Atividade leishmanicida do extrato de Echinaster (Othilia) echinophorus

In this study, a methanolic extract from Echinaster (Othilia) echinophorus was evaluated for activity against Leishmania amazonensis. The extract showed activity against the promastigote and amastigote forms with IC50 values of 62.9 and 37.5 μg.mL-1 respectively. This extract showed a moderate toxicity on macrophages from BALB/c mice. A dose of 100 mg/kg/day was effective when administered during 15 days by intraperitoneal route to BALB/c mice infected experimentally.Neste estudo descreve-se o efeito de um extrato metanólico de Echinaster echinophorus spp. no parasita Leishmania amazonensis. Em testes com as formas promastigotas e amastigotas, o IC50 do extrato foi 62,9 e 37,5 μg.mL-1, respectivamente. O extrato também tem toxicidade moderada em macrófagos de camundongos BALB/c. O tratamento de camundongos BALB/c infectados com L. amazonensis com doses diárias de 100 mg/kg/dia via intraperitoneal durante 15 dias mostrou-se relativamente efetivo no controle da infecção. Esta investigação confirma a importância de produtos naturais como fonte para a descoberta de fármacos com funções anti-Leishmania

Actividad antimalárica in vitro y citotoxicidad de algunas plantas medicinales Cubanas seleccionadas

Terrestrial plants have been demonstrated to be sources of antimalarial compounds. In Cuba, little is known about antimalarial potentials of plant species used as medicinals. For that reason, we evaluated the antimalarial activity of 14 plant species used in Cuba as antimalarial, antipyretic and/or antiparasitic. Hydroalcoholic extracts were prepared and tested in vitro for the antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum Ghana strain and over human cell line MRC-5 to determine cytotoxicity. Parasite multiplication was determined microscopically by the direct count of Giemsa stained parasites. A colorimetric assay was used to quantify cytotoxicity. Nine extracts showed IC50 values lower than 100 µg/mL against P. falciparum, four extracts were classified as marginally active (SI < 4), one as partially active (Parthenium hysterophorus) exhibiting SI equal to 6.2 and two extracts as active (Bambusa vulgaris and Punica granatum), showing SI &gt; 10. B. vulgaris showed the most potent and specific antiplasmodial action (IC50 = 4.7 µg/mL, SI = 28.9). Phytochemical characterization of active extracts confirmed the presence of triterpenoids in B. vulgaris and polar compounds with phenol free groups and fluorescent metabolites in both extracts as major phytocompounds, by thin layer chromatography. In conclusion, antimalarial use of B. vulgaris and P. hysterophorus was validated. B. vulgaris and P. granatum extracts were selected for follow-up because of their strong antimalarial activity.Las plantas terrestres han demostrado ser fuentes de compuestos antimaláricos. En Cuba, el conocimiento sobre el potencial antimalárico de las plantas medicinales es escaso. Por esta razón, evaluamos la actividad antimalárica de 14 especies de plantas usadas en Cuba como antimaláricas, antipiréticas y/o antiparasitarias. Se prepararon extractos hidroalcohólicos y se probaron in vitro frente a la cepa Ghana de Plasmodium falciparum para la actividad antimalárica y frente a la línea celular humana MRC-5 para determinar citotoxicidad. La multiplicación de los parásitos se determinó microscópicamente mediante el conteo directo de los parásitos teñidos con Giemsa. Un ensayo colorimétrico se utilizó para cuantificar la citotoxicidad. Nueve extractos mostraron valores de CI50 frente a Plasmodium falciparum por debajo de 100 µg/mL; cuatro extractos se clasificaron como marginalmente activos (IS < 4), uno parcialmente activo (Parthenium hysterophorus) exhibiendo IS de 6.2 y dos activos (Bambusa vulgaris y Punica granatum) mostrando IS&gt;10. B. vulgaris, mostró la acción más potente y específica (CI50 = 4,7 µg/mL, IS = 28,9). La caracterización fitoquímica de los extractos más activos; confirmó la presencia de triterpenoides en B. vulgaris y de compuestos polares con grupos fenólicos libres y metabolitos fluorescentes en ambos extractos como fitocompuestos principales mediante cromatografía en capa delgada. En conclusión, se validó el uso antimalárico de B. vulgaris y P. hysterophorus. Los extractos de B. vulgaris y P. granatum se seleccionaron para seguimiento por su potente actividad antimalárica

