Drag reduction within radial turbine rotor passages using riblets

In this paper, reducing the friction losses in a radial inflow turbine rotor surface by adding engineered features (riblets) is explored. Initially, computational fluid dynamics analysis was used to study the operating mechanism of riblets and to test their ability to reduce drag within the rotor passage when running the turbine at the design point. Thereafter, riblets with different heights and spacing have been implemented at the rotor hub to study the effect of riblets geometry and arrangement on the drag reduction, which leads to determine the riblet geometry where the maximum benefit on turbine performance can be achieved. The effect of riblets on boundary layer development and on the secondary flow generation within the rotor passage has been examined. It was found that the introduction of riblets could reduce the wall shear stress at the hub surface, and on the other hand, they contribute to increasing the stream-wise vorticity within the rotor passage. The maximum wall shear reduction was achieved with riblet with relative height hrel = 2.5% equivalent to 19.3 wall units, while the maximum performance happens when using riblets with hrel = 1.5% equivalent to 11.8 wall units as the later contributes less in secondary flow generation within the passage. For riblets with height more than 19.3 wall units, the overall effect is negative, as they cause an increase in drag and give rise to secondary flow leading to lower turbine performance

Paranormal Phenomena in the light of Psychology of Religion

People's enthusiasm for supernatural phenomena is another major social source of some Cults. It is the reality of paranormal phenomena that is at stake. Over many years there has been no effort to provide psychologists with a summary of the nature of the investigation, the methods, the evidence, and the state of the research. Once, at least, in a decade question of that difficult or threatening nature. The focus of contemporary investigations in Parapsychology is the attempt to define working conditions under which specific paranormal phenomena, such as extrasensory perception, tend to appear, to define verifiable regularities in their nature. Keywords: paranormal, phenomena, Psychology, religionPeople's enthusiasm for supernatural phenomena is another major social source of some Cults. It is the reality of paranormal phenomena that is at stake. Over many years there has been no effort to provide psychologists with a summary of the nature of the investigation, the methods, the evidence, and the state of the research. Once, at least, in a decade question of that difficult or threatening nature. The focus of contemporary investigations in Parapsychology is the attempt to define working conditions under which specific paranormal phenomena, such as extrasensory perception, tend to appear, to define verifiable regularities in their nature.Keywords: paranormal, phenomena, Psychology, religio

Value of Information in Design of Groundwater Quality Monitoring Network under Uncertainty

The increasing need for groundwater as a source for fresh water and the continuous deterioration in many places around the world of that precious source as a result of anthropogenic sources of pollution highlights the need for efficient groundwater resources management. To be efficient, groundwater resources management requires efficient access to reliable information that can be acquired through monitoring. Due to the limited resources to implement a monitoring program, a groundwater quality monitoring network design should identify what is an optimal network from the point of view of cost, the value of information collected, and the amount of uncertainty that will exist about the quality of groundwater. When considering the potential social impact of monitoring, the design of a network should involve all stakeholders including people who are consuming the groundwater. This research introduces a methodology for groundwater quality monitoring network design that utilizes state-of-the-art learning machines that have been developed from the general area of statistical learning theory. The methodology takes into account uncertainties in aquifer properties, pollution transport processes, and climate. To check the feasibility of the network design, the research introduces a methodology to estimate the value of information (VOI) provided by the network using a decision tree model. Finally, the research presents the results of a survey administered in the study area to determine whether the implementation of the monitoring network design could be supported. Applying these methodologies on the Eocene Aquifer, Palestine indicates that statistical learning machines can be most effectively used to design a groundwater quality monitoring network in real-life aquifers. On the other hand, VOI analysis indicates that for the value of monitoring to exceed the cost of monitoring, more work is needed to improve the accuracy of the network and to increase people’s awareness of the pollution problem and the available alternatives

THE NUMINOUS EXPERIENCE IN THE LIGHT OF PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION

The numinous experience, a concept developed by Rudolf Otto, has significant importance in understanding the psychological aspects of religion. Drawing on various theories and empirical studies within the field of Psychology, this article highlights the significance of the numinous experience in the Psychology of Religion. It explores the relationship between the numinous and religious beliefs, the psychological mechanisms underlying such experiences, and the impact on individuals' well-being. The numinous experience offers a unique lens through which we can understand the profound connection between Psychology and religion, paving the way for further research and exploration in this captivating field.The numinous experience, a concept developed by Rudolf Otto, has significant importance in understanding the psychological aspects of religion. Drawing on various theories and empirical studies within the field of Psychology, this article highlights the significance of the numinous experience in the Psychology of Religion. It explores the relationship between the numinous and religious beliefs, the psychological mechanisms underlying such experiences, and the impact on individuals' well-being. The numinous experience offers a unique lens through which we can understand the profound connection between Psychology and religion, paving the way for further research and exploration in this captivating field

Thermal conductivity of comets

A value is described for the thermal conductivity of the frost layer and for the water-ice solid debris mixture. The value of the porous structure is discussed as a function of depth only. Graphs show thermal conductivity as a function of depth and temperature at constant porosity and density

Thermal conductivity of heterogeneous mixtures and lunar soils

The theoretical evaluation of the effective thermal conductivity of granular materials is discussed with emphasis upon the heat transport properties of lunar soil. The following types of models are compared: probabilistic, parallel isotherm, stochastic, lunar, and a model based on nonlinear heat flow system synthesis

On-The-Road Testing of the Effects of Driver’s Experience, Gender, Speed, and Road Grade on Car Emissions

On-road vehicles have become a dominant source of air pollution and energy consumption in many parts of the world. As a result, estimating the amount of pollution from these vehicles and analyzing the factors affecting their emission is necessary to understand and manage ambient air quality. Traditionally, automobile emissions have been measured with dynamometer tests using representative driving cycles. A review of the related literature shows that there is a lack of real life, on-the-road testing of automobile emissions. Moreover, a few previous studies have directly discussed the impact of driver variability on emissions from the vehicles. This research analyzes the impacts of driver experience, gender, speed, and road grade on vehicle emissions through on-the-road testing experiment in Logan, Utah, USA during summer of 2016. The methodology of the research starts by selecting a representative car to perform the tests on. The next step was to choose test drivers representing four groups: young males, young females, experienced males, and experienced females. After that, the drivers were assigned a specified route that has different speed limits and grades. Emissions from the car exhaust (specifically carbon monoxide-CO, hydrocarbons-HC, and nitrogen oxides-NOx) in addition to the engines rotational speed (rpm), car speed, and exhaust temperature, were measured every second while driving on the specified route. Statistical analysis of the results shows that contrary to the common stereotypes, experienced drivers emitted 52% more HC and 49% more NOx than young drivers and female drivers, and male drivers emitted 14% more HC and 44% more NOx than female drivers. It also shows that CO emission is not significantly dependent on age, gender, nor driving conditions. Finally, driving through low-speed segments emits significantly higher HC (79%), while driving through uphill segments emits significantly higher (98%) NOx than driving through downhill segment

The Impact of Corona Pandemic on the Palestinian Universities’ Libraries’ Services during the Years (2020- 2021) From the Viewpoint of Faculty Members

This study aimed at identifying the impact of Corona pandemic on the information services in Palestinian university libraries during the years 2020-2021 from the viewpoint of the faculty members. A random sample of (500) individuals was selected, and an electronic questionnaire consisting of two fields was distributed to them: the first related to personal information (gender, age, academic rank, and college type: scientific, humanitarian), and the second consisted of 31 items related to sources in terms of: (access, access, use, and satisfaction), from which 304 valid questionnaires were retrieved for statistical analysis. The results indicated that there were statistically significant differences at the significance when (α≤0.05) between the views of faculty members in Palestinian universities for university library services in light of the Corona virus pandemic due to the variable: gender, age, scientific rank, specialization. The researcher recommends: It is the necessity of developing university library portals and reconsidering their digital strategies

A decision tree model to estimate the value of information provided by a groundwater quality monitoring network

Groundwater contaminated with nitrate poses a serious health risk to infants when this contaminated water is used for culinary purposes. To avoid this health risk, people need to know whether their culinary water is contaminated or not. Therefore, there is a need to design an effective groundwater monitoring network, acquire information on groundwater conditions, and use acquired information to inform management options. These actions require time, money, and effort. This paper presents a method to estimate the value of information (VOI) provided by a groundwater quality monitoring network located in an aquifer whose water poses a spatially heterogeneous and uncertain health risk. A decision tree model describes the structure of the decision alternatives facing the decision-maker and the expected outcomes from these alternatives. The alternatives include (i) ignore the health risk of nitrate-contaminated water, (ii) switch to alternative water sources such as bottled water, or (iii) implement a previously designed groundwater quality monitoring network that takes into account uncertainties in aquifer properties, contaminant transport processes, and climate (Khader, 2012). The VOI is estimated as the difference between the expected costs of implementing the monitoring network and the lowest-cost uninformed alternative. We illustrate the method for the Eocene Aquifer, West Bank, Palestine, where methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome) is the main health problem associated with the principal contaminant nitrate. The expected cost of each alternative is estimated as the weighted sum of the costs and probabilities (likelihoods) associated with the uncertain outcomes resulting from the alternative. Uncertain outcomes include actual nitrate concentrations in the aquifer, concentrations reported by the monitoring system, whether people abide by manager recommendations to use/not use aquifer water, and whether people get sick from drinking contaminated water. Outcome costs include healthcare for methemoglobinemia, purchase of bottled water, and installation and maintenance of the groundwater monitoring system. At current methemoglobinemia and bottled water costs of $150/person and$ 0.6/baby/day, the decision tree results show that the expected cost of establishing the proposed groundwater quality monitoring network exceeds the expected costs of the uninformed alternatives and there is no value to the information the monitoring system provides. However, the monitoring system will be preferred to ignoring the health risk or using alternative sources if the methemoglobinemia cost rises to $300/person or the bottled water cost increases to$ 2.3/baby/day. Similarly, the monitoring system has value if the system can more accurately report actual aquifer concentrations and the public more fully abides by manager recommendations to use/not use the aquifer. The system also has value if it will serve a larger population or if its installation costs can be reduced, for example using a smaller number of monitoring wells. The VOI analysis shows how monitoring system design, accuracy, installation and operating costs, public awareness of health risks, costs of alternatives, and demographics together affect the value of implementing a system to monitor groundwater quality

FORGIVENESS AND THE INFLUENCE IN PSYCHOTHERAPY IN DIFFERENT RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS

In this concise and general article, we give some basic conceptions of the forgiveness of the grand Religions, making at the same time a comparison of the concept of forgiveness between these Religions or cultures, in relation to the therapeutic dimension of the latter; something that in recent years ―under the science of the Psychology of Religion― has seen the light of day, hundreds of empirical researches, which confirm the most above claim