Die mittelniederländische Urkundensprache in Privaturkunden des 13. und 14. Jahrhunderts

Während des Mittelalters wird das Lateinische als traditionelle Urkundensprache allmählich von den Volkssprachen verdrängt. Dieser Prozess, der u.a. mit der Entstehung des Bürgertums und dem Erstarken der Städte zusammenhängt, beginnt im Südwesten Europas und setzt sich mit zeitlicher Verzögerung in nördlicher und östlicher Richtung fort. In den Niederlanden erfolgt die Ablösung des Lateins durch das Mittelniederländische während des 13. und 14. Jahrhunderts. Der Prozess der Verschriftlichung des Mittelniederländischen und das Verhältnis von Latein und Volkssprache stehen seit einigen Jahren verstärkt im Interesse der Forschung. Diese Studie untersucht, wie Skribenten bei der Umsetzung der lateinischen Formeln ins Niederländische vorgehen. Wird das Lateinische wörtlich übersetzt? Entwickelt sich eine eigene mittelniederländische Fachsprache? Die Untersuchung von rund 2000 Urkunden zeigt, dass die Skribenten bestimmte Formeln als Vorlage auswählen und sich bei der Übertragung ins Mittelniederländische langsam von den Vorlagen emanzipieren. Trotz des stereotypen Sprachgebrauchs in den Urkunden lassen sich lexikalische und syntaktische Unterschiede feststellen, die durch die regional unterschiedliche Ausprägung der mittelniederländischen Schreibsprache bedingt sind. During the middle ages, Latin gets ousted as the traditional language of record by the vernacular languages in Europe. This process which comes together with the rise of the commonalty and the growing influence of the cities begins in the Southwest of Europe and proceeds northwards and eastwards. In the Low Countries, Latin gets replaced by Middle Dutch during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. In recent years, researchers have focused on the introduction of Middle Dutch as a documentary language and the relationship between Latin and the vernacular. This study analyses how scribes transfer Latin formulas into Dutch ones. Are the Latin formulas translated word by word? Is a vernacular documentary language developing? The examination of about 2000 mediaeval charters shows that the scribes select some formulas as a model for their translation and finally emancipate from the Latin model. Although stereotypical language use is common for charters, there are lexical and syntactical differences that are caused by the peculiarities of the different regional written languages

Die mittelniederländische Urkundensprache in Privaturkunden des 13. und 14. Jahrhunderts

Während des Mittelalters wird das Lateinische als traditionelle Urkundensprache allmählich von den Volkssprachen verdrängt. Dieser Prozess, der u.a. mit der Entstehung des Bürgertums und dem Erstarken der Städte zusammenhängt, beginnt im Südwesten Europas und setzt sich mit zeitlicher Verzögerung in nördlicher und östlicher Richtung fort. In den Niederlanden erfolgt die Ablösung des Lateins durch das Mittelniederländische während des 13. und 14. Jahrhunderts. Der Prozess der Verschriftlichung des Mittelniederländischen und das Verhältnis von Latein und Volkssprache stehen seit einigen Jahren verstärkt im Interesse der Forschung. Diese Studie untersucht, wie Skribenten bei der Umsetzung der lateinischen Formeln ins Niederländische vorgehen. Wird das Lateinische wörtlich übersetzt? Entwickelt sich eine eigene mittelniederländische Fachsprache? Die Untersuchung von rund 2000 Urkunden zeigt, dass die Skribenten bestimmte Formeln als Vorlage auswählen und sich bei der Übertragung ins Mittelniederländische langsam von den Vorlagen emanzipieren. Trotz des stereotypen Sprachgebrauchs in den Urkunden lassen sich lexikalische und syntaktische Unterschiede feststellen, die durch die regional unterschiedliche Ausprägung der mittelniederländischen Schreibsprache bedingt sind. During the middle ages, Latin gets ousted as the traditional language of record by the vernacular languages in Europe. This process which comes together with the rise of the commonalty and the growing influence of the cities begins in the Southwest of Europe and proceeds northwards and eastwards. In the Low Countries, Latin gets replaced by Middle Dutch during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. In recent years, researchers have focused on the introduction of Middle Dutch as a documentary language and the relationship between Latin and the vernacular. This study analyses how scribes transfer Latin formulas into Dutch ones. Are the Latin formulas translated word by word? Is a vernacular documentary language developing? The examination of about 2000 mediaeval charters shows that the scribes select some formulas as a model for their translation and finally emancipate from the Latin model. Although stereotypical language use is common for charters, there are lexical and syntactical differences that are caused by the peculiarities of the different regional written languages

