Occurrence of Dental Disorders in Dogs

Background: The anatomy of the canine oral cavity and its variations should be understood to facilitate clinical and surgical approaches. Several conditions can be identified during inspection of the oral cavity, including persistent deciduous teeth, enamel hypoplasia, gingival retraction, tooth abrasion and mobility, absence of dental elements, and periodontal disease. The aim of the present study was to determine the occurrence of dental disorders in dogs older than one year, from the microrregion Ilhéus - Itabuna, Bahia, Brazil. Materials, Methods &Results: A total of 74 dogs were evaluated immediately prior to surgical procedures for periodontal disease treatment. After visual inspection and examination with a millimeter probe, the dogs were classified into three groups according to the degree of periodontal disease. All other findings were recorded on an odontogram. Of the 74 dogs, 23 were classified as mild periodontal disease (mean age, 3.6 years), 26 as moderate periodontal disease (mean age, 5.7 years), and 25 as severe periodontal disease (mean age, 9.7 years). There was significant correlation (0.7 p ≤ 0.01) between age and severity of periodontal disease. Fifteen of the 74 dogs did not present any other dental disorder than periodontal disease. Of the remaining 59, nine showed a single dental problem, and 50 had more than one dental problem. Six dogs (of the breeds Pinscher, Yorkshire Terrier, and Lhasa Apso) had deciduous teeth. Of the nine deciduous teeth, all were canine (dental elements 104, 204, and 304). Ten dogs had dental fractures and of the 11 fractured teeth, three were canine (dental elements 104 and 404). Dental wear was observed in 25 dogs (154 teeth). Of the evaluated dogs, seven showed furcation defects and 10 had teeth mobility. Dental absence was observed in 47 dogs.Discussion: In the present study, increased age had a positive correlation with the degree of periodontal disease; this is consistent with reports in the literature, which indicate severity of periodontal disease increases with advancing age. In one of the three cases of enamel hypoplasia, the dog owner reported that the dog presented clinical signs compatible with distemper before the teeth changed, corroborating studies that showed that this virus can act on the enamel cells causing hypoplasia lesions. All the deciduous teeth found were dental elements 104, 204, and 304, consistent with literature reports that these teeth are among the most frequently affected by this condition. In the present paper, of all the teeth examined, the canine teeth presented the majority of fractures. Canine teeth are used for grasping and tearing food, and defense, and are more vulnerable to fractures. Dental wear was observed in many dogs in the present study, presenting as loss of dental surface caused by friction, abrasion, or erosion from a variety of causes. Dental wear may be considered as a physiological process as long as it does not compromise function. Dental mobility is an important clinical sign of periodontal disease and generates pain and discomfort to the patient; in the presence of advanced periodontitis, there is a marked loss of periodontal tissues, including alveolar bone, which is an irreversible process. As the dogs evaluated in the present study were older than one year, any absent teeth could be verified as being due to periodontal disease. In conclusion, disorders of the oral cavity have high prevalence in dogs and must receive special attention to be properly diagnosed and treated

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Instituições participativas e habitação popular : o arranjo institucional participativo vinculado à habitação popular em Porto Alegre (RS)

