A review of the phytochemical support for the shifting defence hypothesis

Several theories have been developed to explain why invasive species are very successful and develop into pest species in their new area. The shifting defence hypothesis (SDH) argues that invasive plant species quickly evolve towards new defence levels in the invaded area because they lack their specialist herbivores but are still under attack by local (new) generalist herbivores. The SDH predicts that plants should increase their cheap, toxic defence compounds and lower their expensive digestibility reducing compounds. As a net result resources are saved that can be allocated to growth and reproduction giving these plants a competitive edge over the local plant species. We conducted a literature study to test whether toxic defence compounds in general are increased in the invaded area and if digestibility reducing compounds are lowered. We specifically studied the levels of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, a toxin which is known for its beneficial and detrimental impact against specialists and generalists, respectively. Digestibility reducers did not show a clear trend which might be due to the small number of studies and traits measured. The meta analysis showed that toxic compounds in general and pyrrolizidine alkaloid levels specifically, increased significantly in the invaded area, supporting the predictions of the SDH that a fast evolution takes place in the allocation towards defence

Sense of coherence as a protective factor of mental health during the pandemic

This bachelor thesis examines the relationship between sense of coherence and mental health during the covid-19 pandemic. The content of the literature review section is theory on the key concepts of mental health and well-being. It focuses on the salutogenetic concept of health and specifically on the sense of coherence as a protective factor for mental health. The theoretical section also looks at the impact of pandemic situations on mental health. The research part is set in the context of the covid-19 pandemic, which has demonstrable effects on mental health not only in the Czech population. The role of sense of coherence as a protective factor for mental health will be quantitatively examined. Specifically, the relationship between sense of coherence and well-being and sense of coherence and generalized anxiety disorder is tested. The relationships were examined using regression analysis. Based on the results, we can consider sense of coherence as a good predictor of mental health. The paper contributes to the evidence on sense of coherence as an important protective factor for mental health. Interventions aimed at strengthening the sense of coherence may contribute to the prevention of mental disorders and improve psychological resilience in the Czech population during a global crisis such as the...Bakalářská práce se zabývá vztahem mezi smyslem pro koherenci a duševním zdravím během pandemie covid-19. Obsahem literárně přehledové části je teorie ke klíčovým konceptům duševního zdraví a well-beingu. Zaměřuje se na salutogenetické pojetí zdraví a konkrétně na smysl pro koherenci jako na protektivní faktor duševního zdraví. Teoretická část se také zabývá vlivem pandemické situace na duševní zdraví. Výzkumná část je zasazená do kontextu pandemie covid-19, která má prokazatelné dopady na duševní zdraví nejen české populace. V práci bude kvantitativně zkoumána role smyslu pro koherenci jako protektivního faktoru duševního zdraví. Konkrétně je zde ověřovaný vztah smyslu pro koherenci a well-beingu a smyslu pro koherenci a generalizované úzkostné poruchy. Vztahy byly zkoumány pomocí regresní analýzy. Na základě výsledků můžeme považovat smysl pro koherenci jako dobrý prediktor duševního zdraví. Práce přispívá k evidenci o smyslu pro koherenci jako důležitém protektivním faktoru pro duševní zdraví. Intervence zaměřené na posilování smyslu pro koherenci mohou přispět k prevenci duševních poruch a zlepšit psychickou odolnost v české populaci během globální krize jako je pandemie covid-19. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)Department of PsychologyKatedra psychologieFilozofická fakultaFaculty of Art

Sense of coherence as a protective factor of mental health during the pandemic

This bachelor thesis examines the relationship between sense of coherence and mental health during the covid-19 pandemic. The content of the literature review section is theory on the key concepts of mental health and well-being. It focuses on the salutogenetic concept of health and specifically on the sense of coherence as a protective factor for mental health. The theoretical section also looks at the impact of pandemic situations on mental health. The research part is set in the context of the covid-19 pandemic, which has demonstrable effects on mental health not only in the Czech population. The role of sense of coherence as a protective factor for mental health will be quantitatively examined. Specifically, the relationship between sense of coherence and well-being and sense of coherence and generalized anxiety disorder is tested. The relationships were examined using regression analysis. Based on the results, we can consider sense of coherence as a good predictor of mental health. The paper contributes to the evidence on sense of coherence as an important protective factor for mental health. Interventions aimed at strengthening the sense of coherence may contribute to the prevention of mental disorders and improve psychological resilience in the Czech population during a global crisis such as the..