Lehrmaterialangebot für den schulischen Nachbarsprachenunterricht. Ein deutsch-niederländischer Vergleich

This paper discusses the differences between teaching Dutch in Germany and German in the Netherlands, while considering the challenges teachers are confronted with, e.g. the lack of appropriate textbooks. In particular, the composition and method of some textbooks for Dutch and German are presented and evaluated with regard to their practicality in the classroom. It is striking that textbooks for German are written in Dutch, and that pupils even have to work out tasks in Dutch and not in the target language, while there is merely one textbook in Germany for school-based teaching, lacking a consideration of school types, age groups, and prior knowledge. Even though the conditions of neighbouring language teaching are particularly diverse, teachers on both sides are in urgent need of more innovative and improved teaching material which ensures that pupils are able to develop and improve their language skills, as well as their intercultural competences.This paper discusses the differences between teaching Dutch in Germany and German in the Netherlands, while considering the challenges teachers are confronted with, e.g. the lack of appropriate textbooks. In particular, the composition and method of some textbooks for Dutch and German are presented and evaluated with regard to their practicality in the classroom. It is striking that textbooks for German are written in Dutch, and that pupils even have to work out tasks in Dutch and not in the target language, while there is merely one textbook in Germany for school-based teaching, lacking a consideration of school types, age groups, and prior knowledge. Even though the conditions of neighbouring language teaching are particularly diverse, teachers on both sides are in urgent need of more innovative and improved teaching material which ensures that pupils are able to develop and improve their language skills, as well as their intercultural competences

Comparing National Stereotypes in different cultures: German in Dutch and Russian language teaching at schools and universities

Stereotypes, prejudices, hostile images and clichés are different forms of self-images and images of others. This paper establishes stereotypes as a scalable concept to distinguish them from other forms of fixed attributions. It features a comparison of national stereotypes about Germany, the Germans and the German language from a Dutch and Russian perspective and discusses the use of stereotypes in foreign language teaching, which are aimed at culturally reflective learning.Stereotypes, prejudices, hostile images and clichés are different forms of self-images and images of others. This paper establishes stereotypes as a scalable concept to distinguish them from other forms of fixed attributions. It features a comparison of national stereotypes about Germany, the Germans and the German language from a Dutch and Russian perspective and discusses the use of stereotypes in foreign language teaching, which are aimed at culturally reflective learning.Stereotypes, prejudices, hostile images and clichés are different forms of self-images and images of others. This paper establishes stereotypes as a scalable concept to distinguish them from other forms of fixed attributions. It features a comparison of national stereotypes about Germany, the Germans and the German language from a Dutch and Russian perspective and discusses the use of stereotypes in foreign language teaching, which are aimed at culturally reflective learning.Stereotypes, prejudices, hostile images and clichés are different forms of self-images and images of others. This paper establishes stereotypes as a scalable concept to distinguish them from other forms of fixed attributions. It features a comparison of national stereotypes about Germany, the Germans and the German language from a Dutch and Russian perspective and discusses the use of stereotypes in foreign language teaching, which are aimed at culturally reflective learning

Metabolic profiling of a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans Alzheimer model

Despite decades of research, no early-onset biomarkers are currently available for Alzheimer’s disease, a cureless neurodegenerative disease afflicting millions worldwide. In this study, transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans were used to investigate changes in the metabolome after induced expression of amyloid-β. GC- and LC–MS-based platforms determined a total of 157 differential features. Some of these were identified using in-house (GC–MS) or public libraries (LC–MS), revealing changes in allantoin, cystathionine and tyrosine levels. Since C. elegans is far better suited to metabolomics studies than most other model systems, the accordance of these findings with vertebrate literature is promising and argues for further use of C. elegans as a model of human pathology in the study of AD

Next frontiers in cleaner synthesis: 3D printed graphene-supported CeZrLa mixed-oxide nanocatalyst for CO2 utilisation and direct propylene carbonate production