No período posterior à redemocratização do Brasil, as possibilidades de participação da sociedade nos assuntos públicos foram incentivadas, sobretudo após a Constituição Federal de 1988 e outras legislações que instituíram mecanismos de exercício da cidadania no País, a exemplo dos Conselhos Gestores de Políticas Públicas e os Orçamentos Participativos. Nas mais diversas áreas do conhecimento, a exemplo da Sociologia, Ciência Política, Políticas Públicas, etc., inúmeros estudos têm buscado, a partir de distintas abordagens teóricas, entender o funcionamento desses espaços de participação e os efeitos deles resultantes. O contexto empírico desta pesquisa está relacionado à investigação de três principais conselhos que tratam da habitação popular na cidade, a saber: Conselho Municipal de Acesso à Terra e Habitação (COMATHAB); Conselho Municipal de Desenvolvimento Urbano e Ambiental (CMDUA) e; o Conselho do Orçamento Participativo (COP). A partir de uma proposta metodológica quali e quantitativa, esta tese utilizou como técnicas de coleta de dados a pesquisa documental e o questionário. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo indicam que as instituições participativas em foco apresentam assimetrias decorrentes das trajetórias institucionais dos conselhos, refletindo-se na forma como estes atuam dentro da política habitacional de caráter social em Porto Alegre.In the post-democratization of Brazil period, the possibilities of social participation in public affairs were encouraged, especially after the 1988 Federal Constitution and other laws that have established mechanisms for the exercise of citizenship in the country, like the Management Councils and Public Policy Participatory Budgets. In several areas of knowledge, such Sociology, Political Science, Public Policy, etc.., Numerous studies have sought from different theoretical approaches to understand the function of these spaces for participation and the effects of them. The empirical context of this research is related to three main research councils that deal with public housing in the city, namely: Municipal Council Access to Land and Housing (COMATHAB); Municipal Council for Urban and Environmental Development (CMDUA) and; the Council of Participatory Budgeting (COP). From a methodological proposal qualitatively and quantitatively, this thesis used as techniques of data collection documentary research and the questionnaire. The results of this study indicate that the focus on participatory institutions have asymmetry arising from institutional trajectories of advice, reflecting on the way they act within the housing policy of social character in Porto Alegre.Dans le post-démocratisation de la période Brésil, les possibilités de participation sociale dans les affaires publiques ont été encouragés, surtout après la Constitution fédérale de 1988 et d’autres lois qui ont établi des mécanismes pour l’exercice de la citoyenneté dans le pays, comme les conseils de gestion et des politiques publiques budgets participatifs. Dans plusieurs domaines de la connaissance, comme la sociologie, la science politique, les politiques publiques, etc., de nombreuses études ont cherché de différentes approches théoriques pour comprendre la fonction de ces espaces de participation et les effets. Le contexte empirique de cette recherche est liée à trois principaux conseils de recherche qui traitent de logements sociaux dans la ville, à savoir: le Conseil Municipal Housing (COMATHAB); le Conseil Municipal de Développement Urbain (CMDUA) et; le Conseil du Budget Participatif (COP). D’une proposition méthodologique qualitativement et quantitativement, cette thèse utilisé les techniques de collecte de données de recherche documentaire et le questionnaire. Les résultats de cette étude indiquent que l’accent mis sur les institutions participatives ont asymétrie résultant de trajectoires institutionnelles des conseils, une réflexion sur la façon dont ils agissent dans la politique de logement à caractère social de Porto Alegre

Instituições participativas e habitação popular : o arranjo institucional participativo vinculado à habitação popular em Porto Alegre (RS)

No período posterior à redemocratização do Brasil, as possibilidades de participação da sociedade nos assuntos públicos foram incentivadas, sobretudo após a Constituição Federal de 1988 e outras legislações que instituíram mecanismos de exercício da cidadania no País, a exemplo dos Conselhos Gestores de Políticas Públicas e os Orçamentos Participativos. Nas mais diversas áreas do conhecimento, a exemplo da Sociologia, Ciência Política, Políticas Públicas, etc., inúmeros estudos têm buscado, a partir de distintas abordagens teóricas, entender o funcionamento desses espaços de participação e os efeitos deles resultantes. O contexto empírico desta pesquisa está relacionado à investigação de três principais conselhos que tratam da habitação popular na cidade, a saber: Conselho Municipal de Acesso à Terra e Habitação (COMATHAB); Conselho Municipal de Desenvolvimento Urbano e Ambiental (CMDUA) e; o Conselho do Orçamento Participativo (COP). A partir de uma proposta metodológica quali e quantitativa, esta tese utilizou como técnicas de coleta de dados a pesquisa documental e o questionário. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo indicam que as instituições participativas em foco apresentam assimetrias decorrentes das trajetórias institucionais dos conselhos, refletindo-se na forma como estes atuam dentro da política habitacional de caráter social em Porto Alegre.In the post-democratization of Brazil period, the possibilities of social participation in public affairs were encouraged, especially after the 1988 Federal Constitution and other laws that have established mechanisms for the exercise of citizenship in the country, like the Management Councils and Public Policy Participatory Budgets. In several areas of knowledge, such Sociology, Political Science, Public Policy, etc.., Numerous studies have sought from different theoretical approaches to understand the function of these spaces for participation and the effects of them. The empirical context of this research is related to three main research councils that deal with public housing in the city, namely: Municipal Council Access to Land and Housing (COMATHAB); Municipal Council for Urban and Environmental Development (CMDUA) and; the Council of Participatory Budgeting (COP). From a methodological proposal qualitatively and quantitatively, this thesis used as techniques of data collection documentary research and the questionnaire. The results of this study indicate that the focus on participatory institutions have asymmetry arising from institutional trajectories of advice, reflecting on the way they act within the housing policy of social character in Porto Alegre.Dans le post-démocratisation de la période Brésil, les possibilités de participation sociale dans les affaires publiques ont été encouragés, surtout après la Constitution fédérale de 1988 et d’autres lois qui ont établi des mécanismes pour l’exercice de la citoyenneté dans le pays, comme les conseils de gestion et des politiques publiques budgets participatifs. Dans plusieurs domaines de la connaissance, comme la sociologie, la science politique, les politiques publiques, etc., de nombreuses études ont cherché de différentes approches théoriques pour comprendre la fonction de ces espaces de participation et les effets. Le contexte empirique de cette recherche est liée à trois principaux conseils de recherche qui traitent de logements sociaux dans la ville, à savoir: le Conseil Municipal Housing (COMATHAB); le Conseil Municipal de Développement Urbain (CMDUA) et; le Conseil du Budget Participatif (COP). D’une proposition méthodologique qualitativement et quantitativement, cette thèse utilisé les techniques de collecte de données de recherche documentaire et le questionnaire. Les résultats de cette étude indiquent que l’accent mis sur les institutions participatives ont asymétrie résultant de trajectoires institutionnelles des conseils, une réflexion sur la façon dont ils agissent dans la politique de logement à caractère social de Porto Alegre

