Determinantes del endeudamiento de la Municipalidad de San Miguel, Departamento de San Miguel, en la Zona Oriental de El Salvador, durante el período 2015-2019

RESUMEN: La Asamblea Legislativa de El Salvador, emitió el 21 de diciembre del año 2005, el Decreto Legislativo No. 930; en el que uno de los considerandos, literalmente dice: “Que la utilización responsable del endeudamiento por parte de los gobiernos locales, constituye un instrumento de gestión indispensable para lograr el desarrollo económico y social en el nivel local, volviéndose necesario dictar las normas que les permitan a los gobiernos locales el acceso al crédito”; considerando la descripción anterior, la presente investigación, se basa sobre los “Determinantes del Endeudamiento de la Municipalidad de San Miguel, Departamento de San Miguel, en la Zona Oriental de El Salvador, durante el Periodo 2015-2019”, en el que se identifican las causas del endeudamiento y efectos de tomar la decisión de adquirir una deuda pública municipal, y como resultado, la poca inversión en proyectos que generen retorno financiero y autosostenibilidad; el estudio se realiza analizando la información proporcionada por la entidad, a través de entrevista a personal de las áreas claves, con incidencia en las áreas financiera y tributaria; concluyendo en cuatro aspectos que generarían la mejora de la salud financiera en la gestión tributaria municipal, con el objetivo de incrementar sus ingresos propios y crear criterios en la erogación del gasto corriente municipal y la inversión en proyectos y programas que beneficien a la ciudadanía en general. ABSTRACT: The Legislative Assembly of El Salvador issued on December 21, 2005, Legislative Decree No. 930; in which one of the recitals literally says: "That the responsible use of indebtedness by local governments constitutes an indispensable management tool to achieve economic and social development at the local level, making it necessary to dictate the rules that allow local governments access to credit”; Considering the previous description, the present investigation is based on the "Determinants of the Indebtedness of the Municipality of San Miguel, Department of San Miguel, in the Eastern Zone of El Salvador, during the Period 2015-2019", in which are identified the causes of indebtedness and effects of making the decision to acquire a municipal public debt, and as a result, the little investment in projects that generate financial return and self-sustainability; The study is carried out by analyzing the information provided by the entity, through interviews with personnel from key areas, with an impact on the financial and tax areas; concluding in four aspects that would generate the improvement of financial health in municipal tax management, with the aim of increasing their own income and creating criteria in the disbursement of municipal current spending and investment in projects and programs that benefit citizens in genera

¿Qué debo hacer?

Las enfermedades crónicas demandan un cuidado continuo con enfoque en el método clínico centrado en la persona, que incluye una relación terapéutica basada en un ambiente de confianza. La enfermera de Atención Primaria tiene una posición privilegiada para pro-mover estilos de vida saludables y mejorar la calidad de vida del paciente mediante apoyo psicosocial y empatía. El señor J.J. es un paciente pluripatológico y polimedicado, de 61 años, que, tras dos amputaciones previas de dedos de miembro inferior izquierdo, presenta una úlcera mal perforante plantar en la base del quinto metatarsiano de dicho pie. Ante esta situación, se le propone una nueva amputación, provocando un conflicto de decisiones. Gracias a las novedades en el uso de herramientas para la valoración enfermera, se realizó un plan de cuidados aplicando un lenguaje estandarizado a través de la taxonomía NANDA-I, NOC y NIC, con intervenciones basadas en la evidencia

Detoxification of chestnut burrs hydrolyzates to produce biomolecules

Activated charcoal was proposed to detoxify the streams rich in carbohydrates generated after the acid hydrolysis of chestnut (Castanea sativa) burrs. Adsorption isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics parameters were evaluated under different ratios of adsorbent/adsorbate (0.25–5.0% w/v). Results showed that Langmuir equations fitted better the equilibrium sorption than the Freundlich isotherm, while pseudo-second-order reaction kinetics explained the reaction mechanism most effectively. An exothermic and non-spontaneous adsorption process was defined by negative enthalpies and positive free energies; meanwhile negative entropies showed the affinity of phenolic compounds for the adsorbent. Mid temperatures (30 °C) and higher amounts of charcoal (5.0 % (w/v)) stimulated the adsorption process, with a higher percentage of phenolic compounds removal (95.50 ± 0.03%). Lactobacillus plantarum CECT-221 was unable to consume raw hydrolyzates; however, it was capable to produce bacteriocins with antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes CECT-934, cell-bond biosurfactants and lactic acid on detoxified hydrolyzates in biotechnology processes carried out in Erlenmeyer flasks and 2 L stirred tank bioreactorsXunta de Galicia | Ref. ED481B 2018/073Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431B 2018/54-GP

