Weblog Applications in the University for Knowledge Management and Networking

Las TIC se nos presentan como un desafío pero al mismo tiempo son una oportunidad para interactuar con inteligencia, apropiarse de su complejidad e innovar consecuentemente transformando de manera significativa nuestra sociedad. Quizás por este motivo resulte imprescindible su conocimiento, utilidad y uso. El presente trabajo analiza las opiniones que en torno a los edublogs de alumnos/as de la Universidad de Granada y Jaén surgen en el marco de la asignatura NTAE y BPE para conocer posibilidades y utilidad de este recurso en red. El instrumento para la recogida de información ha sido el cuestionario con estructura mixta.ICTs are presented as a challenge but at the same time as an opportunity to interact intelligently, managing their complexity and innovation significantly and consistently and transforming our society.Perhaps for this reason it is essential to know, value and use ICTs. This paper discusses the views on the edublogs of students at the University of Granada and Jaén which arise under the subject NTAEs and BPE in order to find the possibilities of this network resource. The instrument for data collection is the questionnaire JIAS which generate a meaningful data interpretation

Lasten huolista puhuen hyviin käytäntöihin kodin ja koulun yhteistyönä

Opinnäytetyö tehtiin pilottihankkeena yhteistyössä Sosiaali- ja terveysalan tutkimus- ja kehittämislaitoksen (Stakes) ja Nurmijärven kunnan Isoniitun koulun kanssa. Tarkoituksena oli selvittää kyselyjen avulla viidesluokkalaisten ja heidän vanhempiensa huolten aiheita ja pohtia hyviä käytäntöjä huolien vähentämiseksi. Tarkoituksena oli myös kartoittaa mitä koululaiset, kotiaikuiset ja kouluaikuiset voivat tehdä yhdessä huolien vähentämiseksi. Tutkimuksessa on tehty kyselyt myös Isoniitun opettajille ja Steinerkoulun oppilashuoltoryhmälle. Steinerkoulu valittiin siksi, että koulun toimintaideologia on erilainen kuin tavallisessa suomalaisessa koulujärjestelmässä. Vertailu tuo työhön erilaista pedagogista näkökulmaa. Nykyisin kouluissa on käytössä erilaisia tapoja kodin ja koulun yhteistyössä kuten esimerkiksi vanhempainillat, kolmikantakeskustelut ja vanhempainvartit. Tämän opinnäytetyön pyrkimyksenä oli luoda uusi käytäntö ala-aste ikäisten lasten ja heidän vanhempiensa huolien kartoittamiseen ja hyvien käytäntöjen pohtimiseen Learning cafe–menetelmää käyttäen. Menetelmää ei ole koulumaailmassa aikaisemmin käytetty eikä viidesluokkalaisiin kohdennettuja aikaisempia tutkimuksia ole tiedossa. Tarkoituksena oli myös löytää keino varhaiseen puuttumiseen mielekkäällä tavalla ennen kuin lasten pienistä huolista tulee niin suuria, että omat ratkaisukeinot eivät enää riitä. Tutkimuskysymyksinä olivat; Mitä huolen aiheita viidesluokkalaisilla lapsilla on ja miten lasten huolia voidaan vähentää? Mitä huolen aiheita viidesluokkalaisten vanhemmilla on ja miten heidän huolia voidaan vähentää? Miten kotiaikuiset ja kouluaikuiset voivat edistää yhdessä lasten hyvinvointia? Laadullinen tutkimusaineisto analysoitiin sisällönanalyysiä käyttäen. Tutkimusmenetelminä olivat havainnointi lasten ja aikuisten Learning cafe -tilaisuuksissa sekä koteihin ja opettajille lähetetyt kyselylomakkeet. Tulokset perustuvat lasten ja koti- ja kouluaikuisten kyselyistä saatuihin tuloksiin. Pieni muotoisen tutkimuksemme tulosten mukaan lasten sekä aikuisten suurimpana huolen aiheena ovat läksyt, kokeet, arvosanat, aikuisten vähäinen aika ja kaverisuhteet. Menetelmänä Learning cafe koettiin innostavana ja erilaisena keinona nykyisiin menetelmiin verrattuna. Menetelmällä saadaan osallistujat keskustelemaan avoimesti asioista ja myös pohtimaan vaihtoehtoja huolien ratkaisemiseksi. Menetelmän avulla myös kaikki osapuolet voivat tulla kuulluksi samanaikaisesti joka lisää motivaatiota yhteistyöhön. Erityisesti lasten cafe osoitti, että lapsilla on jo tässä iässä varsin mielekkäitä ja syvällisiä ajatuksia. Lapset osaavat pohtia omien huoliensa suuruus astetta ja heillä on myös rakentavia ehdotuksia huolien helpottamiseksi, hyviksi käytännöiksi. Huolia kyselyssä pohdittiin asteikolla; pienet huolet, harmaan alueen huolet ja suuret huolet. Aikuisten kohdalla niukka osallistuminen, vain kolme vanhempaa, Learning cafe–tilaisuuteen oli yllätys, mutta ne jotka osallistuivat, olivat tyytyväisiä kokemaansa. Kyselyjen perusteella aikuiset toivovat uusia keinoja kodin ja koulun yhteistyöhön. Jatkossa kannattaa miettiä Learning cafen toteuttamista yhdessä lasten ja