Índice de progreso social del distrito de Lince

Los indicadores económicos, como el producto bruto interno (PBI), por sí solos, no miden el progreso social de la población. Es por ello que surgió el Índice de Progreso Social (IPS) como herramienta holística e integral que nos proporciona una medida de forma independiente a los indicadores económicos y el cual fue creado con la finalidad de apoyar las acciones de mejora del progreso social enfocada a satisfacer las necesidades básicas humanas, de establecer elementos fundamentales para la mejora del bienestar de las personas, y de crear las oportunidades para que los ciudadanos puedan lograr su desarrollo tanto personal como profesional. El IPS tiene tres dimensiones: Necesidades Humanas Básicas, Fundamentos del Bienestar y Oportunidades, donde cada una de ellas está conformada por cuatro componentes. Asimismo, la metodología del IPS abarca los principios de: a) indicadores exclusivamente sociales y ambientales, b) se enfoca en resultados y no en esfuerzos, c) es holístico y relevante para todos los países y d) es una herramienta aplicable que ayuda a los líderes de sociedad a implementar políticas para el progreso social. El propósito de la investigación es calcular el nivel de progreso social del distrito de Lince, departamento de Lima de acuerdo a la metodología implementada por la organización no gubernamental Social Progress Imperative y adaptada, a nivel distrital por CENTRUM Católica. El resultado de la presente investigación de enfoque cuantitativo y diseño no experimental ubica al distrito de Lince en un nivel medio bajo con un puntaje de 61.74 en una escala del 0 al 100, y a nivel de dimensiones obtuvo los siguientes resultados: en Necesidades Humanas Básicas obtuvo 70.24 puntos, en Fundamentos del Bienestar obtuvo 58.94 puntos y en Oportunidades obtuvo un puntaje de 56.03 puntos. La muestra estuvo conformada por 414 hogares y la recolección de datos se realizó a través de encuestas como fuente primaria, así como de fuentes secundarias provenientes de instituciones públicas. Esta medición permitirá a las autoridades del distrito conocer y comparar el progreso social del distrito de Lince y tomar las medidas necesarias a fin de supervisar y mejorar el progreso social, e implementar políticas públicas que ayuden al desarrollo social y medioambiental de sus habitantes. Asimismo, se pretende incentivar a la gestión municipal del distrito de Lince en continuar periódicamente con el cálculo de este indicador y así observar su evolución y el impacto logrado producto de las decisiones por parte de sus autoridades.Economic indicators, such as GDP, by themselves, do not measure the social progress of the citizens. The Social Progress Index (SPI) provides us an independent measure of economic indicators. That is why the Social Progress Index (SPI) emerged as a holistic and comprehensive tool that provides us with a measure independent of the economic indicators and which was created with the purpose of supporting actions to improve social progress of a society focused on satisfying the basic human needs, to establish fundamental elements for the improvement of people´s welfare, and to create opportunities for citizens to achieve their personal and professional development. The IPS has three dimensions: basic human needs, welfare fundamentals and opportunities, where each of them is made up of four components. Likewise, the IPS methodology covers the principles of a) exclusively social and environmental indicators, b) it focuses on results and not on efforts, c) it is holistic and relevant for all countries and d) it is an applicable tool that helps society leaders to implement policies for social progress. The purpose of the research is to calculate the level of social progress of the district of Lince, Lima, according to the methodology implemented by the nongovernmental organization Social Progress Imperative and adapted, at district level by CENTRUM Católica. The result of the present investigation of quantitative approach and non-experimental design locates the district of Lince in a middle-low level with a score of 61.74 on a scale from 0 to 100, and at the level of dimensions obtained the following results: in Basic Human Needs obtained 70.24 points, in Foundations of Wellbeing obtained 58.94 points and in Opportunities obtained a score of 56.03 points. The sample consisted of 414 homes and data collection was carried out through surveys as a primary source, as well as secondary sources from public institutions. This measurement will allow the district authorities to know and compare the social progress of the district of Lince and take the necessary measures to monitor and improve social progress and implement public policies that help the social and environmental development of its citizens. Likewise, it is intended to encourage the municipal management of the Lince district to periodically continue with the calculation of this indicator and thus observe its evolution and the impact achieved as a result of decisions by its authorities.Tesi

Common non-synonymous SNPs associated with breast cancer susceptibility: findings from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium.