Parasympathetic Tone Changes in Anesthetized Horses after Surgical Stimulation, and Morphine, Ketamine, and Dobutamine Administration

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity can modify cardiovascular parameters in response to nociceptive stimuli or drugs in anesthetized animals. The aim of this study was to determine if a surgical nociceptive stimulus and morphine, ketamine, and dobutamine administration would modify ANS activity observed as a change in the mean parasympathetic tone activity (PTAm) in anesthetized horses. In 20 anesthetized horses, heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and PTAm were monitored before and 1, 3, and 5 min after surgical incision, and before and 10 min after the administration of morphine (0.2 mg/kg IV). If nystagmus or spontaneous ventilation was observed, ketamine (0.5 mg/kg IV) was given, and the three variables were registered before and 3 and 5 min afterward. If MAP reached ≤ 62 mmHg, a dobutamine infusion was administered, and the three variables were recorded before and 5 min after starting/increasing the infusion (0.25 μg/kg/min IV every 5 min). The three variables were registered before and 1, 3, and 5 min after a PTAm decrease of ≥ 20%, HR increase of ≥ 10%, or MAP increase of ≥ 20%. The PTAm decreased 3 min after the administration of ketamine and 1 min after a PTA event. The surgical incision, dobutamine, and morphine did not modify PTAm. The absence of changes in ANS activity after the nociceptive stimulus and lack of correlation between PTAm and HR or MAP suggest that PTAm is a poor indicator of sympathetic activation under the study conditions. Ketamine seems to affect ANS activity by decreasing PTAm

Apoptotic microtubules delimit an active caspase free area in the cellular cortex during the execution phase of apoptosis

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License.Apoptotic microtubule network (AMN) is organized during apoptosis, forming a cortical structure beneath plasma membrane, which has an important role in preserving cell morphology and plasma membrane permeability. The aim of this study was to examine the role of AMN in maintaining plasma membrane integrity during the execution phase of apoptosis. We demonstrated in camptothecin-induced apoptosis in H460 cells that AMN delimits an active caspase free area beneath plasma membrane that permits the preservation of cellular cortex and transmembrane proteins. AMN depolymerization in apoptotic cells by a short exposure to colchicine allowed active caspases to reach the cellular cortex and cleave many key proteins involved in plasma membrane structural support, cell adhesion and ionic homeostasis. Cleavage of cellular cortex and plasma membrane proteins, such as α-spectrin, paxilin, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), E-cadherin and integrin subunit β4 was associated with cell collapse and cell detachment. Otherwise, cleavage-mediated inactivation of calcium ATPase pump (PMCA-4) and Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX) involved in cell calcium extrusion resulted in calcium overload. Furthermore, cleavage of Na(+)/K(+) pump subunit β was associated with altered sodium homeostasis. Cleavage of cell cortex and plasma membrane proteins in apoptotic cells after AMN depolymerization increased plasma permeability, ionic imbalance and bioenergetic collapse, leading apoptotic cells to secondary necrosis. The essential role of caspase-mediated cleavage in this process was demonstrated because the concomitant addition of colchicine that induces AMN depolymerization and the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD avoided the cleavage of cortical and plasma membrane proteins and prevented apoptotic cells to undergo secondary necrosis. Furthermore, the presence of AMN was also critical for proper phosphatidylserine externalization and apoptotic cell clearance by macrophages. These results indicate that AMN is essential to preserve an active caspase free area in the cellular cortex of apoptotic cells that allows plasma membrane integrity during the execution phase of apoptosis.This work was supported by FIS PI10/00543 grant, FIS EC08/00076 grant, Ministerio de Sanidad, Spain and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER-Unión Europea), SAS 111242 grant, Servicio Andaluz de Salud Junta de Andalucía, Proyecto de Investigación de Excelencia de la Junta de Andalucía CTS-5725, and by AEPMI (Asociación de Enfermos de Patología Mitocondrial).Peer reviewe