vanhempien kanssa, jolloin he pääsisivät miettimään hyviä käytäntöjä yhteisille huolille. Yhdessä pohtien molemmilla osapuolilla olisi mahdollisuus tulla kuulluksi ja yhteistyötä voisi olla helpompi tehdä niin lasten ja aikuisten kuin koulu ja kodinkin välillä. Mielenkiintoista olisi myös selvittää miten lasten ja aikuisten hyvät käytännöt ovat jalkautuneet arkeen. Onko niihin helppo viitata esimerkiksi koulun arkityössä, kun lapset kokevat painetta läksyjen tai kokeiden takia. Muistuttavatko lapset toisiaan yhdessä laadituista käytännöistä.Reaching good practices via discussions on concerns of children in co-operation between home and school This research was conducted as a pilot project in co-operation with National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health (Stakes) and Isoniittu School in Nurmijärvi. The goal was to investigate the concerns of fifth graders and their parents and to consider good practices for reducing them by using specific questionnaires. A Goal was also to survey what pupils, adults at home and adults at school can do together to reduce the concerns. Questionnaires were also sent to the teachers of Isoniittu and pupil welfare team of Steiner School. Steiner School was chosen as its ideology differs from common ideology in the Finnish School system. This comparison brought different pedagogical perspective to the subject. Currently there are several different ways of co-operation between home and school, such as parents' evenings, tripartite discussions and parents’ quarters. The purpose of the this re-search was to create a new practice for surveying the concerns of children in primary school and their parents as well as for discussing good practices by using Learning Café method.There are also no known researches focusing on the fifth graders. The Purpose was also to find a means to enable early interference in children’s concerns in a meaningful way in order to prevent those concerns becoming too big and irresolvable by the child´s own means. The research questions were: What are the concerns of fifth graders and how could these concerns of children be reduced? What are the concerns of the parents of fifth graders and how could their concerns be reduced? How can adults at home and adults at school in co-operation improve well-being of children? Qualitative research material was ana-lyzed by utilizing content analysis. Observation of children and adults in Learning Café events as well as questionnaires sent to homes and teachers were used as research methods. Results are based on the results from questionnaires for children and adults at home and school. Homework, exams and grades in addition to adults’ lack of time and friendships are the major concerns of children and adults according to the results. Learning Café method was perceived inspiring and different compared to current methods. This method facilitates open discussion and drives participants into discussing options for resolving concerns. This method also allows all parties to be heard simultaneously which increases the motivation for co-operation. Espe-cially children’s café proved that children of this age already do have fairly meaningful and profound thoughts. Children are able to deliberate the magnitude of their concerns and they have constructive proposals for relieving those concerns, in becoming good practices. Concerns were deliberated in the questionnaire with the following grading; small concerns, grey area concerns and big concerns. The modest participation of adults in Learning Café event, only three (3) adults, was a surprise. However, those who participated were pleased with the experience. According to the questionnaire adults wish for new methods for co-operation between home and school. Further research could include execution of Learning Café together with children and par-ents. This way they would have an opportunity to consider good practices for common con-cerns. This way both parties would be heard and co-operation would be easier between chil-dren and adults as well as between school and home. It would also be interesting to find out how the good practices of children and adults have been implemented in the everyday rou-tine. Are they easy to refer to, for example, in everyday work at school when children are experiencing the pressure of homework and exams? Do children remind of each other of the jointly prepared and agreed practices? Key words: parenthood, early interference, dialog, bringing concern into discussion, good practices

