project SUMILEN (CTM2013- 47728-R, MINECO). MRL was supported by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, Brazil). JCFM was supported by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP, Brazil, grant #2016/15932-4). This is a paper from the Group of Benthic Ecology 2014 SGR 120 and the Consellería de Educación, Universidade e Formación Profesional-Xunta de Galicia (Axudas á consolidación e estruturación de unidades de investigación competitivas do SUG del Plan Galego IDT, Ambiosol Group, ref. 2018- PG036).Peer reviewe