150 research outputs found

    Heterogeneity of logistics facilities: an issue for a better understanding and planning of the location of logistics facilities

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    International audience; In the last few years, the issue of the location of logistics activities emerged in the literature, in Europe and in the United States, especially from the perspective of logistics spatial dynamics as logistics sprawl. These issues of spatial dynamics question urban policies, because they underline the lack of interest in freight in the planning process. Indeed, one of the major issues in planning logistics facilities is the lack of a good understanding of the logistics sector: it is difficult to guide public action in the absence of detailed and precise data. The great heterogeneity of logistics facilities is often underestimated by public policies. The visibility of some sectors in public policies or academic literature, as parcel industry or e-commerce, hides other sides of logistics as an industry sector. With this paper we underline differences in the location of facilities, which translates into a difficult implementation of public policies to regulate logistics sprawl in the case of the Paris region. This paper studies precisely the location of the warehouses and terminals, and their place in the spatial organization of logistics facilities in the Paris Region. In particular, we compare the location of mass retail and wholesale trade facilities, logistics provider's facilities and parcel's industry facilities. Document type: Articl

    Caractérisation de la résistance en compression de structures composites Carbone-Epoxy haute performance dans le nautisme de compétition

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    Les matĂ©riaux composites Carbone/Epoxy Ă  fibres hautes performancessontdes matĂ©riaux de premier choix pour la conception/fabrication de structures utilisĂ©es dans des conditions extrĂȘmes. Ils prĂ©sentent toutefois des rĂ©sistances moindres en compression, d’autant plus importantes que le module d’élasticitĂ© des fibres est Ă©levĂ©. La prĂ©diction analytique de leur rupture en compression est dĂ©licate, de par les mĂ©canismes engagĂ©s. La caractĂ©risation expĂ©rimentale n’est Ă©galement pas aisĂ©e, les tests de compression axiale conduisant gĂ©nĂ©ralement Ă  une rupture de la structure par flambement et non par rupture du matĂ©riau. Cette derniĂšre constatation soulĂšve la question de savoir si la rĂ©sistance en compression d’un matĂ©riau composite est une propriĂ©tĂ© du matĂ©riau ou une propriĂ©tĂ© de la structure Ă©tudiĂ©e. Cette problĂ©matique est discutĂ©e ici par la rĂ©alisation d’une Ă©tude comparative entre un modĂšle et une campagne expĂ©rimentale en flexion 4pts rĂ©alisĂ©e sur diffĂ©rentes structures et configurations matĂ©riau

    COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

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    Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≀ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≄ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

    Histoire de la mission du Thibet

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    Histoire de la mission du Thibet

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    Histoire de la mission du Thibet

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    Contribution to the development of a protocol to assist in the prediction of the compressive strength of high-performance carbon fibers composite structures with defects and under static and cyclic loading conditions