Toxicological assessment of nanocrystalline metal alloys with potential applications in the aeronautical field

The development of new candidate alloys with outstanding characteristics for their use in the aeronautical field is one of the main priorities for the sector. In this context, nanocrystaline (nc) alloys are considered relevant materials due to their special features, such as their exceptional physical and mechanical properties. However, another important point that needs to be considered with newly developed alloys is the potential toxicological impact that these materials may have in humans and other living organisms. The aim of this work was to perform a preliminary toxicological evaluation of three nc metal alloys (WCu, WAl and TiAl) in powder form produced by mechanical alloying, applying different in vitro assays, including a mix of W-Cu powders with standard grain size in the experiments to stablish comparisons. The effects of the direct exposure to powder suspensions and/or to their derived leachates were analysed in three model organisms representative of human and environmental exposures (the adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cell line A549, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the Gram negative bacterium Vibrio fischeri). Altogether, the results obtained provide new insights about the potential harmful effects of the selected nc alloys, showing that, from a toxicological perspective, nc TiAl is the safest candidate in the model organisms and conditions tested.EU Horizon 2020 projects ICARUS (H2020-FETOPEN-2014-2015-RIA, grant agreement N° 713514) and ICARUS-INAS (FETOPEN-03-2018-2019-2020, Grant agreement N° 946174)

In vitro safety evaluation of rare earth-lean alloys for permanent magnets manufacturing

Due to their exceptional physico-chemical and magnetic characteristics, rare earth (RE) permanent magnets are applied in multiple critical technologies. However, several environmental and economic difficulties arising from obtaining RE elements have prompted the search of alternatives with acceptable magnetic properties but containing a lower percentage of these elements in their composition. The aim of this work was to perform a preliminary toxicological evaluation of three forms of newly developed RE-lean alloys (one NdFeTi and two NdFeSi alloys) applying different in vitro assays, using as a benchmark a commercial NdFeB alloy. Thus, the effects of the direct exposure to powder suspensions and to their derived leachates were analysed in two model organisms (the A549 human cell line and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae) applying both viability and oxidative stress assays. Moreover, the impact of the alloy leachates on the bioluminescence of Vibrio fischeri was also investigated. The obtained data showed that only the direct interaction of the alloys particulates with the applied organisms resulted in harmful effects, having all the alloys a comparable toxicological potential to that presented by the reference material in the conditions tested. Altogether, this study provides new insights about the safety of NdFeTi and NdFeSi alloys.EU Horizon 2020 NOVAMAG project (NMBP 23-2015, Grant Agreement No. 686056) and from the Junta de Castilla y León and the European Social Fund-Youth European Initiative Grant UBU-15-A

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 Is an independent predictor of coronary artery ectasia in patients with acute coronary syndrome

