162 research outputs found

    Modélisation numérique en vue de la conception d'un actionneur SCAO magnétohydrodynamique de précision

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    Cette thĂšse s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un projet R&T CNES. Elle concerne l'Ă©tude d'un actionneur appelĂ© roue d'inertie, qui fait partie intĂ©grante de l'ensemble SCAO (SystĂšme de ContrĂŽle d'Attitude et d'Orbite). Les nouvelles roues proposĂ©es, dites MagnĂ©tohydrodynamique (MHD) Ă  Conduction, prĂ©sentent un volant d'inertie fluidique sous forme d'un canal torique, dans lequel un mĂ©tal liquide conducteur Ă  fort potentiel inertiel est mis en mouvement sous l'effet d'un champ Ă©lectromagnĂ©tique. Contrairement aux roues actuelles, elles n'ont pas de roulements ni d'arbre mĂ©canique ce qui permet un gain en espace, un Ă©loignement idĂ©al de la masse inertielle, et une durĂ©e de vie thĂ©oriquement illimitĂ©e. Aussi, de par la viscositĂ© naturelle du fluide, elles ne prĂ©sentent pas de non-linĂ©aritĂ© autour de la vitesse nulle ce qui Ă©vite une perte de prĂ©cision sur le contrĂŽle du couple de rĂ©action, et donc du pointage du satellite. Le travail rĂ©alisĂ© pendant la thĂšse porte sur l'apprĂ©hension des phĂ©nomĂšnes MHD consistant en un couplage entre les lois de la MĂ©canique des Fluides et celles de l’ElectromagnĂ©tisme, au travers de la loi d’Ohm gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©e. A partir d'hypothĂšses axisymĂ©triques, et dans le cadre des milieux incompressibles et d’un Ă©coulement laminaire, un modĂšle gĂ©nĂ©rale 3D a pu ĂȘtre Ă©tablie. Puis une formulation 1D cylindrique a permis une rĂ©solution analytique, et une autre en 2D axisymĂ©trique, par rĂ©solution numĂ©rique en diffĂ©rences fines, a permis l'amĂ©lioration de la prĂ©cision des rĂ©sultats. Ce modĂšle a permis de comprendre que deux approches Ă©taient possibles pour la conception et plus particuliĂšrement la commande de l'actionneur. Cette rĂ©solution, faisant l'objet du dĂ©veloppement d'un code numĂ©rique, a d'abord portĂ© sur les Ă©quations en rĂ©gime permanent, puis en temporel, afin de caractĂ©riser l'actionneur du point de vue de ses deux modes de fonctionnement. La rĂ©alisation d’un prototype a permis de quantifier la validitĂ© de la modĂ©lisation d’un point de vue dynamique

    Invasive breast cancer following bilateral subcutaneous mastectomy in a BRCA2 mutation carrier: a case report and review of the literature

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    BACKGROUND: Primary prevention of breast cancer through prophylactic mastectomy can reduce the risk of malignancy in high-risk individuals. No type of mastectomy completely removes all breast tissue, but a subcutaneous mastectomy leaves more tissue in situ than does a simple mastectomy. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of invasive breast cancer in a BRCA2-positive woman 33 years after bilateral subcutaneous mastectomy. To our knowledge, only one case of primary breast cancer after prophylactic mastectomy in a BRCA1-positive patient has been reported in the literature and none in BRCA2-positive individuals. CONCLUSION: Careful documentation and long follow-up is essential to fully assess the benefits and risks of preventive surgical procedures in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers

    53. L’imagerie mammaire en 3D : la mammographie de demain ?

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    CT Diagnosis of Fitz-Hugh and Curtis Syndrome: Value of the Arterial Phase Scan

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    Objective We wanted to evaluate the role of the arterial phase (AP) together with the portal venous phase (PP) scans in the diagnosis of Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome (FHCS) with using computed tomography (CT). Materials and Methods Twenty-five patients with FHCS and 25 women presenting with non-specifically diagnosed acute abdominal pain and who underwent biphasic CT examinations were evaluated. The AP scan included the upper abdomen, and the PP scan included the whole abdomen. Two radiologists blindly and retrospectively reviewed the PP scans first and then they reviewed the AP plus PP scans. The diagnostic accuracy of FHCS on each image set was compared for each reader by analyzing the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (Az). Weighted kappa (wk) statistics were used to measure the interobserver agreement for the presence of CT signs of the pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) on the PP images and FHCS as the diagnosis based on the increased perihepatic enhancement on both sets of images. Results The individual diagnostic accuracy of FHCS was higher on the biphasic images (Az = 0.905 and 0.942 for reader 1 and 2, respectively) than on the PP images alone (Az = 0.806 and 0.706, respectively). The interobserver agreement for the presence of PID on the PP images was moderate (wk = 0.530). The interobserver agreement for FHCS as the diagnosis was moderate on only the PP images (wk = 0.413), but it was substantial on the biphasic images (wk = 0.719). Conclusion Inclusion of the AP scan is helpful to depict the increased perihepatic enhancement, and it improves the diagnostic accuracy of FHCS on CT.ope

    Versican but not decorin accumulation is related to malignancy in mammographically detected high density and malignant-appearing microcalcifications in non-palpable breast carcinomas

