Effect of non-structural masonry brick infill walls on the robustness of a RC

Western countries are increasingly demanding for robust structures, i.e., structures capable of withstanding local damage caused by unforeseen extreme events without triggering a progressive collapse, thus reducing the magnitude and proportion of the resulting consequences. In this paper, the robustness of framed RC buildings is analysed by comparing the reliability of the damaged structure with that of the original structure and considering (or not) the contribution of the masonry infill walls. To validate the adopted methodology, this is tested on a residential RC building severely damage due to a landslide, herein considered as case-study. A numerical model of the original, as well as, of the damaged structure is defined using force-based finite elements with distributed plasticity. Masonry infill walls are modelled as equivalent internal struts. Monte Carlo simulation and FORM coupled with artificial neural networks and response surface polynomials are used in parallel to perform the reliability analyses of both original and damaged structures. Obtained results show that the masonry infill walls are fundamental to contain damage progression after the failure of a couple of columns. In fact, without these non-structural elements, the structure would lack in robustness, and the probability of failure would be above 99%. On the contrary, by considering the structural contribution of the masonry infill walls, the robustness of the structure would be circa of 30% corresponding to a failureprobability of 6%

Investigação clínica e neurofisiológica de família com doença de Charcot-Marie-Tooth tipo 2 com sinais piramidais

Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is a hereditary neuropathy of motor and sensory impairment with distal predominance. Atrophy and weakness of lower limbs are the first signs of the disease. It can be classified, with the aid of electromyography and nerve conduction studies, as demyelinating (CMT1) or axonal (CMT2). OBJECTIVE: Clinical and neurophysiological investigation of a large multigenerational family with CMT2 with autosomal dominant mode of transmission. METHOD: Fifty individuals were evaluated and neurophysiological studies performed in 22 patients. RESULTS: Thirty individuals had clinical signs of motor-sensory neuropathy. Babinski sign was present in 14 individuals. Neurophysiological study showed motor-sensory axonal polyneuropathy. CONCLUSION: The clinical and neurophysiological characteristics of this family does not differ from those observed with other forms of CMT, except for the high prevalence of Babinski sign.A doença de Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) é uma neuropatia hereditária de acometimento sensitivo e motor de predomínio distal. Atrofia e fraqueza em membros inferiores são os primeiros sinais da doença. Pode ser classificada, com auxílio da eletroneuromiografia, em desmielinizante (CMT1) ou axonal (CMT2). OBJETIVO: Investigação clínica e neurofisiológica de família com portadores de CMT2 de herança dominante. MÉTODO: Foi feita avaliação neurológica de 50 indivíduos e eletroneuromiografia em 22 pacientes. RESULTADOS: Trinta indivíduos tinham sinais clínicos de neuropatia sensitivo-motora. Sinal de Babinski estava presente em 14 indivíduos. A eletroneuromiografia demonstrou polineuropatia axonal sensitiva e motora. CONCLUSÃO: As características clínicas e neurofisiológicas desta família não se diferem das observadas em outras formas de CMT, exceto pela alta prevalência de sinal de Babinski

Avaliação de objetos virtuais de aprendizagem para o ensino superior à distância: um estudo numa universidade particular de São Luís-ma