Our purpose was to assess a possible association of inflammatory, lipid and mineral metabolism biomarkers with coronary artery ectasia (CAE) and to determine a possible association of this with acute atherotrombotic events (AAT).We studied 270 patients who underwent coronary angiography during an acute coronary syndrome 6 months before. Plasma levels of several biomarkers were assessed, and patients were followed during a median of 5.35 (3.88–6.65) years. Two interventional cardiologists reviewed the coronary angiograms, diagnosing CAE according to previously published criteria in 23 patients (8.5%). Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was used to search for independent predictors of CAE. Multivariate analysis revealed that, aside from gender and a diagnosis of dyslipidemia, only monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (OR = 2.25, 95%CI = (1.35–3.76) for each increase of 100 pg/mL, p = 0.001) was independent predictor of CAE, whereas mineral metabolism markers or proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 were not. Moreover, CAE was a strong predictor of AAT during follow-up after adjustment for other clinically relevant variables (HR = 2.67, 95%CI = (1.22–5.82), p = 0.013). This is the first report showing that MCP-1 is an independent predictor of CAE, suggesting that CAE and coronary artery disease may share pathogenic mechanisms. Furthermore, CAE was associated with an increased incidence of AATThis work was supported by grants from the following: Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (PI05/0451, PI05/1497, PI05/52475, PI05/1043, PS09/01405, and PI10/00072, PI14/01567, PI17/01615): http://www.isciii.es/ISCIII/ es/contenidos/fd-investigacion/fd-financiacion/convocatorias-ayudas-accion-estrategica-salud.shtml; Spanish Society of Cardiology; Spanish Heart Foundation. http://www.secardiologia.es/; Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis.www.searteriosclerosis.org; CiberCV. http://www.cibercv.es/; RECAVA (RD06/0014/0035); www.recava.com; Fundación Lilly. https://www.lilly.es/nuestra-compania/fundacion-lilly-folder; Instituto de Salud Carlos III FEDER (FJD biobank: RD09/0076/00101); http://www.isciii.es/; and AbbVie Laboratories. http://www.abbvie.es/

N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide is associated with a future diagnosis of cancer in patients with coronary artery disease

Objective Several papers have reported elevated plasma levels of natriuretic peptides in patients with a previous diagnosis of cancer. We have explored whether N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) plasma levels predict a future diagnosis of cancer in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods We studied 699 patients with CAD free of cancer. At baseline, NT-proBNP, galectin-3, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, soluble tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I plasma levels were assessed. The primary outcome was new cancer diagnosis. The secondary outcome was cancer diagnosis, heart failure requiring hospitalization, or death. Results After 2.15±0.98 years of follow-up, 24 patients developed cancer. They were older (68.5 [61.5, 75.8] vs 60.0 [52.0, 72.0] years; p=0.011), had higher NT-proBNP (302.0 [134.8, 919.8] vs 165.5 [87.4, 407.5] pg/ml; p=0.040) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (3.27 [1.33, 5.94] vs 1.92 [0.83, 4.00] mg/L; p=0.030), and lower triglyceride (92.5 [70.5, 132.8] vs 112.0 [82.0, 157.0] mg/dl; p=0.044) plasma levels than those without cancer. NT-proBNP (Hazard Ratio [HR]=1.030; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]=1.008-1.053; p=0.007) and triglyceride levels (HR=0.987; 95%CI=0.975-0.998; p=0.024) were independent predictors of a new cancer diagnosis (multivariate Cox regression analysis). When patients in whom the suspicion of cancer appeared in the first one-hundred days after blood extraction were excluded, NT-proBNP was the only predictor of cancer (HR=1.061; 95% CI=1.034-1.088; p<0.001). NT-proBNP was an independent predictor of cancer, heart failure, or death (HR=1.038; 95%CI=1.023-1.052; p<0.001) along with age, and use of insulin and acenocumarol. Conclusions NT-proBNP is an independent predictor of malignancies in patients with CAD. New studies in large populations are needed to confirm these findingsThis work was supported by grants from Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (PI05/0451, PI05/1497,PI05/2475, PI05/1043, PS09/01405, PI10/ 00072, and PI10/0234, PI14/1567, Programa de Estabilización to LBC); Spanish Society of Cardiology and Spanish Heart Foundation; Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis; RECAVA (RD06/0014/0035, www. recava.com); Fundación Lilly; and Instituto de Salud Carlos III FEDER (FJD biobank: RD09/0076/00101)

Skeletal muscle myogenesis is regulated by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2