A rapidly-growing 3D printing technology is innovatively employed for the manufacture of a new class of heterogenous catalysts for the conversion of CO2 into industrially relevant chemicals such as cyclic carbonates. For the first time, directly printed graphene-based 3D structured nanocatalysts have been developed combining the exceptional properties of graphene and active CeZrLa mixed-oxide nanoparticles. It constitutes a significant advance on previous attempts at 3D printing graphene inks in that it does not merely explore the printability itself, but enhances the efficiency of industrially relevant reactions, such as CO2 utilisation for direct propylene carbonate (PC) production in the absence of organic solvents. In comparison to the starting powder, 3D printed GO-supported CeZeLa catalysts showed improved activity with higher conversion and no noticeable change in selectivity. This can be attributed to the spatially uniform distribution of nanoparticles over the 2D and 3D surfaces, and the larger surface area and pore volume of the printed structures. 3D printed GO-supported CeZeLa catalysts compared to unsupported 3D printed samples exhibited higher selectivity and yield owing to the great number of new weak acid sites appearing in the supported sample, as observed by NH3-TPD analysis. In addition, the catalyst's facile separation from the product has the capacity to massively reduce materials and operating costs resulting in increased sustainability. It convincingly shows the potential of these printing technologies in revolutionising the way catalysts and catalytic reactors are designed in the general quest for clean technologies and greener chemistry

Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of transient neonatal diabetes type 1 patients with mutations in ZFP57

BackgroundTransient neonatal diabetes mellitus 1 (TNDM1) is a rare imprinting disorder characterized by intrautering growth retardation and diabetes mellitus usually presenting within the first six weeks of life and resolves by the age of 18 months. However, patients have an increased risk of developing diabetes mellitus type 2 later in life. Transient neonatal diabetes mellitus 1 is caused by overexpression of the maternally imprinted genes PLAGL1 and HYMAI on chromosome 6q24. One of the mechanisms leading to overexpression of the locus is hypomethylation of the maternal allele of PLAGL1 and HYMAI. A subset of patients with maternal hypomethylation at PLAGL1 have hypomethylation at additional imprinted loci throughout the genome, including GRB10, ZIM2 (PEG3), MEST (PEG1), KCNQ1OT1 and NESPAS (GNAS-AS1). About half of the TNDM1 patients carry mutations in ZFP57, a transcription factor involved in establishment and maintenance of methylation of imprinted loci. Our objective was to investigate whether additional regions are aberrantly methylated in ZFP57 mutation carriers.MethodsGenome-wide DNA methylation analysis was performed on four individuals with homozygous or compound heterozygous ZFP57 mutations, three relatives with heterozygous ZFP57 mutations and five controls. Methylation status of selected regions showing aberrant methylation in the patients was verified using bisulfite-sequencing.ResultsWe found large variability among the patients concerning the number and identity of the differentially methylated regions, but more than 60 regions were aberrantly methylated in two or more patients and a novel region within PPP1R13L was found to be hypomethylated in all the patients. The hypomethylated regions in common between the patients are enriched for the ZFP57 DNA binding motif.ConclusionsWe have expanded the epimutational spectrum of TNDM1 associated with ZFP57 mutations and found one novel region within PPP1R13L which is hypomethylated in all TNDM1 patients included in this study. Functional studies of the locus might provide further insight into the etiology of the disease.<br/

Editorial

Editoria

Dysfunction of the Heteromeric KV7.3/KV7.5 Potassium Channel is Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Heterozygous mutations in the KCNQ3 gene on chromosome 8q24 encoding the voltage-gated potassium channel KV7.3 subunit have previously been associated with rolandic epilepsy and idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) including benign neonatal convulsions. We identified a de novo t(3;8) (q21;q24) translocation truncating KCNQ3 in a boy with childhood autism. In addition, we identified a c.1720C > T [p.P574S] nucleotide change in three unrelated individuals with childhood autism and no history of convulsions. This nucleotide change was previously reported in patients with rolandic epilepsy or IGE and has now been annotated as a very rare SNP (rs74582884) in dbSNP. The p.P574S KV7.3 variant significantly reduced potassium current amplitude in Xenopus laevis oocytes when co-expressed with KV7.5 but not with KV7.2 or KV7.4. The nucleotide change did not affect trafficking of heteromeric mutant KV7.3/2, KV7.3/4, or KV7.3/5 channels in HEK 293 cells or primary rat hippocampal neurons. Our results suggest that dysfunction of the heteromeric KV7.3/5 channel is implicated in the pathogenesis of some forms of autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, and possibly other psychiatric disorders and therefore, KCNQ3 and KCNQ5 are suggested as candidate genes for these disorders