Orientação: Dulce Maria Morais do Amaral FrancoA presente investigação fundamenta-se nos processos de uso, seleção e avaliação de Objetos de Aprendizagem(OA) para a Educação à distância identificando as características que os mesmos devem ter. Os procedimentos descritivos e quantitativos tiveram por base estudo de caso com uma amostra de quarenta e oito educadores do Ensino Superior que avaliaram dois OA através de questionário com perguntas abertas e fechadas.Os resultados obtidos apontam para a necessidade de transposição de alguns fatores críticos entre os quais a qualificação dos atores envolvidos. Destacou-se que para seleção de um OA deve-se ter ser como base a definição de estratégia educacional que pode usar várias posturas teóricas conjuntas com equilíbrio entre os aspectos ditos pedagógicos e técnicos. O perfil do educador do estudo apontou para uso do computador na prática educacional com três ou mais anos de forma motivada, atuando como professor planejador ou na tutoria presencial. Os mesmos demonstraram alta percepção da necessidade de levar em consideração os critérios de seleção dos OA com variação no comportamento dos Coordenadores. Ratificaram-se essas características de percepção dos educadores através das analises especificas dos objetos avaliados, constatando-se ainda aspectos educacionais multifocais daqueles objetos, uma vez que não se identificou prevalência em relação á uma característica de forma expressivamente destacada.This research is based on the use of processes and Learning Object selection for Distance Education identified the characteristics that they should have. The descriptive and quantitative procedures had a case study based educators at a university in which it sought to analysis in relation to their qualitative significance. The results point to the need for implementation of some critical factors including the qualification of the actors involved. It was stressed that for selection of OA should be taken to be based on the definition of educational strategy that can use multiple joint theoretical positions to balance said pedagogical and technical aspects. The study of the educator profile pointed to computer use in educational practice to three years or more motivated way, acting as a teacher planner or classroom tutoring. They showed a high awareness of the need to take into account the O.A selection criteria change in coordinator behavior. Ratified to these perceived characteristics of educators through the specific analyzes of this object, even if finding them multifocal educational aspects of those objects, since it was not significant prevalence in relation to a characteristic significantly prominently

Identificação de compostos voláteis associados à maturação de cerveja em madeira

Dissertação (mestrado) — Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologias Química e Biológica, 2018.A cerveja é a bebida alcoólica mais consumida no Brasil. Dentro desta produção, estão inseridas as cervejas especiais e nestas a aplicação do estilo Wood Aged maturadas em madeira. Este processo pode ser realizado na presença de cubos, lascas, chips ou em barris. Desta última variação originou o estilo Barrel Aged, maturação em barril. A diferença entre os processos está relacionada à exposição da área superficial da madeira com a bebida e o meio onde ela se encontra armazenada, ao qual proporcionará características sensoriais e visuais diferenciadas, tais como a turbidez, cor, e influência na bebabilidade. Em vista da vasta variedade de espécies de madeira no Brasil, é possível vislumbrar sua aplicação para tal fim, porém para isso é fundamental a coleta de dados relacionados a caracterização das diversas madeiras. Foram analisadas amostras de madeiras nacionais para utilizá-las em formato de cubos numa amostra de cerveja tipo lager. Diante do exposto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar a composição química de tais madeiras tostadas a fim de aplicá-las como inovação tecnológica na etapa de maturação do processo para produzir cervejas do estilo Wood Aged. Para isso, foi observado os efeitos físico-químicos, microbiológicos e sensoriais sobre a bebida, em comparação com a cerveja base padrão. Dentre as análises realizadas, para teor de extratíveis, lignina e holocelulose, as madeiras de Castanheira, Jequitibá, Bálsamo, Carvalho e Amburana se destacaram, indicando que sua aplicação na maturação garante aromas e sabores característicos, provindos dos compostos estruturais da madeira através da degradação térmica da lignina e da holocelulose. Pode-se observar que a variação da tosta afetou os valores de extratíveis, lignina e holocelulose na madeira proporcionando diferentes contribuições sensoriais a bebida.Os sabores e aromas foram identificados através de análise sensorial realizada por um corpo de jurados treinados para este fim, e se pode observar através destas análises, um aumento considerável da complexidade nas cervejas maturadas em madeira. Apesar de algumas amostras apresentarem microorganismos indesejáveis ao processo o perfil sensorial da madeira foi mais pronunciado. De acordo com os resultados, a maturação em cubos é efetiva para aplicação em envelhecimento de cerveja, influenciando principalmente na análise organoléptica e visual. A maturação acrescenta valor a cerveja como já é observado no mercado, o processo com cubos de madeira proporciona maior valor agregado ao produto, diminui custos de produção, aumenta a eficiência e produtividade dos processos cervejeiros produzindo cervejas com características sensoriais únicas.Beer is the most consumed alcoholic beverage in Brazil. Within this production, are inserted the special beers and in these the application of the Style Wood Aged matured in wood. This process can be performed in the presence of cubes, chips, chips or in barrels. Of this last variation originated the style Barrel Aged, maturation in barrel. The difference between the processes is related to the exposure of the surface area of the wood to the beverage and the medium where it is stored, which will provide different sensorial and visual characteristics, such as turbidity, color, and influence on drinkability. In view of the wide variety of wood species in Brazil, it is possible to glimpse its application for this purpose, however for this it is fundamental the collection of data related to the characterization of the different woods. For this reason, samples of domestic woods were analyzed to use them in cube format in a sample of lager beer. In view of the above, the objective of this work was to characterize the chemical composition of these roasted woods in order to apply them in the maturing stage of the process to produce Wood Aged style beers. For this, the physical-chemical, microbiological and sensory effects on the beverage were observed in comparison to the standard beer base. Among the analyzes carried out, for the content of extractables, lignin and holocellulose, the Castanheira, Jequitibá, Bálsamo, Carvalho and Amburana woods stood out, indicating that their application in maturation guarantees characteristic aromas and flavors, derived from the extruded wood compounds through degradation lignin and holocellulose. It can be observed that the variation of the toast affected the values of extractables, lignin and holocellulose in the wood, providing different sensorial contributions to the beverage. Flavors and aromas have been identified through sensory analysis performed by a body of jurors trained for this purpose, and a considerable increase in the complexity of beers matured in wood can be observed. Although some samples presented microorganisms undesirable to the process the sensorial profile of the wood was more pronounced. According to the results, the maturation in cubes is effective for application in beer aging, mainly influencing the organoleptic and visual analysis. The maturation adds value to beer as it is already observed in the market, the process with wooden cubes provides greater added value to the product, decreases production costs, increases the efficiency and productivity of the brewing processes producing beers with unique sensorial characteristics