Situational factors shape moral judgments in the trolley dilemma in Eastern, Southern, and Western countries in a culturally diverse sample

Much research on moral judgment is centered on moral dilemmas in which deontological perspectives (i.e., emphasizing rules, individual rights and duties) are in conflict with utilitarian judgements (i.e., following the greater good defined through consequences). A central finding of this field Greene et al. showed that psychological and situational factors (e.g., the intent of the agent, or physical contact between the agent and the victim) play an important role in people’s use of deontological versus utilitarian considerations when making moral decisions. As their study was conducted with US samples, our knowledge is limited concerning the universality of this effect, in general, and the impact of culture on the situational and psychological factors of moral judgments, in particular. Here, we empirically test the universality of deontological and utilitarian judgments by replicating Greene et al.’s experiments on a large (N = X,XXX) and diverse (WEIRD and non-WEIRD) sample across the world to explore the influence of culture on moral judgment. The relevance of this exploration to a broad range of policy-making problems is discussed

Situational factors shape moral judgments in the trolley dilemma in Eastern, Southern, and Western countries in a culturally diverse sample

This version of the article has been accepted for publication, after peer review (when applicable) and is subject to Springer Nature’s AM terms of use, but is not the Version of Record and does not reflect post-acceptance improvements, or any corrections. The Version of Record is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/[insert DOI]The study of moral judgements often centers on moral dilemmas in which options consistent with deontological perspectives (i.e., emphasizing rules, individual rights, and duties) are in conflict with options consistent with utilitarian judgements (i.e., following the greater good based on consequences). Greene et al. (2009) showed that psychological and situational factors (e.g., the intent of the agent or the presence of physical contact between the agent and the victim) can play an important role in moral dilemma judgements (e.g., trolley problem). Our knowledge is limited concerning both the universality of these effects outside the United States and the impact of culture on the situational and psychological factors of moral judgements. Thus, we empirically tested the universality of the effects of intent and personal force on moral dilemma judgements by replicating the experiments of Greene et al. in 45 countries from all inhabited continents. We found that personal force and its interaction with intention, exert influence on moral judgements in the US and Western cultural clusters, replicating and expanding the original findings. Moreover, the personal force effect was present in all cultural clusters, suggesting it is culturally universal. The evidence for the cultural universality of the interaction effect was inconclusive in the Eastern and Southern cultural clusters (depending on exclusion criteria). We found no strong association between collectivism/individualism and moral dilemma judgements

Situational factors shape moral judgements in the trolley dilemma in Eastern, Southern and Western countries in a culturally diverse sample

The study of moral judgements often centres on moral dilemmas in which options consistent with deontological perspectives (that is, emphasizing rules, individual rights and duties) are in conflict with options consistent with utilitarian judgements (that is, following the greater good based on consequences). Greene et al. (2009) showed that psychological and situational factors (for example, the intent of the agent or the presence of physical contact between the agent and the victim) can play an important role in moral dilemma judgements (for example, the trolley problem). Our knowledge is limited concerning both the universality of these effects outside the United States and the impact of culture on the situational and psychological factors affecting moral judgements. Thus, we empirically tested the universality of the effects of intent and personal force on moral dilemma judgements by replicating the experiments of Greene et al. in 45 countries from all inhabited continents. We found that personal force and its interaction with intention exert influence on moral judgements in the US and Western cultural clusters, replicating and expanding the original findings. Moreover, the personal force effect was present in all cultural clusters, suggesting it is culturally universal. The evidence for the cultural universality of the interaction effect was inconclusive in the Eastern and Southern cultural clusters (depending on exclusion criteria). We found no strong association between collectivism/individualism and moral dilemma judgements

Publisher correction: Situational factors shape moral judgements in the trolley dilemma in Eastern, Southern and Western countries in a culturally diverse sample

Correction to: Nature Human Behaviour https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-022-01319-5, published online 14 April 2022

Publisher Correction: Situational factors shape moral judgements in the trolley dilemma in Eastern, Southern and Western countries in a culturally diverse sample.

From PubMed via Jisc Publications RouterPublication status: aheadofprin

Situational factors shape moral judgements in the trolley dilemma in Eastern, Southern and Western countries in a culturally diverse sample.

From PubMed via Jisc Publications RouterHistory: received 2019-04-15, accepted 2022-02-14Publication status: aheadofprintThe study of moral judgements often centres on moral dilemmas in which options consistent with deontological perspectives (that is, emphasizing rules, individual rights and duties) are in conflict with options consistent with utilitarian judgements (that is, following the greater good based on consequences). Greene et al. (2009) showed that psychological and situational factors (for example, the intent of the agent or the presence of physical contact between the agent and the victim) can play an important role in moral dilemma judgements (for example, the trolley problem). Our knowledge is limited concerning both the universality of these effects outside the United States and the impact of culture on the situational and psychological factors affecting moral judgements. Thus, we empirically tested the universality of the effects of intent and personal force on moral dilemma judgements by replicating the experiments of Greene et al. in 45 countries from all inhabited continents. We found that personal force and its interaction with intention exert influence on moral judgements in the US and Western cultural clusters, replicating and expanding the original findings. Moreover, the personal force effect was present in all cultural clusters, suggesting it is culturally universal. The evidence for the cultural universality of the interaction effect was inconclusive in the Eastern and Southern cultural clusters (depending on exclusion criteria). We found no strong association between collectivism/individualism and moral dilemma judgements. [Abstract copyright: © 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.