Candidate variant association studies have been largely unsuccessful in identifying common breast cancer susceptibility variants, although most studies have been underpowered to detect associations of a realistic magnitude. We assessed 41 common non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) for which evidence of association with breast cancer risk had been previously reported. Case-control data were combined from 38 studies of white European women (46 450 cases and 42 600 controls) and analyzed using unconditional logistic regression. Strong evidence of association was observed for three nsSNPs: ATXN7-K264R at 3p21 [rs1053338, per allele OR = 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04-1.10, P = 2.9 × 10(-6)], AKAP9-M463I at 7q21 (rs6964587, OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.03-1.07, P = 1.7 × 10(-6)) and NEK10-L513S at 3p24 (rs10510592, OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.07-1.12, P = 5.1 × 10(-17)). The first two associations reached genome-wide statistical significance in a combined analysis of available data, including independent data from nine genome-wide association studies (GWASs): for ATXN7-K264R, OR = 1.07 (95% CI = 1.05-1.10, P = 1.0 × 10(-8)); for AKAP9-M463I, OR = 1.05 (95% CI = 1.04-1.07, P = 2.0 × 10(-10)). Further analysis of other common variants in these two regions suggested that intronic SNPs nearby are more strongly associated with disease risk. We have thus identified a novel susceptibility locus at 3p21, and confirmed previous suggestive evidence that rs6964587 at 7q21 is associated with risk. The third locus, rs10510592, is located in an established breast cancer susceptibility region; the association was substantially attenuated after adjustment for the known GWAS hit. Thus, each of the associated nsSNPs is likely to be a marker for another, non-coding, variant causally related to breast cancer risk. Further fine-mapping and functional studies are required to identify the underlying risk-modifying variants and the genes through which they act

Common non-synonymous SNPs associated with breast cancer susceptibility: findings from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium.