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    Le bureau d’études GSea Design dimensionne, entre autres, des voiliers de course au large, fabriquĂ©s Ă  partir de matĂ©riaux composites constituĂ©s de fibres de carbone et de rĂ©sine Ă©poxy. La rĂ©sistance en compression de ces matĂ©riaux est infĂ©rieure Ă  celle en traction, elle constitue donc un enjeu majeur lors du dimensionnement. Les travaux prĂ©sentĂ©s se sont intĂ©ressĂ©s Ă  la comprĂ©hension du mĂ©canisme de rupture en compression, Ă  la prĂ©diction de cette rĂ©sistance et Ă  l’évaluation de l’influence de dĂ©fauts de porositĂ© sur celle-ci, ainsi qu’à l’évolution de cette prĂ©diction en fonction du nombre de cycles de chargement/dĂ©chargement vus par la structure. D’abord, les prĂ©dictions de rĂ©sistance en compression obtenues par un modĂšle analytique issu de la littĂ©rature sont confrontĂ©es Ă  un large panel de couples fibres/matrice, au travers d’une campagne expĂ©rimentale. Cette confrontation a permis de mettre en exergue l’incapacitĂ© du modĂšle analytique Ă  prĂ©dire la rĂ©sistance des matĂ©riaux Ă  fibres de carbone haut module. L’analyse des rĂ©sultats expĂ©rimentaux a conduit Ă  proposer une modification du modĂšle analytique afin d’en amĂ©liorer sensiblement les prĂ©dictions. Cette avancĂ©e a permis le dĂ©veloppement d’un protocole de prĂ©diction de la rĂ©sistance en compression s’appuyant sur un modĂšle numĂ©rique Ă  l’échelle micromĂ©canique. Cet outil d’aide au dimensionnement permet de prĂ©dire la rĂ©sistance en compression de structures contenant des dĂ©fauts (ondulation de fibres, porositĂ©, etc.) mais Ă©galement leurs durĂ©es de vie.GSea Design office designs racing yachts, manufactured with carbon fibres and epoxy resin composite materials. The compressive strength of these materials is lower than the tensile strength and is therefore a major issue in the design process. The research work presented in here focuses on the understanding of the mechanism of failure in compression, the prediction of this strength and the evaluation of the influence of porosity defects on it, as well as on the evolution of this prediction as a function of the number of loading/unloading cycles on the structure. Firstly, the predictions of compressive strength provided by an analytical model from the literature are compared with a large panel of different fibres/matrix pairs, through an experimental campaign. This comparison has highlighted the inability of the analytical model to predict the strength of materials containing high modulus carbon fibres. The analysis of the experimental results led to suggest a modification of the analytical model to significantly improve its predictions. This progress allowed the development of a protocol for predicting the compressive strength based on a numerical model at the micromechanical scale. This design tool enables to predict the compressive strength of structures containing defects (fibre waviness, voids, etc.) as well as their service life

    Contribution au dĂ©veloppement d’un protocole d’aide Ă  la prĂ©diction de la rĂ©sistance en compression de structures composites Ă  fibres de carbone hautes performances contenant des dĂ©fauts et soumises Ă  des cas de chargement statiques et cycliques

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    GSea Design office designs racing yachts, manufactured with carbon fibres and epoxy resin composite materials. The compressive strength of these materials is lower than the tensile strength and is therefore a major issue in the design process. The research work presented in here focuses on the understanding of the mechanism of failure in compression, the prediction of this strength and the evaluation of the influence of porosity defects on it, as well as on the evolution of this prediction as a function of the number of loading/unloading cycles on the structure. Firstly, the predictions of compressive strength provided by an analytical model from the literature are compared with a large panel of different fibres/matrix pairs, through an experimental campaign. This comparison has highlighted the inability of the analytical model to predict the strength of materials containing high modulus carbon fibres. The analysis of the experimental results led to suggest a modification of the analytical model to significantly improve its predictions. This progress allowed the development of a protocol for predicting the compressive strength based on a numerical model at the micromechanical scale. This design tool enables to predict the compressive strength of structures containing defects (fibre waviness, voids, etc.) as well as their service life.Le bureau d’études GSea Design dimensionne, entre autres, des voiliers de course au large, fabriquĂ©s Ă  partir de matĂ©riaux composites constituĂ©s de fibres de carbone et de rĂ©sine Ă©poxy. La rĂ©sistance en compression de ces matĂ©riaux est infĂ©rieure Ă  celle en traction, elle constitue donc un enjeu majeur lors du dimensionnement. Les travaux prĂ©sentĂ©s se sont intĂ©ressĂ©s Ă  la comprĂ©hension du mĂ©canisme de rupture en compression, Ă  la prĂ©diction de cette rĂ©sistance et Ă  l’évaluation de l’influence de dĂ©fauts de porositĂ© sur celle-ci, ainsi qu’à l’évolution de cette prĂ©diction en fonction du nombre de cycles de chargement/dĂ©chargement vus par la structure. D’abord, les prĂ©dictions de rĂ©sistance en compression obtenues par un modĂšle analytique issu de la littĂ©rature sont confrontĂ©es Ă  un large panel de couples fibres/matrice, au travers d’une campagne expĂ©rimentale. Cette confrontation a permis de mettre en exergue l’incapacitĂ© du modĂšle analytique Ă  prĂ©dire la rĂ©sistance des matĂ©riaux Ă  fibres de carbone haut module. L’analyse des rĂ©sultats expĂ©rimentaux a conduit Ă  proposer une modification du modĂšle analytique afin d’en amĂ©liorer sensiblement les prĂ©dictions. Cette avancĂ©e a permis le dĂ©veloppement d’un protocole de prĂ©diction de la rĂ©sistance en compression s’appuyant sur un modĂšle numĂ©rique Ă  l’échelle micromĂ©canique. Cet outil d’aide au dimensionnement permet de prĂ©dire la rĂ©sistance en compression de structures contenant des dĂ©fauts (ondulation de fibres, porositĂ©, etc.) mais Ă©galement leurs durĂ©es de vie

