Investigaciones sobre la ocurrencia, epidemiología e importancia económica de los helmintos en terneros en el departamento de Córdoba, Colombia.

El objetivo del trabajo, fué investigar los aspectos epidemiológicos y económicos de las infestaciones con helmintos en terneros del departamento de Córdoba (Colombia). Las investigaciones se realizaron durante un año (mayo 1987-julio 1988) con grupos de terneros tratados y no tratados con antihelmínticos en 2 fincas. Se estudió el curso de la excreción de huevos y la dinámica estacional de la infestación del pasto con L3 en terneros centinelas (29 Holstein - Friesian comprados en la Sabana de Bogotá y aclimatados en Turipaná-Monteria). Las muestras de materia fecal y de sangre se examinaron a intervalos mensuales para determinar los estadios parasitarios, el hematocrito y las concentraciones de hemoglobina, albúmina y proteina total. en ambas haciendas se expusieron los terneros centinelas en forma continua. La reducción de la excreción de huevos debida al desarrollo de la inmunidad para strongyloides papillosus, ocurrió cuando los terneros tenian 5 meses de edad, la inmunidad a Trichostrongylidae apareció a los 8 meses. Los géneros que predominaron fueron: Cooperia (punctata, oncophora), Haemonchus (similis, placei, mecistocirrus), Oesophagostomum radiatum, Dictyocaulus viviparus, Strongyloides papillosus. Se encontró un bajo número de larvas hipobióticas en la membrana mucosa de abomaso de terneros centinelas durante el verano. Los animales tratados con antihelmínticos presentaron ganancias de peso, mas altas, respecto a los no tratados. Se observó correlación entre la ganancia de peso y los componentes sanguíneos independientes de si habian recibido o no tratamiento antihelmíntico. Las diferencias en los niveles de albúmina entre terneros tratados o no, se encontró en una sola finca. En el período siguiente al de máxima carga de vermes.;Se recomienda como medida de control para Trichostrongylidae: tratamientos antihelmínticos al comienzo, mediados y final del verano, descontaminación de los potreros para vacas con terneros lactantes, destinados a pastura durante el verano, haciendo relevos (8 a 12 semanas) anticipados y removiendo la materia fecal depositada en los mismos en el verano, no concentrar terneros recién destetados en grupos separados, se puede dejar pastar en potreros con animales mayores de 18 mese

Observaciones sobre un tratamiento estratégico contra fasciolasis ovina en áreas de páramo en Boyacá.

La fasciolacis ovina es de gran importancia económica en el páramo del norte de Boyacá. Por tal razón se realizó un ensayo práctico de control con el objeto de mostrar la reducción de la mortalidad y la infestación del rebaño debido a fasciolasis, mediante la aplicación de un programa de dosificación estratégica con rafoxanide, un antihelmíntico. Se seleccionaron tres rebaños de 200 animales cada uno y se trataron con rafoxanide en la siguiente forma: el rebaño 1, cada 6 semanas, el rebaño 2, cada 4 semanas y el rebaño 3 se dejó como control. No hubo diferencias significaticas en la tasa de excreción de huevos entre los rebaños 1 y 2 (promedio total 18.7 y 19.8 por ciento respectivamente), pero hubo diferencias altamente significativas entre los anteriores y el control cuyo promedio total de excreción de huevos fué de 37 por ciento. Los caracoles identificados como huéspedes intermediarios fueron clasificados por técnicos del Museo Británico de Ciencias Naturales como pertenecientes a la especie Lymnae viatrix. Se discute la efectividad del tratamiento y sobre algunos aspectos epidemiológicos de la infección en el área