Candidate variant association studies have been largely unsuccessful in identifying common breast cancer susceptibility variants, although most studies have been underpowered to detect associations of a realistic magnitude. We assessed 41 common non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) for which evidence of association with breast cancer risk had been previously reported. Case-control data were combined from 38 studies of white European women (46 450 cases and 42 600 controls) and analyzed using unconditional logistic regression. Strong evidence of association was observed for three nsSNPs: ATXN7-K264R at 3p21 [rs1053338, per allele OR = 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04-1.10, P = 2.9 × 10(-6)], AKAP9-M463I at 7q21 (rs6964587, OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.03-1.07, P = 1.7 × 10(-6)) and NEK10-L513S at 3p24 (rs10510592, OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.07-1.12, P = 5.1 × 10(-17)). The first two associations reached genome-wide statistical significance in a combined analysis of available data, including independent data from nine genome-wide association studies (GWASs): for ATXN7-K264R, OR = 1.07 (95% CI = 1.05-1.10, P = 1.0 × 10(-8)); for AKAP9-M463I, OR = 1.05 (95% CI = 1.04-1.07, P = 2.0 × 10(-10)). Further analysis of other common variants in these two regions suggested that intronic SNPs nearby are more strongly associated with disease risk. We have thus identified a novel susceptibility locus at 3p21, and confirmed previous suggestive evidence that rs6964587 at 7q21 is associated with risk. The third locus, rs10510592, is located in an established breast cancer susceptibility region; the association was substantially attenuated after adjustment for the known GWAS hit. Thus, each of the associated nsSNPs is likely to be a marker for another, non-coding, variant causally related to breast cancer risk. Further fine-mapping and functional studies are required to identify the underlying risk-modifying variants and the genes through which they act.BCAC is funded by Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10118, C1287/A12014) and by the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement n8 223175 (HEALTH-F2–2009-223175) (COGS). Meetings of the BCAC have been funded by the European Union COST programme (BM0606). Genotyping of the iCOGS array was funded by the European Union (HEALTH-F2-2009-223175), Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10710), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research for the ‘CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer’ program and the Ministry of Economic Development, Innovation and Export Trade of Quebec (PSR-SIIRI-701). Additional support for the iCOGS infrastructure was provided by the National Institutes of Health (CA128978) and Post-Cancer GWAS initiative (1U19 CA148537, 1U19 CA148065 and 1U19 CA148112—the GAME-ON initiative), the Department of Defence (W81XWH-10-1-0341), Komen Foundation for the Cure, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, and the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund. The ABCFS and OFBCR work was supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute (USA). The content of this manuscript does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the National Cancer Institute or any of the collaborating centers in the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR), nor does mention of trade names, commercial products or organizations imply endorsement t by the US Government or the BCFR. The ABCFS was also supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, the New South Wales Cancer Council, the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (Australia) and the Victorian Breast Cancer Research Consortium. J.L.H. is a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Principal Research Fellow and M.C.S. is a NHMRC Senior Research Fellow. The OFBCR work was also supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research ‘CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer’ program. The ABCS was funded by the Dutch Cancer Society Grant no. NKI2007-3839 and NKI2009-4363. The ACP study is funded by the Breast Cancer Research Trust, UK. The work of the BBCC was partly funded by ELAN-Programme of the University Hospital of Erlangen. The BBCS is funded by Cancer Research UK and Breakthrough Breast Cancer and acknowledges NHS funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, and the National Cancer Research Network (NCRN). E.S. is supported by NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy’s & St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust in partnership with King’s College London, UK. Core funding to the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics was provided by the Wellcome Trust (090532/Z/09/Z). I.T. is supported by the Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. The BSUCH study was supported by the Dietmar-Hopp Foundation, the Helmholtz Society and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ). The CECILE study was funded by the Fondation de France, the French National Institute of Cancer (INCa), The National League against Cancer, the National Agency for Environmental l and Occupational Health and Food Safety (ANSES), the National Agency for Research (ANR), and the Association for Research against Cancer (ARC). The CGPS was supported by the Chief Physician Johan Boserup and Lise Boserup Fund, the Danish Medical Research Council and Herlev Hospital.The CNIO-BCS was supported by the Genome Spain Foundation the Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Cáncer and grants from the Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer and the Fondo de Investigación Sanitario PI11/00923 and PI081120). The Human Genotyping-CEGEN Unit, CNIO is supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III. D.A. was supported by a Fellowship from the Michael Manzella Foundation (MMF) and was a participant in the CNIO Summer Training Program. The CTS was initially supported by the California Breast Cancer Act of 1993 and the California Breast Cancer Research Fund (contract 97-10500) and is currently funded through the National Institutes of Health (R01 CA77398). Collection of cancer incidence e data was supported by the California Department of Public Health as part of the statewide cancer reporting program mandated by California Health and Safety Code Section 103885. HAC receives support from the Lon V Smith Foundation (LVS39420). The ESTHER study was supported by a grant from the Baden Württemberg Ministry of Science, Research and Arts. Additional cases were recruited in the context of the VERDI study, which was supported by a grant from the German Cancer Aid (Deutsche Krebshilfe). The GENICA was funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) Germany grants 01KW9975/5, 01KW9976/8, 01KW9977/0 and 01KW0114, the Robert Bosch Foundation, Stuttgart, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), as well as the Department of Internal Medicine , Evangelische Kliniken Bonn gGmbH, Johanniter Krankenhaus Bonn, Germany. The HEBCS was supported by the Helsinki University Central Hospital Research Fund, Academy of Finland (132473), the Finnish Cancer Society, The Nordic Cancer Union and the Sigrid Juselius Foundation. The HERPACC was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, Culture and Technology of Japan, by a Grant-in-Aid for the Third Term Comprehensive 10-Year strategy for Cancer Control from Ministry Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, by a research grant from Takeda Science Foundation , by Health and Labour Sciences Research Grants for Research on Applying Health Technology from Ministry Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan and by National Cancer Center Research and Development Fund. The HMBCS was supported by short-term fellowships from the German Academic Exchange Program (to N.B), and the Friends of Hannover Medical School (to N.B.). Financial support for