On the robustness to corrosion in the life cycle assessment of an existing reinforced concrete bridge

Management of existing structures has traditionally been based on condition assessment, based on visual inspections, disregarding the susceptibility of different structural types to aging and deterioration. Robustness, as a measure of the effects of unpredictable damage to structural safety can be a complementary information to the results of inspection. Although robustness has mostly been used to evaluate the consequences of extreme events, a similar framework can be used to investigate the result of aging, allowing a better understanding of the potential effects of deterioration and allowing a better allocation of available maintenance funding. In this work, a probabilistic structural robustness indicator is used to quantify the susceptibility of structures to corrosion. The methodology is exemplified through a case study comprising an existing reinforced concrete bridge deck, heavily damaged due to reinforcement corrosion, and finally demolished due to safety concerns. Robustness measures the bridge deck safety tolerance to reinforcement corrosion. The principal effects of corrosion, including loss of area and bond between concrete and steel are modelled using a non-linear finite-element model, coupled with a Response Surface Method to compute the bridge reliability as a function of the corrosion level, and finally used to assess robustness. Results show that the redundancy of the bridge allows significant redistribution of loads between elements with different corrosion levels. As a result, the bridge presents significant robustness and tolerance to reinforcement corrosion

A reliability-based measure of robustness for concrete structures subjected to corrosion

This work is a contribution to the definition and assessment of structural robustness. Special emphasis is given to reliability of reinforced concrete structures under corrosion of longitudinal reinforcement. On this communication several authors’ proposals in order to define and measure structural robustness are analyzed and discussed. The probabilistic based robustness index is defined, considering the reliability index decreasing for all possible damage levels. Damage is considered as the corrosion level of the longitudinal reinforcement in terms of rebar weight loss. Damage produces changes in both cross sectional area of rebar and bond strength. The proposed methodology is illustrated by means of an application example. In order to consider the impact of reinforcement corrosion on failure probability growth, an advanced methodology based on the strong discontinuities approach and an isotropic continuum damage model for concrete is adopted. The methodology consist on a two-step analysis: on the first step an analysis of the cross section is performed in order to capture phenomena such as expansion of the reinforcement due to the corrosion products accumulation and damage and cracking in the reinforcement surrounding concrete; on the second step a 2D deteriorated structural model is built with the results obtained on the first step of the analysis. The referred methodology combined with a Monte Carlo simulation is then used to compute the failure probability and the reliability index of the structure for different corrosion levels. Finally, structural robustness is assessed using the proposed probabilistic index