Artículos publicados en el diario El País sobre Antonio Fernández Alba

Artículos publicados sobre Antonio Fernández Alba en el diario El Paí

A Quick Guide for Using Microsoft Onenote as an Electronic Laboratory Notebook

[Abstract] Scientific data recording and reporting systems are of a great interest for endorsing reproducibility and transparency practices among the scientific community. Current research generates large datasets that can no longer be documented using paper lab notebooks (PLNs). In this regard, electronic laboratory notebooks (ELNs) could be a promising solution to replace PLNs and promote scientific reproducibility and transparency. We previously analyzed five ELNs and performed two survey-based studies to implement an ELN in a biomedical research institute. Among the ELNs tested, we found that Microsoft OneNote presents numerous features related to ELN best functionalities. In addition, both surveyed groups preferred OneNote over a scientifically designed ELN (PerkinElmer Elements). However, OneNote remains a general note-taking application and has not been designed for scientific purposes. We therefore provide a quick guide to adapt OneNote to an ELN workflow that can also be adjusted to other nonscientific ELNs

The O3N2 and N2 abundance indicators revisited: improved calibrations based on CALIFA and T e-based literature data

Astronomy and Astrophysics 559 (2013): A114 reproduced with permission from Astronomy and AstrophysicsThe use of integral field spectroscopy is since recently allowing to measure the emission line fluxes of an increasingly large number of star-forming galaxies, both locally and at high redshift. Many studies have used these fluxes to derive the gas-phase metallicity of the galaxies by applying the so-called strong-line methods. However, the metallicity indicators that these datasets use were empirically calibrated using few direct abundance data points (Te-based measurements). Furthermore, a precise determination of the prediction intervals of these indicators is commonly lacking in these calibrations. Such limitations might lead to systematic errors in determining the gas-phase metallicity, especially at high redshift, which might have a strong impact on our understanding of the chemical evolution of the Universe. The main goal of this study is to review the most widely used empirical oxygen calibrations, O3N2 and N2, by using newdirect abundance measurements. We pay special attention to (1) the expected uncertainty of these calibrations as a function of the index value or abundance derived and (2) the presence of possible systematic offsets. This is possible thanks to the analysis of the most ambitious compilation of Te-based H ii regions to date. This new dataset compiles the Te-based abundances of 603 H ii regions extracted from the literature but also includes new measurements from the CALIFA survey. Besides providing new and improved empirical calibrations for the gas abundance, we also present a comparison between our revisited calibrations with a total of 3423 additional CALIFA H ii complexes with abundances derived using the ONS calibration from the literature. The combined analysis of T e-based and ONS abundances allows us to derive their most accurate calibration to date for both the O3N2 and N2 single-ratio indicators, in terms of all statistical significance, quality, and coverage of the parameters space. In particular, we infer that these indicators show shallower abundance dependencies and statistically significant offsets compared to others'. The O3N2 and N2 indicators can be empirically applied to derive oxygen abundances calibrations from either direct abundance determinations with random errors of 0.18 and 0.16, respectively, or from indirect ones (but based on a large amount of data), reaching an average precision of 0.08 and 0.09 dex (random) and 0.02 and 0.08 dex (systematic; compared to the direct estimations), respectivelyR.A. Marino is funded by the Spanish program of International Campus of Excellence Moncloa (CEI). D. Mast thank the Plan Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo funding programs, AYA2012-31935 of the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, for the support given to this project. S.F.S thanks the the Ramón y Cajal project RyC-2011-07590 of the spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, for the support giving to this project. F.F.R.O. acknowledges the Mexican National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT) for financial support under the program Estancias Postdoctorales y Sabáticas al Extranjero para la Consolidación de Grupos de Investigación, 2010-2012. We acknowledge financial support for the ESTALLIDOS collaboration by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación under grant AYA2010- 21887-C04-03. BG-L also acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) under grant AYA2012- 39408-C02-02. J.F.-B. acknowledges financial support from the Ramón y Cajal Program and grant AYA2010-21322-C03-02 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO), as well as to the DAGAL network from the People’s Program (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program FP7/2007-2013/ under REA grant agreement number PITN-GA-2011-289313. CK has been funded by project AYA2010-21887 from the Spanish PNAYA. P.P. acknowledges support by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) under project FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-029170 (Reference FCT PTDC/FIS-AST/3214/2012), funded by FCT-MEC (PIDDAC) and FEDER (COMPETE). R.M.G.D. and R.G.B. also acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) under grant AyA2010-15081. V.S., L.G., and A.M.M. acknowledge financial support from the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) under program Ciência 2008 and the research grant PTDC/CTE-AST/112582/200