KARBAC was provided through the regional agreement on medical training and clinical research (ALF) between Stockholm County Council and Karolinska Institutet, the Stockholm Cancer Foundation and the Swedish Cancer Society. The KBCP was financially supported by the special Government Funding (EVO) of Kuopio University Hospital grants, Cancer Fund of North Savo, the Finnish Cancer Organizations, the Academy of Finland and by the strategic funding of the University of Eastern Finland. kConFab is supported by grants from the National Breast Cancer Foundation , the NHMRC, the Queensland Cancer Fund, the Cancer Councils of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia and the Cancer Foundation of Western Australia. The kConFab Clinical Follow Up Study was funded by the NHMRC (145684, 288704, 454508). Financial support for the AOCS was provided by the United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (DAMD17-01-1-0729), the Cancer Council of Tasmania and Cancer Foundation of Western Australia and the NHMRC (199600). G.C.T. and P.W. are supported by the NHMRC. LAABC is supported by grants (1RB-0287, 3PB-0102, 5PB-0018 and 10PB-0098) from the California Breast Cancer Research Program. Incident breast cancer cases were collected by the USC Cancer Surveillance Program (CSP) which is supported under subcontract by the California Department of Health. The CSP is also part of the National Cancer Institute’s Division of Cancer Prevention and Control Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, under contract number N01CN25403. LMBC is supported by the ‘Stichting tegen Kanker’ (232-2008 and 196-2010). The MARIE study was supported by the Deutsche Krebshilfe e.V. (70-2892-BR I), the Federal Ministry of Education Research (BMBF) Germany (01KH0402), the Hamburg Cancer Society and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ). MBCSG is supported by grants from the Italian Association ciation for Cancer Research (AIRC) and by funds from the Italian citizens who allocated a 5/1000 share of their tax payment in support of the Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, according to Italian laws (INT-Institutional strategic projects ‘5 × 1000’). The MCBCS was supported by the NIH grants (CA122340, CA128978) and a Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Breast Cancer (CA116201), the Breast Cancer Research Foundation and a generous gift from the David F. and Margaret T. Grohne Family Foundation and the Ting Tsung and Wei Fong Chao Foundation. MCCS cohort recruitment was funded by VicHealth and Cancer Council Victoria. The MCCS was further supported by Australian NHMRC grants 209057, 251553 and 504711 and by infrastructure provided by Cancer Council Victoria. The MEC was supported by NIH grants CA63464, CA54281, CA098758 and CA132839. The work of MTLGEBCS was supported by the Quebec Breast Cancer Foundation, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (grant CRN-87521) and the Ministry of Economic Development, Innovation and Export Trade (grant PSR-SIIRI-701). MYBRCA is funded by research grants from the Malaysian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education (UM.C/HlR/MOHE/06) and Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation (CARIF). Additional controls were recruited by the Singapore Eye Research Institute, which was supported by a grant from the Biomedical Research Council (BMRC08/1/35/19,tel:08/1/35/19./550), Singapore and the National medical Research Council, Singapore (NMRC/CG/SERI/2010). The NBCS was supported by grants from the Norwegian Research council (155218/V40, 175240/S10 to A.L.B.D., FUGE-NFR 181600/ V11 to V.N.K. and a Swizz Bridge Award to A.L.B.D.). The NBHS was supported by NIH grant R01CA100374. Biological sample preparation was conducted the Survey and Biospecimen Shared Resource, which is supported by P30 CA68485. The OBCS was supported by research grants from the Finnish Cancer Foundation, the Sigrid Juselius Foundation, the Academy of Finland, the University of Oulu, and the Oulu University Hospital. The ORIGO study was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society (RUL 1997-1505) and the Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI-NLCP16). The PBCS was funded by Intramural Research Funds of the National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, USA. pKARMA is a combination of the KARMA and LIBRO-1 studies. KARMA was supported by Ma¨rit and Hans Rausings Initiative Against Breast Cancer. KARMA and LIBRO-1 were supported the Cancer Risk Prediction Center (CRisP; www.crispcenter.org), a Linnaeus Centre (Contract ID 70867902) financed by the Swedish Research Council. The RBCS was funded by the Dutch Cancer Society (DDHK 2004-3124, DDHK 2009-4318). SASBAC was supported by funding from the Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore (A∗STAR), the US National Institute of Health (NIH) and the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation KC was financed by the Swedish Cancer Society (5128-B07-01PAF). The SBCGS was supported primarily by NIH grants R01CA64277, R01CA148667, and R37CA70867. Biological sample preparation was conducted the Survey and Biospecimen Shared Resource, which is supported by P30 CA68485. The SBCS was supported by Yorkshire Cancer Research S305PA, S299 and S295. Funding for the SCCS was provided by NIH grant R01 CA092447. The Arkansas Central Cancer Registry is fully funded by a grant from National Program of Cancer Registries, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Data on SCCS cancer cases from Mississippi were collected by the Mississippi Cancer Registry which participates in the National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The contents of this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the CDC or the Mississippi Cancer Registry. SEARCH is funded by a programme grant from Cancer Research UK (C490/A10124) and supported by the UK National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the University of Cambridge. The SEBCS was supported by the BRL (Basic Research Laboratory) program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2012-0000347). SGBCC is funded by the National Medical Research Council Start-up Grant and Centre Grant (NMRC/CG/NCIS /2010). The recruitment of controls by the Singapore Consortium of Cohort Studies-Multi-ethnic cohort (SCCS-MEC) was funded by the Biomedical Research Council (grant number: 05/1/21/19/425). SKKDKFZS is supported by the DKFZ. The SZBCS was supported by Grant PBZ_KBN_122/P05/2004. K. J. is a fellow of International PhD program, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, supported by the Polish Foundation of Science. The TNBCC was supported by the NIH grant (CA128978), the Breast Cancer Research Foundation , Komen Foundation for the Cure, the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Stefanie Spielman Fund for Breast Cancer Research and a generous gift from the David F. and Margaret T. Grohne Family Foundation and the Ting Tsung and Wei Fong Chao Foundation. Part of the TNBCC (DEMOKRITOS) has been co-financed by the European Union (European Social Fund – ESF) and Greek National Funds through the Operational Program ‘Education and Life-long Learning’ of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF)—Research Funding Program of the General Secretariat for Research & Technology: ARISTEIA. The TWBCS is supported by the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica and the National Science Council, Taiwan. The UKBGS is funded by Breakthrough Breast Cancer and the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR). ICR acknowledges NHS funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. Funding to pay the Open Access publication charges for this article was provided by the Wellcome Trust.This is the advanced access published version distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 2.0, which can also be viewed on the publisher's webstie at: http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/07/04/hmg.ddu311.full.pdf+htm