Size and dimensionality effects in superconducting Mo thin films

Molybdenum is a low Tc, type I superconductor whose fundamental properties are poorly known. Its importance as an essential constituent of new high performance radiation detectors, the so-called transition edge sensors (TESs) calls for better characterization of this superconductor, especially in thin film form. Here we report on a study of the basic superconducting features of Mo thin films as a function of their thickness. The resistivity is found to rise and the critical temperature decreases on decreasing film thickness, as expected. More relevant, the critical fields along and perpendicular to the film plane are markedly different, thickness dependent and much larger than the thermodynamic critical field of Mo bulk. These results are consistent with a picture of type II 2D superconducting films, and allow estimates of the fundamental superconducting lengths of Mo. The role of morphology in determining the 2D and type II character of the otherwise type I molybdenum is discussed. The possible consequences of this behaviour on the performance of radiation detectors are also addresse

Estimating Genetic Ancestry Proportions from Faces

Ethnicity can be a means by which people identify themselves and others. This type of identification mediates many kinds of social interactions and may reflect adaptations to a long history of group living in humans. Recent admixture in the US between groups from different continents, and the historically strong emphasis on phenotypic differences between members of these groups, presents an opportunity to examine the degree of concordance between estimates of group membership based on genetic markers and on visually-based estimates of facial features. We first measured the degree of Native American, European, African and East Asian genetic admixture in a sample of 14 self-identified Hispanic individuals, chosen to cover a broad range of Native American and European genetic admixture proportions. We showed frontal and side-view photographs of the 14 individuals to 241 subjects living in New Mexico, and asked them to estimate the degree of NA admixture for each individual. We assess the overall concordance for each observer based on an aggregated measure of the difference between the observer and the genetic estimates. We find that observers reach a significantly higher degree of concordance than expected by chance, and that the degree of concordance as well as the direction of the discrepancy in estimates differs based on the ethnicity of the observer, but not on the observers' age or sex. This study highlights the potentially high degree of discordance between physical appearance and genetic measures of ethnicity, as well as how perceptions of ethnic affiliation are context-specific. We compare our findings to those of previous studies and discuss their implications

Finite size effects near the onset of the oscillatory instability

A system of two complex Ginzburg - Landau equations is considered that applies at the onset of the oscillatory instability in spatial domains whose size is large (but finite) in one direction; the dependent variables are the slowly modulated complex amplitudes of two counterpropagating wavetrains. In order to obtain a well posed problem, four boundary conditions must be imposed at the boundaries. Two of them were already known, and the other two are first derived in this paper. In the generic case when the group velocity is of order unity, the resulting problem has terms that are not of the same order of magnitude. This fact allows us to consider two distinguished limits and to derive two associated (simpler) sub-models, that are briefly discussed. Our results predict quite a rich variety of complex dynamics that is due to both the modulational instability and finite size effects

Insight on an Arginine Synthesis Metabolon from the Tetrameric Structure of Yeast Acetylglutamate Kinase

N-acetyl-L-glutamate kinase (NAGK) catalyzes the second, generally controlling, step of arginine biosynthesis. In yeasts, NAGK exists either alone or forming a metabolon with N-acetyl-L-glutamate synthase (NAGS), which catalyzes the first step and exists only within the metabolon. Yeast NAGK (yNAGK) has, in addition to the amino acid kinase (AAK) domain found in other NAGKs, a ∼150-residue C-terminal domain of unclear significance belonging to the DUF619 domain family. We deleted this domain, proving that it stabilizes yNAGK, slows catalysis and modulates feed-back inhibition by arginine. We determined the crystal structures of both the DUF619 domain-lacking yNAGK, ligand-free as well as complexed with acetylglutamate or acetylglutamate and arginine, and of complete mature yNAGK. While all other known arginine-inhibitable NAGKs are doughnut-like hexameric trimers of dimers of AAK domains, yNAGK has as central structure a flat tetramer formed by two dimers of AAK domains. These dimers differ from canonical AAK dimers in the −110° rotation of one subunit with respect to the other. In the hexameric enzymes, an N-terminal extension, found in all arginine-inhibitable NAGKs, forms a protruding helix that interlaces the dimers. In yNAGK, however, it conforms a two-helix platform that mediates interdimeric interactions. Arginine appears to freeze an open inactive AAK domain conformation. In the complete yNAGK structure, two pairs of DUF619 domains flank the AAK domain tetramer, providing a mechanism for the DUF619 domain modulatory functions. The DUF619 domain exhibits the histone acetyltransferase fold, resembling the catalytic domain of bacterial NAGS. However, the putative acetyl CoA site is blocked, explaining the lack of NAGS activity of yNAGK. We conclude that the tetrameric architecture is an adaptation to metabolon formation and propose an organization for this metabolon, suggesting that yNAGK may be a good model also for yeast and human NAGSs

Variation in antiosteoporotic drug prescribing and spending across Spain. A population-based ecological cross-sectional study

Introduction: Evidence has shown that utilization of antiosteoporotic medications does not correspond with risk, and studies on other therapies have shown that adequacy of pharmaceutical prescribing might vary between regions. Nevertheless, very few studies have addressed the variability in osteoporotic drug consumption. We aimed to describe variations in pharmaceutical utilization and spending on osteoporotic drugs between Health Areas (HA) in Spain. Methods: Population-based cross-sectional ecological study of expenditure and utilization of the five therapeutic groups marketed for osteoporosis treatment in Spain in 2009. Small area variation analysis (SAVA) methods were used. The units of analysis were the 168 HA of 13 Spanish regions, including 7.2 million women aged 50 years and older. The main outcomes were the defined daily dose (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants and day (DDD/1000/Day) dispensed according to the pharmaceutical claims reimbursed, and the expenditure on antiosteoporotics at retail price per woman =50 years old and per year. Results: The average osteoporosis drug consumption was 116.8 DDD/1000W/Day, ranging from 78.5 to 158.7 DDD/1000W/Day between the HAs in the 5th and 95th percentiles. Seventy-five percent of the antiosteoporotics consumed was bisphosphonates, followed by raloxifene, strontium ranelate, calcitonins, and parathyroid hormones including teriparatide. Regarding variability by therapeutic groups, biphosphonates showed the lowest variation, while calcitonins and parathyroid hormones showed the highest variation. The annual expenditure on antiosteoporotics was €426.5 million, translating into an expenditure of €59.2 for each woman =50 years old and varying between €38.1 and €83.3 between HAs in the 5th and 95th percentiles. Biphosphonates, despite accounting for 79% of utilization, only represented 63% of total expenditure, while parathyroid hormones with only 1.6% of utilization accounted for 15% of the pharmaceutical spending. Conclusion: This study highlights a marked geographical variation in the prescription of antiosteoporotics, being more pronounced in the case of costly drugs such as parathyroid hormones. The differences in rates of prescribing explained almost all of the variance in drug spending, suggesting that the difference in prescription volume between territories, and not the price of the drugs, is the main source of variation in this setting. Data on geographical variation of prescription can help guide policy proposals for targeting areas with inadequate antiosteoporotic drug use

Digital Quantification of Human Eye Color Highlights Genetic Association of Three New Loci

Previous studies have successfully identified genetic variants in several genes associated with human iris (eye) color; however, they all used simplified categorical trait information. Here, we quantified continuous eye color variation into hue and saturation values using high-resolution digital full-eye photographs and conducted a genome-wide association study on 5,951 Dutch Europeans from the Rotterdam Study. Three new regions, 1q42.3, 17q25.3, and 21q22.13, were highlighted meeting the criterion for genome-wide statistically significant association. The latter two loci were replicated in 2,261 individuals from the UK and in 1,282 from Australia. The LYST gene at 1q42.3 and the DSCR9 gene at 21q22.13 serve as promising functional candidates. A model for predicting quantitative eye colors explained over 50% of trait variance in the Rotterdam Study. Over all our data exemplify that fine phenotyping is a useful strategy for finding genes involved in human complex traits

Optical chemosensors and reagents to detect explosives

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