This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced pdf of an article accepted for publication in Journal of Molecular Cell Biology following peer review. The version of record Journal of Molecular Cell Biology 6.4 (2014) is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmcb/mju025G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is an important serine/threonine-kinase regulating different membrane receptors and intracellular proteins. Attenuation of Drosophila Gprk2 in embryos or adult flies induced a defective differentiation of somatic muscles, loss of fibers, and a flightless phenotype. In vertebrates, GRK2 hemizygous mice contained less but more hypertrophied skeletal muscle fibers than wild-type littermates. In C2C12 myoblasts overexpression of a GRK2 kinase-deficient mutant (K220R) caused precocious differentiation of cells into immature myotubes, which were wider in size and contained more fused nuclei, while GRK2 overexpression blunted differentiation. Moreover, p38MAPK and Akt pathways were activated at an earlier stage and to a greater extent in K220R-expressing cells or upon kinase downregulation, while the activation of both kinases was impaired in GRK2- overexpressing cells. The impaired differentiation and fewer fusion events promoted by enhanced GRK2 levels were recapitulated by a p38MAPK mutant, which was able to mimic the inhibitory phosphorylation of p38MAPK by GRK2, whereas the blunted differentiation observed in GRK2-expressing clones was rescued in the presence of a constitutively active upstream stimulator of the p38MAPK pathway. These results suggest that balanced GRK2 function is necessary for a timely and complete myogenic process.This work was supported by Grants BFU2008-04043 (to M.L. and S.F.-V.), SAF2012-3618 (to S.F.-V.), and SAF2011-23800 (to F.M.) from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain; S2010/BMD-2332 (INDISNET) from Comunidad de Madrid, Spain (to F.M.); CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas and The Cardiovascular Network (RD06- 0014/0037 and RD12/0042/0012) from Ministerio Sanidad y Consumo-Instituto Carlos III, Spain (to F.M.); UAM-Banco de Santander (to C.M.); BFU2010-14884 (to M.R.-G.). S.F.-V. is recipient of a ‘Miguel Servet’ tenure track program (CP10/00438) co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). We also acknowledge the support of COST Action BM0602 from the European Commission (to M.L.) and institutional support from Fundación Ramón Arece

Functional specificity of the members of the Sos family of Ras-GEF Activators: Novel role of Sos2 in control of epidermal stem cell homeostasis

© 2021 by the authors.Prior reports showed the critical requirement of Sos1 for epithelial carcinogenesis, but the specific functionalities of the homologous Sos1 and Sos2 GEFs in skin homeostasis and tumorigenesis remain unclear. Here, we characterize specific mechanistic roles played by Sos1 or Sos2 in primary mouse keratinocytes (a prevalent skin cell lineage) under different experimental conditions. Functional analyses of actively growing primary keratinocytes of relevant genotypes—WT, Sos1-KO, Sos2-KO, and Sos1/2-DKO—revealed a prevalent role of Sos1 regarding transcriptional regulation and control of RAS activation and mechanistic overlapping of Sos1 and Sos2 regarding cell proliferation and survival, with dominant contribution of Sos1 to the RAS-ERK axis and Sos2 to the RAS-PI3K/AKT axis. Sos1/2-DKO keratinocytes could not grow under 3D culture conditions, but single Sos1-KO and Sos2-KO keratinocytes were able to form pseudoepidermis structures that showed disorganized layer structure, reduced proliferation, and increased apoptosis in comparison with WT 3D cultures. Remarkably, analysis of the skin of both newborn and adult Sos2-KO mice uncovered a significant reduction of the population of stem cells located in hair follicles. These data confirm that Sos1 and Sos2 play specific, cell-autonomous functions in primary keratinocytes and reveal a novel, essential role of Sos2 in control of epidermal stem cell homeostasis.The E.S. group was supported by grants from ISCIII-MCUI (FIS PI19/00934), JCyL (SA264P18-UIC 076), Areces Foundation (CIVP19A5942), Solorzano-Barruso Foundation (FS/32-2020), and by ISCIII-CIBERONC (group CB16/12/00352). Research was co-financed by FEDER funds. The J.M.P. lab is co-funded by European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) grants from Science and Innovation (SAF2015-66015-R and PID2019-110758RB-I00 to J.M.P.) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERONC no. CB16/12/00228 to J.M.P.). The XRB lab is funded by “la Caixa” Banking Foundation (HR20-00164), the Castilla-León autonomous government (CSI252P18, CSI145P20, CLC-2017-01), the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MSI) (RTI2018-096481-B-100), and the Spanish Association against Cancer (GC16173472GARC). The CIC is supported by the Programa de Apoyo a Planes Estratégicos de Investigación de Estructuras de Investigación de Excelencia of the Castilla-León autonomous government (CLC-2017-01). L.F.L.-M. and N.F.-P. contracts have been supported by funding from the Spanish Ministry of Universities (FPU13/02923, FPU17/03912) and, in the case of L.F.L.M., by CLC-2017-01 grant