Modelos animales para la malaria cerebral y su aplicabilidad para la investigación de nuevos fármacos

La malaria cerebral es una de las complicaciones más importantes de la infección con Plasmodium falciparum. El 40% de la población mundial vive en áreas afectadas por la malaria, lo que ha resultado en aproximadamente 243 millones de casos clínicos y 863000 muertes en el 2008, la mayoría en niños menores de 5 años del África subsahariana. La malaria cerebral presenta un gran desafío en el esclarecimiento de su fisiopatología. Aunque no existe un modelo experimental que reproduzca todos los aspectos de la enfermedad en humanos, los modelos murinos han sido el instrumento más provechoso, entre ellos la infección de hospederos susceptibles con la cepa ANKA de Plasmodium berghei es el más generalizado. Los estudios de patogenia de la malaria cerebral experimental están fundamentados por más de 20 años de investigación. Este trabajo revisa los hallazgos recientes y selecciona los elementos cardinales que sustentan la relevancia y operatividad de estos modelos. Concluye que la caracterización conductual precisa y la descripción de los cambios histológicos, metabólicos e inmunológicos concomitantes en los modelos actuales pueden ser herramientas útiles para investigar las dianas y la efectividad de futuras intervenciones terapéuticas

Recopilación retrospectiva del uso de plantas en medicina tradicional contra la malaria en Cuba.

