Kansalaistieteellä viheliäisten ongelmien kimppuun

Kansalaistiedettä ja vapaata sivistystyötä yhdistää kansalaisten toiminta yhteisten päämäärien hyväksi. Kansalaistieteellä on mahdollisuuksia tukea aikuiskasvatustieteen tutkimust

Kansansivistys ja nainen: työtä kansan hyväksi

The objective of the study was to investigate, using gender-sensitive approach and dense description technique, how gender was built in certain cultural historical texts from approximately 1840 to 1950. In the examination, attention was paid to the history of the adult education centres from the gender perspective. Interpretation of selected historical texts showed that the ideological ground emphasizing equality in liberal adult education was built into the masculine direction. The 19th century Snellman-Hegel polarization ideal, emphasizing differences between genders, was carried on primarily in standardized interpretations written by males far into the mid-20th century. They constructed the context of the institutions of liberal adult education, including the adult education centres in Finland. Active social female organization from 1850 to around 1900 and related education requirements were instead canalized elsewhere in the Finnish history writing. The female writers formulated biography writings and philosophy of life texts through various female organizations, voluntary associations and societies. In the folk enlightenment historical writings, the female was all-round educated, first as an ethical and obedient mother citizen in the interest of the nation. Starting from approximately 1920, the object was the female labour. The texts constructing the ideological context of the adult education centres focused on the propagation of masculine enlightenment rhetoric targeted at male citizens; the status and education of the female was stifled.Vapaan sivistystyön parissa työskentelevät ja opiskelevat naiset tarvitsevat tietoa menneisyydestään. Mitä pinnallisempi ja sovinnaisempi on käsityksemme historiasta, sitä näkymättömämpiä naiset siinä ovat (Kortelainen 2006, 345). Tämä artikkeli hakee vastausta kysymykseen, kuinka sukupuolta rakennettiin eräissä kulttuurihistoriallisissa teksteissä 1840-luvulta 1900-luvun puolenvälin tienoille. Samalla sukupuolen jäljittäminen teksteistä johtaa vapaan sivistystyön historian naistutkimuksellisiin tulkintoihin.

Euroopan Unionin elinikäisen oppimisen avaintaidot, Eurooppalainen tutkintoviitekehys ja oppilaitosten opetussuunnitelmien kehittäminen

Euroopan unionin vuoden 2006 elinikäisen oppimisen avaintaidot ja vuonna 2008 hyväksytty tutkintoviitekehys ovat perustana Suomenkin lukio-, ammatillisen- ja korkeakoulutuksen osaamisperusteisuudelle. Sen kaksi tärkeitä elementtiä ovat työelämälähtöisyys ja yleisten (geneeristen, transversaalisten) kykyjen kehittäminen. Kumpikaan näistä ei käsityksemme mukaan turvaa tyydyttävästi opetussuunnitelmien kytkeytymistä luonnonympäristön, yhteiskunnan ja työelämän muutoksiin. Työelämän tarpeet eivät ulotu moniin olennaisiin yhteiskunnallisiin ongelmiin, kuten ilmastonmuutokseen tai luonnon monimuotoisuuden köyhtymiseen. Osaamis- ja kompetenssikuvausten oletetaan olevan paljolti riippumattomia tietosisällöistä. Kuitenkin koulutus menettää vaikutusmahdollisuutensa työelämässä, jos opetuksen tavoitteissa ei huomioida tiedon kehitystä ja monipuolista asiantuntemusta osaavan suorituksen ja ongelmaratkaisun perustana. Koulutuksen, työelämän ja yhteiskunnan suhteen ongelma ei ole ratkaistavissa esittämällä luetteloja tulevaisuustaidoista ja yksilön joustavuuden turvaavista ihanneominaisuuksista. Ratkaisua on pikemminkin etsittävä eri ammatti- ja toimialojen muutosten ymmärtämisestä ja sen analysoimisesta, minkälaista tietoa ja asiantuntemusta niistä selviytymiseksi tarvitaan.Peer reviewe

A Missense Change in the ATG4D Gene Links Aberrant Autophagy to a Neurodegenerative Vacuolar Storage Disease

Inherited neurodegenerative disorders are debilitating diseases that occur across different species. We have performed clinical, pathological and genetic studies to characterize a novel canine neurodegenerative disease present in the Lagotto Romagnolo dog breed. Affected dogs suffer from progressive cerebellar ataxia, sometimes accompanied by episodic nystagmus and behavioral changes. Histological examination revealed unique pathological changes, including profound neuronal cytoplasmic vacuolization in the nervous system, as well as spheroid formation and cytoplasmic aggregation of vacuoles in secretory epithelial tissues and mesenchymal cells. Genetic analyses uncovered a missense change, c.1288G>A; p.A430T, in the autophagy-related ATG4D gene on canine chromosome 20 with a highly significant disease association (p = 3.8 x 10(-136)) in a cohort of more than 2300 Lagotto Romagnolo dogs. ATG4D encodes a poorly characterized cysteine protease belonging to themacroautophagy pathway. Accordingly, our histological analyses indicated altered autophagic flux in affected tissues. The knockdown of the zebrafish homologue atg4da resulted in a widespread developmental disturbance and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system. Our study describes a previously unknown canine neurological disease with particular pathological features and implicates the ATG4D protein as an important autophagy mediator in neuronal homeostasis. The canine phenotype serves as a model to delineate the disease-causing pathological mechanism(s) and ATG4D function, and can also be used to explore treatment options. Furthermore, our results reveal a novel candidate gene for human neurodegeneration and enable the development of a genetic test for veterinary diagnostic and breeding purposes.Peer reviewe

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat