The construction of social movements as objects of research in Latin America

El presente artículo intento contribuir a elaborar una perspectiva crítica de los procesos de movilización social en América Latina y para ello parto de la pregunta acerca de cómo los movimientos sociales han sido construidos como sujetos de estudio en este continente. En la respuesta ensayada a esta pregunta tomo fundamentalmente en cuenta cómo, en nuestra manera de saber y hacer sobre los movimientos sociales, han influido principalmente: a) la contraposición de lo antiguo a lo nuevo en términos de acción política; b) las numerosas perspectivas teóricas y categorías de análisis provenientes de distintas disciplinas (sociología, antropología, ciencias políticas, historiografía, psicología); y c) la multiplicación de investigaciones que, en los últimos años, ha habido en torno al tema de los movimientos sociales.This article seeks to contribute to the elaboration of a critical perspective on the processes of social mobilization in Latin America. Its starting point is the question of how social movements have been constructed as objects of study in this continent. In answering this question, I take into account how our ways of knowing about, and actions within, social movements have been influenced by: a) the contrast between old and new in terms of political action; b) theoretical perspectives and analytical categories that come from different disciplines (sociology, anthropology, political science, historiography, psychology); and c) the proliferation of research on social movements in recent years

La construcción de los movimientos sociales como sujetos de estudio en América Latina

El presente artículo intento contribuir a elaborar una perspectiva crítica de los procesos de movilización social en América Latina y para ello parto de la pregunta acerca de cómo los movimientos sociales han sido construidos como sujetos de estudio en este continente. En la respuesta ensayada a esta pregunta tomo fundamentalmente en cuenta cómo, en nuestra manera de saber y hacer sobre los movimientos sociales, han influido principalmente: a) la contraposición de lo antiguo a lo nuevo en términos de acción política; b) las numerosas perspectivas teóricas y categorías de análisis provenientes de distintas disciplinas (sociología, antropología, ciencias políticas, historiografía, psicología); y c) la multiplicación de investigaciones que, en los últimos años, ha habido en torno al tema de los movimientos sociales.This article seeks to contribute to the elaboration of a critical perspective on the processes of social mobilization in Latin America. Its starting point is the question of how social movements have been constructed as objects of study in this continent. In answering this question, I take into account how our ways of knowing about, and actions within, social movements have been influenced by: a) the contrast between old and new in terms of political action; b) theoretical perspectives and analytical categories that come from different disciplines (sociology, anthropology, political science, historiography, psychology); and c) the proliferation of research on social movements in recent years

Reflexiones metodológicas en torno a la comprensión de la acción social : contribuciones, discusiones y tensiones entre algunas perspectivas comprensivistas, fenomenológicas y hermenéuticas

¿Qué es la acción social? ¿cómo definimos qué es la acción? ¿cómo comprendemos una acción social? ¿qué es comprender?, ¿qué es explicar?, etc., son algunas de las preguntas que guían el presente texto. En él, buscamos ensayar algunas reflexiones en torno a dichos interrogantes a partir de la incorporación de los aportes de Max Weber, Alfred Shültz y Hans-George Gadamer. En primer lugar, abordamos el concepto de acción social y la manera en que Weber entiende la comprensión dentro de las ciencias sociales. En segundo lugar, introducimoss las críticas y puntualización que Shültz realiza en torno a la obra de Weber. En tercer lugar, presentamos la concepción de comprensión que propone Gadamer estableciendo una comparación entre sus aportes y los de Weber. Finalmente, realizamos algunas reflexiones metodológicas en torno a nuestras preguntas iniciales, reflexiones que buscan hacer un aporte a quienes investigamos buscando comprender el sentido de las acciones sociales.Understand social action? What is understanding? What is to explain, etc.?. Are some of the questions that guide this text. In it, we rehearse some reflections on these questions based on incorporating the contributions of Max Weber, Hans-Alfred George Shultz and Gadamer. First, we address the concept of social action and how Weber understood the understanding within the social sciences. Secondly, criticism and clarification introducimoss Shultz made about the work of Weber. Third, we present the conception of understanding that Gadamer proposes a comparison between their contributions and those of Weber. Finally, we make some methodological reflections about our initial questions, reflections, looking to make a contribution to investiate those seeking to understand the meaning of social actions

Cuidar las infancias: Buenas prácticas en salud mental infantil en los sistemas públicos de salud de Río Negro y Neuquén (2014-2016).

En el presente libro narramos los resultados del Proyecto de Investigación denominado “Dispositivos de atención en salud mental orientados a niños y niñas. Estudio descriptivo en los Sistemas Públicos de Salud de Río Negro y Neuquén, período 2014-2015” (Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad Nacional del Comahue), en el cual caracterizamos buenas prácticas en salud mental orientadas a las infancias

Salud mental, procesos de crianza e infancias: entre la acción comunitaria y las políticas públicas: avances en el proceso de investigación

A través de la presente ponencia nos proponemos presentar los avances del proyecto "Salud mental, procesos de crianza e infancias: entre la acción comunitaria y las políticas públicas" desde el cual buscamos identificar y comprender acciones comunitarias vinculadas a la salud mental y los procesos de crianza de las infancias en las provincias de Neuquén, Río Negro y La Pampa durante el período 2018-2020. La estrategia metodológica de la investigación es eminentemente cualitativa y toma aportes de la antropología, especialmente su énfasis en la diversidad de la experiencia humana y su práctica hacia la comprensión de los fenómenos sociales desde la perspectiva de los propios actores implicados. A nivel teórico, partimos de la noción de que las acciones colectivas no sólo encierran un enorme potencial y riqueza, sino que surgen, al menos en parte, debido a que hay necesidades e intereses en relación a las infancias que no están cubiertos ni por el Estado ni por otras instituciones u organizaciones sociales. En ese sentido, nos proponemos no sólo conocer en profundidad dichas iniciativas sino recuperar los saberes sociales que las mismas pueden aportar al diseño y reformulación de las políticas públicas vinculadas a las infancias. Dentro de la estrategia metodológica diseñada, se están implementando múltiples dispositivos de producción de datos por lo cual podemos hablar, siguiendo a Bonvillani (2018), de un “mosaiquismo metodológico”: análisis documental; entrevistas en profundidad; observaciones participantes con apoyatura de registro fotográfico y videos; dibujos y producciones plástica de les niñes; etc. El análisis de datos está inspirado en la teoría fundamentada, se ha realizado de manera conjunta a su producción/recolección y ha implicado la construcción de categorías analíticas que nos han ayudado a organizar e interpretar el material producido/recogido siguiendo una lógica de la recurrencia y centrándonos en aquellos sentidos que insisten.GT61: Políticas públicas y prácticas comunitarias en salud mental en Argentina. Debates y aportes al diálogo de saberes.Universidad Nacional de La Plat

La construcción de los movimientos sociales como sujetos de estudio en América Latina

This article's objective is to contribute to the development of critical perspectives on the methodologies & strategies employed by social movements in Latin America. The discussion begins by analyzing the different ways in which social movements have been approached as subjects for research in the academies of several nations. Specific topics surveyed include the comparison & contrast of old & new paradigms in political action, the proliferation of research on Latin American social movements in the contemporary era, & the many different ways in which psychology, historiography, political science, anthropology, & sociology provide analytical categories & theoretical perspectives for continued research into Latin American social movements. All of these different sources, views, & methodologies need to be taken into account if one is to grasp the subject in all of its breadth & complexity

Cuando lo que es un “problema” para los interventores comunitarios no es un problema para la comunidad. Reflexiones desde la Psicología Comunitaria

A través del presente artículo de reflexión quisiéramos relatar una experiencia de trabajo que, como parte del equipo de un Centro de Atención Primaria de la Salud, tuvimos como interventores comunitarios en torno a la “problemática” del embarazo adolescente. Dicha experiencia nos llevó a cuestionarnos y a reflexionar acerca de qué hacemos cuando nos encontramos frente a una situación que, desde un lugar de profesionales “expertos”, definimos en tanto “problema” y por consiguiente objeto de intervención, cuando “la comunidad” no entiende que dicha situación es problemática o merecedora de una intervención que se oriente a generar un cambio o una transformación. Al mismo tiempo, esta experiencia nos llevó a reconceptualizar nuestras estrategias de intervención comunitaria en términos de dispositivos de articulación a ser construidos con otros

Identifying canopy architecture traits to optimize light and increase radiation-use efficiency and grain yield in wheat

Wheat is the most widely grown crop which produces ~766 million tonnes per year (FAOSTAT, 2019) supplying 20% of the calories and protein for the human population (Braun et al., 2010). Staple crops (wheat, maize, rice and soybean) must increase their yield by 2.4% per year to meet the food demand for a growing population (Ray et al., 2013). Climate change has been predicted to increase the global temperature by ~ 2-4°C by the end of the 21th century (IPCC, 2014), with more frequent flooding and drought decreasing the production of grain crops (IPCC, 2014; Asseng et al., 2015). Harvest index (grain dry matter as a proportion of above-ground dry matter; HI) is approaching its theoretical limit (Austin et al., 1980; Foulkes et al., 2011), so other alternatives must be explored to increase biomass and hence grain yield. Radiation-use efficiency (above-ground dry matter per unit radiation interception; RUE) has therefore become an important trait for raising biomass and grain yield potential in plant breeding (Foulkes and Murchie, 2011a). In recent decades, growers in the Northwest of Mexico have adopted a raised-bed planting system (Fahong et al., 2004). This planting system showed advantages compared to the traditional flat-basin planting system such as water savings and reduced weeds and diseases (Fahong et al., 2004). However, effects on grain yield are still inconsistent so further studies are needed to prove grain yield benefits. The overall objective of this thesis was to quantify genetic variation in canopy architecture traits and associations with light interception, radiation-use efficiency and grain yield in twelve spring wheat CIMMYT cultivars evaluated under two planting systems (raised beds and flat basins). These cultivars were evaluated in three field experiments under irrigated, yield potential conditions in 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20 in the NW of Mexico. In the field experiments, measurements were taken of phenology, light interception, RUE during different phenophases, canopy architecture traits including flag-leaf angle and curvature, leaf size, biomass and dry matter partitioning at key developmental stages and grain yield and yield components. Two more experiments were carried out in the glasshouse at Sutton Bonington, UK in 2018 and 2019 to examine the photosynthetic rate eight of the 12 cultivars and its relation with radiation-use efficiency and biomass in the field experiments. Results in the field experiments across the three years showed a planting system (PS) difference in grain yield which was 10.6% higher in beds than flats and a PS × G interaction. A planting system effect was also shown for grains per m2 (GM2), HI, grains per spike (GPS) and above-ground biomass at physiological maturity (BMPM). The higher grain yield obtained in beds was mainly explained by the 7.6 % greater biomass at maturity in beds. Biomass was initially lower in raised beds compared to flat basins at initiation of booting. The higher radiation-use efficiency calculated from initiation of booting to anthesis + 7 days (RUE_InBA7) in raised beds contributed to this PS catching up the biomass accumulation in the flat basins at anthesis + 7 days. A wide genetic variation was found for RUE calculated at five different phenophases from initiation of booting to physiological maturity. However, only RUE from emergence + 40 days to initiation of booting (RUE_E40InB), from initiation of booting to anthesis + 7 days (RUE_InBA7) and from emergence + 40 days to physiological maturity (RUET) showed a PS effect. A PS × G interaction was found for all the RUE’s except for RUE_InBA7. In both, PS positive associations were found among cultivars between RUE_preGF and biomass at GS65 + 7 days and biomass at physiological maturity. In addition, positive correlations were found among cultivars between each of RUE_preGF and RUET and grain yield in beds and flats. Results showed that grain yield responses of cultivars to planting system were mainly explained through effects on final biomass. Biomass responses to planting system were, in turn, associated with responses of RUE to planting system in the pre-anthesis period. Additionally, taller cultivars showed greater biomass increases at physiological maturity in B compared to F than shorter cultivars. The flag-leaf curvature (FLcv; cm) was measured as the distance from the point of inflexion to the tip of the leaf. Genetic variation was found among the cultivars in flag-leaf angle and flag-leaf curvature at initiation of booting and anthesis+7 days. In flats, a strong negative association was found between flag-leaf angle and RUE during grain filling (RUE_GF), i.e. more upright flag leaves had higher RUE_GF. Additionally, a positive correlation between flag-leaf curvature at initiation of booting and anthesis + 7 days was found with RUE_InBA7 and RUE_GF in flats. In, beds, flag-leaf curvature at booting was positively associated with greater pre-anthesis radiation interception. The planting system also affected flag-leaf angle at GS65 + 7 days with leaf angle decreasing (more upright leaves) in flat basins compared to raised beds, but cultivars differed in the extent of the decrease. Plant height measured in the beds was associated with responses PS of grain yield, biomass at physiological maturity and fractional light interception at anthesis + 7 days. Averaging across the three years, a strong positive correlation among cultivars between grain yield and HI was found in flats whereas no significant correlation was found in beds. A negative correlation was observed between spike partitioning measured at anthesis + 7 days (SPI) and each of stem partitioning index (StemPI) and stem-internode 2 and 3 length. No associations between SPI and peduncle length was found. The genetic variation in GM2 was strongly associated with fruiting efficiency (grains per unit spike dry matter at GS65+7 days; FE) in flats and a trend was found in beds. FE accounted for more genetic variation in GM2 than SPI. The results in the present study confirm that plant breeders should consider the planting system when selecting canopy architecture traits to enhance RUE, biomass and grain yield as well as selecting lines with high FE. In the glasshouse experiments, genetic variation among the cultivars was found for flag-leaf light-saturated photosynthetic rate (Amax) at anthesis. Encouragingly, a positive correlation was found between Amax at initiation of booting and anthesis measured in the glasshouse and biomass at physiological maturity in raised beds and flat basins measured in the field experiments

Identifying canopy architecture traits to optimize light and increase radiation-use efficiency and grain yield in wheat

Wheat is the most widely grown crop which produces ~766 million tonnes per year (FAOSTAT, 2019) supplying 20% of the calories and protein for the human population (Braun et al., 2010). Staple crops (wheat, maize, rice and soybean) must increase their yield by 2.4% per year to meet the food demand for a growing population (Ray et al., 2013). Climate change has been predicted to increase the global temperature by ~ 2-4°C by the end of the 21th century (IPCC, 2014), with more frequent flooding and drought decreasing the production of grain crops (IPCC, 2014; Asseng et al., 2015). Harvest index (grain dry matter as a proportion of above-ground dry matter; HI) is approaching its theoretical limit (Austin et al., 1980; Foulkes et al., 2011), so other alternatives must be explored to increase biomass and hence grain yield. Radiation-use efficiency (above-ground dry matter per unit radiation interception; RUE) has therefore become an important trait for raising biomass and grain yield potential in plant breeding (Foulkes and Murchie, 2011a). In recent decades, growers in the Northwest of Mexico have adopted a raised-bed planting system (Fahong et al., 2004). This planting system showed advantages compared to the traditional flat-basin planting system such as water savings and reduced weeds and diseases (Fahong et al., 2004). However, effects on grain yield are still inconsistent so further studies are needed to prove grain yield benefits. The overall objective of this thesis was to quantify genetic variation in canopy architecture traits and associations with light interception, radiation-use efficiency and grain yield in twelve spring wheat CIMMYT cultivars evaluated under two planting systems (raised beds and flat basins). These cultivars were evaluated in three field experiments under irrigated, yield potential conditions in 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20 in the NW of Mexico. In the field experiments, measurements were taken of phenology, light interception, RUE during different phenophases, canopy architecture traits including flag-leaf angle and curvature, leaf size, biomass and dry matter partitioning at key developmental stages and grain yield and yield components. Two more experiments were carried out in the glasshouse at Sutton Bonington, UK in 2018 and 2019 to examine the photosynthetic rate eight of the 12 cultivars and its relation with radiation-use efficiency and biomass in the field experiments. Results in the field experiments across the three years showed a planting system (PS) difference in grain yield which was 10.6% higher in beds than flats and a PS × G interaction. A planting system effect was also shown for grains per m2 (GM2), HI, grains per spike (GPS) and above-ground biomass at physiological maturity (BMPM). The higher grain yield obtained in beds was mainly explained by the 7.6 % greater biomass at maturity in beds. Biomass was initially lower in raised beds compared to flat basins at initiation of booting. The higher radiation-use efficiency calculated from initiation of booting to anthesis + 7 days (RUE_InBA7) in raised beds contributed to this PS catching up the biomass accumulation in the flat basins at anthesis + 7 days. A wide genetic variation was found for RUE calculated at five different phenophases from initiation of booting to physiological maturity. However, only RUE from emergence + 40 days to initiation of booting (RUE_E40InB), from initiation of booting to anthesis + 7 days (RUE_InBA7) and from emergence + 40 days to physiological maturity (RUET) showed a PS effect. A PS × G interaction was found for all the RUE’s except for RUE_InBA7. In both, PS positive associations were found among cultivars between RUE_preGF and biomass at GS65 + 7 days and biomass at physiological maturity. In addition, positive correlations were found among cultivars between each of RUE_preGF and RUET and grain yield in beds and flats. Results showed that grain yield responses of cultivars to planting system were mainly explained through effects on final biomass. Biomass responses to planting system were, in turn, associated with responses of RUE to planting system in the pre-anthesis period. Additionally, taller cultivars showed greater biomass increases at physiological maturity in B compared to F than shorter cultivars. The flag-leaf curvature (FLcv; cm) was measured as the distance from the point of inflexion to the tip of the leaf. Genetic variation was found among the cultivars in flag-leaf angle and flag-leaf curvature at initiation of booting and anthesis+7 days. In flats, a strong negative association was found between flag-leaf angle and RUE during grain filling (RUE_GF), i.e. more upright flag leaves had higher RUE_GF. Additionally, a positive correlation between flag-leaf curvature at initiation of booting and anthesis + 7 days was found with RUE_InBA7 and RUE_GF in flats. In, beds, flag-leaf curvature at booting was positively associated with greater pre-anthesis radiation interception. The planting system also affected flag-leaf angle at GS65 + 7 days with leaf angle decreasing (more upright leaves) in flat basins compared to raised beds, but cultivars differed in the extent of the decrease. Plant height measured in the beds was associated with responses PS of grain yield, biomass at physiological maturity and fractional light interception at anthesis + 7 days. Averaging across the three years, a strong positive correlation among cultivars between grain yield and HI was found in flats whereas no significant correlation was found in beds. A negative correlation was observed between spike partitioning measured at anthesis + 7 days (SPI) and each of stem partitioning index (StemPI) and stem-internode 2 and 3 length. No associations between SPI and peduncle length was found. The genetic variation in GM2 was strongly associated with fruiting efficiency (grains per unit spike dry matter at GS65+7 days; FE) in flats and a trend was found in beds. FE accounted for more genetic variation in GM2 than SPI. The results in the present study confirm that plant breeders should consider the planting system when selecting canopy architecture traits to enhance RUE, biomass and grain yield as well as selecting lines with high FE. In the glasshouse experiments, genetic variation among the cultivars was found for flag-leaf light-saturated photosynthetic rate (Amax) at anthesis. Encouragingly, a positive correlation was found between Amax at initiation of booting and anthesis measured in the glasshouse and biomass at physiological maturity in raised beds and flat basins measured in the field experiments