Robustness of corroded reinforced concrete structures. A structural performance approach

Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 1-17The aim of this work is to provide new contributions in order to define more accurately the structural robustness concept, particularly when applied to corroded reinforced concrete (RC) structures. To fulfill such task, several robustness indicators are analyzed and discussed with special emphasis on structural performance based measures. A new robustness definition and a framework to assess it are then proposed, based on the structural performance lost after damage occurrence. The competence of the proposed methodology is then tested comparing the robustness of two reinforced concrete foot bridges under corrosion. The damage considered is the longitudinal reinforcement corrosion level and load carrying capacity is the structural performance evaluated. In order to analyze corrosion effects, a finite element based on a two step analysis is adopted. In the first step a cross section analysis is performed to capture phenomenons such as expansion of the reinforcement due to the corrosion products accumulation; damage and cracking in the reinforcement surrounding concrete; steel-concrete bond strength degradation; and effective reinforcement area reduction. The results obtained are then used to build a 2D structural model, in order to assess the maximum load carrying capacity of the corroded structure. For each foot bridge, robustness is assessed using the proposed methodology

Processes for alcohol-free beer production : a review

Since the invention of beer by the Sumerian people in 5000 BC, alcohol was the main reason of the interest of consumers on beer. Only in the beginning of the 20th century alcohol-free beer was demanded and since then technology has advanced dramatically in the production of those beverages. The aim on alcohol-free beer production is to have products that taste similarly to their alcoholic equivalents, the sole absence of alcohol and low concentrations of esters and higher alcohols and the higher concentration of aldehydes create a “worty” organoleptic impression of those products. Alcohol-free beers can be obtained by the restriction of alcohol formation during fermentation, the use of special yeast strains that consume or don’t produce alcohol, the thermal removal of alcohol and by the removal of alcohol trough membrane processes. Membrane separated alcohol-free beers preserve more of the natural constituents of beer aroma and those products usually taste better than those obtained through other processes. Pervaporation techniques show a broad spectrum of use and can even be combined with other processes and perform the removal of undesired products or separation and recuperation of aromatic substances

BRAZILIAN PERMANENT ORIENTEERING TRAINING CAMPS: THE PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN THE PUBLIC UNIVERSITY AND THE BRAZILIAN ARMY IN EDUCATION AND SPORT

According to the International Orienteering Federation, Orienteering is a sport in which the athlete performs a route with controlling points in the shortest possible time aided by the compass and the map. It is also a valuable tool for teaching orienteering in its widest sense, cartography and land navigation for all kinds of fieldwork. When compared to other sports, orienteering requires large periods of time to prepare any kind of course, even the training ones. The Permanent Orienteering Training Camps are an option to facilitate teaching and learning of this sport and navigational skills. This article summarizes the history of the Brazilianpermanent orienteering training camps and presents the partnership among the Federal University of Technology — Paraná (UTFPR — Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná), the Brazilian Army and other institutions for theencouragement of this sport and its educational possibilities at regional and national levels. This paper also presents the criteria and solutions adopted for these facilities and their possibilities in competition, training, education and research

A framework for robustness assessment in the context of corroded RC structures

Structural robustness is an emergent concept related to the structural response to damage. At the present time, robustness is not well defined and much controversy still remains around this subject. Even if robustness has seen growing interest as a consequence of catastrophic consequences due to extreme events, the fact is that the concept can also be very useful when considered on more probable exposure scenarios such as deterioration, among others. This paper intends to be a contribution to the definition of structural robustness, especially in the analysis of reinforced concrete structures subjected to corrosion. To achieve this, first of all, several proposed robustness definitions and indicators and misunderstood concepts will be analyzed and compared. From this point and regarding a concept that could be applied to most type of structures and dam-age scenarios, a robustness definition is proposed. To illustrate the proposed concept, an example of corroded reinforced concrete structures will be analyzed using nonlinear analysis numerical methods based on a contin-uum strong discontinuities approach and isotropic damage models for concrete. Finally the robustness of the presented example will be assessed.COST Action TU-0601; Fundação para Ciência e Tecnologi