Contemporary slave labor or exploitation of labor: representations of institutional actors in the case of Bage (RS)

In Brazil , the emergence of debt bondage or peonage originated in capitalist expansion in the Amazon region during the period of military government . In the 1990s , when the Brazilian government admitted the existence of the phenomenon in the country , numerous governmental actions have sought to suppress and combat this illegal form of work, chief among which is the creation of PERFOR (1992 ) and the National Plan for the Eradication of Slave Labor (2003 ) . The objective of this dissertation is to describe the representations of institutional actors involved in the case of Bage ( RS ) on the phenomenon of modern-day slavery . The pyruvic context of this research is related to a case of overexploitation of labor occurred in the city of Bage ( RS ) in 2008 . The results of this research show that institutional agents perceive the practice of contemporary slave labor differently and that , although they belong to different professional categories , the representations that have the phenomenon are not as conflicting.No Brasil, o aparecimento da escravidão por dívida ou peonagem tem origem na expansão capitalista na região amazônica no período dos governos militares. Nos anos 1990, quando o Estado brasileiro admitiu a existência de fenômeno no país, inúmeras ações governamentais têm buscado reprimir e combater esta forma ilegal de trabalho, dentre elas destaca-se a criação do PERFOR (1992) e do Plano Nacional Para a Erradicação do Trabalho Escravo (2003). O objetivo desta dissertação é descrever as representações dos agentes institucionais envolvidos no caso de Bagé (RS) sobre o fenômeno do trabalho escravo contemporâneo. O contexto em pírico desta pesquisa está relacionado a um caso de superexploração do trabalho ocorrido no município de Bagé (RS) em 2008. Os resultados da presente pesquisa evidenciam que os agentes institucionais percebem a prática de trabalho escravo contemporâneo de forma distinta e que, embora pertençam a categorias profissionais diferentes, as representações que possuem do fenômeno não são tão conflitantes

O desenho institucional e as instituições participativas: conselhos gestores de políticas públicas e orçamentos participativos

Este artigo investiga o desenho institucional das instituições participativas (IPs) e sua influência em experiências de participação política. Na primeira seção, será analisado um aspecto significativo relacionado às instituições, qual seja, o desenho institucional e sua relação com as práticas democráticas, a partir de bibliografia especializada sobre o tema. A segunda seção apresentará um breve panorama dessas IPs no Brasil, mostrando seu início após a redemocratização do país, os questionamentos feitos em relação aos seus resultados e as dificuldades em sua implementação. Finalmente, serão mostrados os estudos e pesquisas empíricas realizadas sobre as instituições participativas no Brasil