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Mammographic density (MD) and malignant-appearing microcalcifications (MAMCs) represent the earliest mammographic findings of non-palpable breast carcinomas. Matrix proteoglycans versican and decorin are frequently over-expressed in various malignancies and are differently involved in the progression of cancer. In the present study, we have evaluated the expression of versican and decorin in non-palpable breast carcinomas and their association with high risk mammographic findings and tumor characteristics.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Three hundred and ten patients with non-palpable suspicious breast lesions, detected during screening mammography, were studied. Histological examination was carried out and the expression of decorin, versican, estrogen receptor α (ERα), progesterone receptor (PR) and c-erbB2 (HER-2/neu) was assessed by immunohistochemistry.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Histological examination showed 83 out of 310 (26.8%) carcinomas of various subtypes. Immunohistochemistry was carried out in 62/83 carcinomas. Decorin was accumulated in breast tissues with MD and MAMCs independently of the presence of malignancy. In contrast, versican was significantly increased only in carcinomas with MAMCs (median ± SE: 42.0 ± 9.1) and MD (22.5 ± 10.1) as compared to normal breast tissue with MAMCs (14.0 ± 5.8), MD (11.0 ± 4.4) and normal breast tissue without mammographic findings (10.0 ± 2.0). Elevated levels of versican were correlated with higher tumor grade and invasiveness in carcinomas with MD and MAMCs, whereas increased amounts of decorin were associated with <it>in situ </it>carcinomas in MAMCs. Stromal deposition of both proteoglycans was related to higher expression of ERα and PR in tumor cells only in MAMCs.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The specific accumulation of versican in breast tissue with high MD and MAMCs only in the presence of malignant transformation and its association with the aggressiveness of the tumor suggests its possible use as molecular marker in non-palpable breast carcinomas.</p

    Numerical Modeling to Design an Accurate Magnetohydrodynamic Actuator AOCS

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    Cette thĂšse s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un projet R&T CNES. Elle concerne l'Ă©tude d'un actionneur appelĂ© roue d'inertie, qui fait partie intĂ©grante de l'ensemble SCAO (SystĂšme de ContrĂŽle d'Attitude et d'Orbite). Les nouvelles roues proposĂ©es, dites MagnĂ©tohydrodynamique (MHD) Ă  Conduction, prĂ©sentent un volant d'inertie fluidique sous forme d'un canal torique, dans lequel un mĂ©tal liquide conducteur Ă  fort potentiel inertiel est mis en mouvement sous l'effet d'un champ Ă©lectromagnĂ©tique. Contrairement aux roues actuelles, elles n'ont pas de roulements ni d'arbre mĂ©canique ce qui permet un gain en espace, un Ă©loignement idĂ©al de la masse inertielle, et une durĂ©e de vie thĂ©oriquement illimitĂ©e. Aussi, de par la viscositĂ© naturelle du fluide, elles ne prĂ©sentent pas de non-linĂ©aritĂ© autour de la vitesse nulle ce qui Ă©vite une perte de prĂ©cision sur le contrĂŽle du couple de rĂ©action, et donc du pointage du satellite. Le travail rĂ©alisĂ© pendant la thĂšse porte sur l'apprĂ©hension des phĂ©nomĂšnes MHD consistant en un couplage entre les lois de la MĂ©canique des Fluides et celles de l’ElectromagnĂ©tisme, au travers de la loi d’Ohm gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©e. A partir d'hypothĂšses axisymĂ©triques, et dans le cadre des milieux incompressibles et d’un Ă©coulement laminaire, un modĂšle gĂ©nĂ©rale 3D a pu ĂȘtre Ă©tablie. Puis une formulation 1D cylindrique a permis une rĂ©solution analytique, et une autre en 2D axisymĂ©trique, par rĂ©solution numĂ©rique en diffĂ©rences fines, a permis l'amĂ©lioration de la prĂ©cision des rĂ©sultats. Ce modĂšle a permis de comprendre que deux approches Ă©taient possibles pour la conception et plus particuliĂšrement la commande de l'actionneur. Cette rĂ©solution, faisant l'objet du dĂ©veloppement d'un code numĂ©rique, a d'abord portĂ© sur les Ă©quations en rĂ©gime permanent, puis en temporel, afin de caractĂ©riser l'actionneur du point de vue de ses deux modes de fonctionnement. La rĂ©alisation d’un prototype a permis de quantifier la validitĂ© de la modĂ©lisation d’un point de vue dynamique.This thesis is part of a CNES R&T project. It's related to the study of an actuator called flywheel, which is part of AOCS (Attitude an Orbit Control System). The proposed new wheels, said Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), are constituted by a fluid flywheel in the form of a ring channel, in which a conductive and high inertial potential liquid metal is driven through an electromagnetic field (Lorentz's force). Unlike current wheels, among others types DC brushless motor, MHD wheels, whose rotor is the fluid, have neither bearings nor mechanical shaft. This allows space saving, an ideal distance of the inertial mass, and a theoretically unlimited lifespan. Moreover, thanks to the natural viscosity of the fluid, they do not present a non-linearity around the zero speed which avoids a loss of precision in the reaction torque's control, and therefore the satellite pointing. The work for the thesis focuses on the apprehension of MHD phenomena. Indeed, MHD is a coupling between fluid mechanics' laws (Navier-Stokes, etc.) and Maxwell's equations, through the Lorentz force. From a number of assumptions, and as part of incompressible environment, a genral 3D model has been established. Then a 1D cylindrical formulation allowed an analytical resolution and another 2D axisymmetric one, by finite differences resolution, helped to improve results. This model allow us to understand that both approaches were possible for the design and especially the actuator control. The resolution, which is subjected to the development of a numerical code, first focused on the equations in steady state, then in dynamic, to characterize the actuator in terms of its two operating modes. The realization of a prototype has quantified the validity of the model from a dynamic point of view

    Electric Vector Potential Formulation to Model a Magnetohydrodynamic Inertial Actuator

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