    Contribution au dĂ©veloppement d’un protocole d’aide Ă  la prĂ©diction de la rĂ©sistance en compression de structures composites Ă  fibres de carbone hautes performances contenant des dĂ©fauts et soumises Ă  des cas de chargement statiques et cycliques

    No full text
    GSea Design office designs racing yachts, manufactured with carbon fibres and epoxy resin composite materials. The compressive strength of these materials is lower than the tensile strength and is therefore a major issue in the design process. The research work presented in here focuses on the understanding of the mechanism of failure in compression, the prediction of this strength and the evaluation of the influence of porosity defects on it, as well as on the evolution of this prediction as a function of the number of loading/unloading cycles on the structure. Firstly, the predictions of compressive strength provided by an analytical model from the literature are compared with a large panel of different fibres/matrix pairs, through an experimental campaign. This comparison has highlighted the inability of the analytical model to predict the strength of materials containing high modulus carbon fibres. The analysis of the experimental results led to suggest a modification of the analytical model to significantly improve its predictions. This progress allowed the development of a protocol for predicting the compressive strength based on a numerical model at the micromechanical scale. This design tool enables to predict the compressive strength of structures containing defects (fibre waviness, voids, etc.) as well as their service life.Le bureau d’études GSea Design dimensionne, entre autres, des voiliers de course au large, fabriquĂ©s Ă  partir de matĂ©riaux composites constituĂ©s de fibres de carbone et de rĂ©sine Ă©poxy. La rĂ©sistance en compression de ces matĂ©riaux est infĂ©rieure Ă  celle en traction, elle constitue donc un enjeu majeur lors du dimensionnement. Les travaux prĂ©sentĂ©s se sont intĂ©ressĂ©s Ă  la comprĂ©hension du mĂ©canisme de rupture en compression, Ă  la prĂ©diction de cette rĂ©sistance et Ă  l’évaluation de l’influence de dĂ©fauts de porositĂ© sur celle-ci, ainsi qu’à l’évolution de cette prĂ©diction en fonction du nombre de cycles de chargement/dĂ©chargement vus par la structure. D’abord, les prĂ©dictions de rĂ©sistance en compression obtenues par un modĂšle analytique issu de la littĂ©rature sont confrontĂ©es Ă  un large panel de couples fibres/matrice, au travers d’une campagne expĂ©rimentale. Cette confrontation a permis de mettre en exergue l’incapacitĂ© du modĂšle analytique Ă  prĂ©dire la rĂ©sistance des matĂ©riaux Ă  fibres de carbone haut module. L’analyse des rĂ©sultats expĂ©rimentaux a conduit Ă  proposer une modification du modĂšle analytique afin d’en amĂ©liorer sensiblement les prĂ©dictions. Cette avancĂ©e a permis le dĂ©veloppement d’un protocole de prĂ©diction de la rĂ©sistance en compression s’appuyant sur un modĂšle numĂ©rique Ă  l’échelle micromĂ©canique. Cet outil d’aide au dimensionnement permet de prĂ©dire la rĂ©sistance en compression de structures contenant des dĂ©fauts (ondulation de fibres, porositĂ©, etc.) mais Ă©galement leurs durĂ©es de vie