Differential profile in inflammatory and mineral metabolism biomarkers in patients with ischemic heart disease without classical coronary risk factors

AbstractBackgroundPatients with coronary heart disease (CHD) without classical cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs) are uncommon, and their profile has not been thoroughly studied. In CHD patients, we have assessed the differences in several biomarkers between those with and without CRF.MethodsWe studied 704 patients with CHD, analyzing plasma levels of biomarkers related to inflammation, thrombosis, renal damage, and heart failure: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), galectin-3, N-terminal fragment of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), calcidiol (vitamin D metabolite), fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), parathormone, and phosphate.ResultsTwenty patients (2.8%) exhibited no CRFs. Clinical variables were well balanced in both groups, with the logical exceptions of no use of antidiabetic drugs, lower triglyceride and glucose, and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in no-CRF patients.No-CRF patients showed lower hs-CRP (2.574±3.120 vs. 4.554±9.786mg/L; p=0.018), MCP-1 (114.75±36.29 vs. 143.56±65.37pg/ml; p=0.003), and FGF-23 (79.28±40.22 vs. 105.17±156.61RU/ml; p=0.024), and higher calcidiol (23.66±9.12 vs. 19.49±8.18ng/ml; p=0.025) levels. At follow-up, 10.0% vs. 11.0% patients experienced acute ischemic event, heart failure, or death in the non-CRF and CRF groups, respectively (p=0.815, log-rank test). The limited number of non-CRF patients may have influenced this finding. A Cox regression analysis in the whole population showed that high calcidiol, and low MCP-1 and FGF-23 plasma levels are associated with a better prognosis.ConclusionsCHD patients without CRFs show a favorable biomarker profile in terms of inflammation and mineral metabolism. Further studies are needed to investigate whether this difference translates into a better prognosis

Differential role of the RasGEFs Sos1 and Sos2 in mouse skin homeostasis and carcinogenesis

Using Sos1 knockout (Sos1-KO), Sos2-KO, and Sos1/2 double-knockout (Sos1/2-DKO) mice, we assessed the functional role of Sos1 and Sos2 in skin homeostasis under physiological and/or pathological conditions. Sos1 depletion resulted in significant alterations of skin homeostasis, including reduced keratinocyte proliferation, altered hair follicle and blood vessel integrity in dermis, and reduced adipose tissue in hypodermis. These defects worsened significantly when both Sos1 and Sos2 were absent. Simultaneous Sos1/2 disruption led to severe impairment of the ability to repair skin wounds, as well as to almost complete ablation of the neutrophil-mediated inflammatory response in the injury site. Furthermore, Sos1 disruption delayed the onset of tumor initiation, decreased tumor growth, and prevented malignant progression of papillomas in a DMBA (7,12-dimethylbenz[α]anthracene)/TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate)-induced skin carcinogenesis model. Finally, Sos1 depletion in preexisting chemically induced papillomas resulted also in decreased tumor growth, probably linked to significantly reduced underlying keratinocyte proliferation. Our data unveil novel, distinctive mechanistic roles of Sos 1 and Sos2 in physiological control of skin homeostasis and wound repair, as well as in pathological development of chemically induced skin tumors. These observations underscore the essential role of Sos proteins in cellular proliferation and migration and support the consideration of these RasGEFs as potential biomarkers/therapy targets in Ras-driven epidermal tumors.This study was supported by grants FIS PI16/02137 from ISCIII (MINECO), SA043U16 (UIC 076) from JCyL, and AECC Spain (to E.S.); by MINECO grant SAF2015-66015-R; and by MSyC grants ISCIII-RETIC RD12/0036/0009, PIE 15/00076, and CB/16/00228 (to J.M.P.). This research was cofinanced by FEDER fund