Plants used in traditional medicine are explored internationally as valuable sources of new antimalarial agents. Aim. To identify plant species with potential antimalarial activity based on previous ethnobotanical research in Cuba. Methods. Cuban ethnobotanical documents were analyzed looking for the plant species used against malaria, against intermittent fevers and those plants used as substitutes for Cinchona in order to register: scientific names of the plants and families, common names, origins, geographical distribution, general biogeography, growth form, used parts, methods of preparation, Cuban localities where the use was informed and bibliographic references. Results. This search revealed the use of 63 plant species. The species belong to 36 families distributed in 58 genera. The most represented family was Asteraceae with six species. Native species represent 50.8 %. Baccharis halimifolia L. var. angustior (DC) Herrera, Picramnia reticulata Griseb., Chione venosa (Sw.) Urb. var. cubensis (A. Rich) D. W. Taylor and Cusparia ossana (DC) Beurton are endemics. Most of the species (63.5 %) are cultivable. The parts of the plants most used were the leaves (34.9 %), the bark of the stem (30.2 %) and the roots (28.6 %) and the decoction was the most frequent way of preparation. Citrus x aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swing., Parthenium hysterophorus L., Teucrium cubense Jacq. and Picramnia pentandra Sw. represented the most cited species. Most of the plants were referred for the treatment of malaria (60.3 %). Conclusions. The information compiled stimulates the further scientific exploration of antimalarial activity, bioactive compounds and toxicological profiles in a group of plants originating mostly in America and the Caribbean and largely cultivable.Introducción. Las plantas utilizadas en la medicina tradicional se exploran internacionalmente como fuentes valiosas de nuevos agentes antipalúdicos. Objetivo. Compilar especies de plantas utilizadas en medicina tradicional contra la malaria en Cuba con fundamento en las investigaciones etnobotánicas precedentes. Métodos. Se analizaron documentos etnobotánicos cubanos que reflejaron las especies de plantas usadas contra la malaria, contra fiebres intermitentes y/o aquellas plantas usadas como sustitutos de la quina para registrar: nombre científico y familia, nombre común, origen, distribución geográfica, biogeografía general, forma de crecimiento, parte empleada, modos de preparación, localidades cubanas donde se informa la utilización y la referencia bibliográfica. Resultados. Esta búsqueda reveló la utilización de 63 especies de plantas. Las especies pertenecen a 36 familias distribuidas en 58 géneros. La familia más representada fue Asteraceae con seis especies. Las especies nativas representan el 50,8%;  Baccharis halimifolia L. var. angustior (DC) Herrera, Picramnia reticulata Griseb., Chione venosa (Sw.) Urb. var. cubensis (A. Rich) D. W. Taylor y Cusparia ossana (DC) Beurton son plantas endémicas de Cuba. La mayoría de las especies (63,5%) son cultivables. Las partes de las plantas más utilizadas fueron las hojas (34,9%), la corteza del tallo (30,2%) y las raíces (28,6%) y la decocción constituyó el modo más frecuente de preparación. Citrus x aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swing., Parthenium hysterophorus L., Teucrium cubense Jacq. y Picramnia pentandra Sw. resultaron las especies de mayor citación. La mayoría de las plantas se describieron para el tratamiento del paludismo o "palúdica" (60,3%). Conclusiones. La información compilada estimula a la exploración científica ulterior de la actividad antipalúdica, de los compuestos bioactivos y de los perfiles toxicológicos  en un grupo de plantas originadas en su mayoría en América y el Caribe y en general cultivables

Impacto socio económico del sistema de biodigestores de los pobladores de la Comarca de Chacraseca en el Municipio de León

Tesis (Lic. en Administración de Empresas)-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, LeónUNAN-Leó