    Etude de l'émergence de la diversité d'Escherichia coli in vivo par séquençage de génomes complets

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    Escherichia coli is a commensal species living in the digestive tract of vertebrates, but can also be a harmful pathogen involved in both intra and extraintestinal diseases. As clones can behave both as commensals and pathogens, the comprehension of the mechanisms involved in the diversification of E. coli in those two habitats represents a major public health concern. In vitro experimental evolution studies using E. coli have unraveled the different faces of bacterial adaptation. However, as those experiments used artificial conditions, the relevance of these observations and more generally the contribution of adaptation to the diversification of E. coli in the wild remain questionable. To answer these questions, I analyzed the genomic profiles of diversification of E. coli during (1) adaptation to the mice digestive tract or (2) during acute extraintestinal infections. In both cases, I found a strong convergence at the gene level, i.e. observation of several impendent mutations in the same gene, suggesting a dynamic adaptation. In acute infections, mutations in global regulators were recovered, while more specific genes were recruited in the mice gut. Finally, the existence of clones with high mutation rate in the infections, allowed me to document for the first time the genomics of mutator emergence in the wild. In conclusion, my work shows that adaptation is playing an important role in the diversification of E. coli, and that this process is fairly similar to the one observed in the laboratory. Nevertheless, adaptation seems more active during infections than in the mice gut.Escherichia coli est une espĂšce commensale du tube digestif, mais elle peut aussi se rĂ©vĂ©ler ĂȘtre un dangereux pathogĂšne intra ou extra intestinal. Un mĂȘme clone pouvant passer d'un Ă©tat commensal Ă  pathogĂšne, la comprĂ©hension des mĂ©canismes impliquĂ©s dans la diversification d'E. coli dans ces deux habitats reprĂ©sente un enjeu majeur de santĂ© publique. Des expĂ©riences d'Ă©volution expĂ©rimentale utilisant E. coli ont permis de rĂ©vĂ©ler diffĂ©rentes facettes de l'adaptation bactĂ©rienne. Cependant, ces expĂ©riences de laboratoire utilisant des conditions artificielles, on peut s'interroger sur la pertinence des observations qui en dĂ©coulent en milieu naturel et plus globalement s’interroger sur la part de la sĂ©lection naturelle dans la diversification de E. coli dans la nature. Pour rĂ©pondre Ă  ces questions, j'ai analysĂ© les profils gĂ©nomiques de diversification de E. coli au cours (1) d’une adaptation au tube digestif de souris ou (2) dans des infections extra-intestinales. Dans les deux cas, j’ai pu montrer une importante convergence au niveau du gĂšne : un mĂȘme gĂšne Ă©tant mutĂ© plusieurs fois indĂ©pendamment, un signe que l’adaptation est active. Dans les infections aigues, des mutations touchant des rĂ©gulateurs globaux ont Ă©tĂ© retrouvĂ©es, alors que dans le tube digestif les cibles de l’adaptation semblaient plus spĂ©cifiques. Enfin, les Ă©chantillons issus des infections incluant des souches a fort taux de mutation dites mutatrices, j'ai pu documenter pour la premiĂšre fois la gĂ©nomique de l'Ă©mergence de bactĂ©ries mutatrices en milieu naturel.En conclusion, mes travaux montrent que l’adaptation joue un rĂŽle important dans la diversification de E. coli en milieu naturel et que ce processus s’apparente Ă  celui observĂ© dans des milieux artificiels de laboratoire. L’adaptation semble nĂ©anmoins plus active en conditions d’infections aigues que dans le tube digestif de souris
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