Esferas de influência na avaliação de professores : das políticas avaliativas às conceções e práticas de avaliação numa escola básica e secundária

Tese de doutoramento, Educação (Supervisão e Orientação da Prática Profissional), Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Educação, 2014Fundamentando-se na perspetiva sistémica e fenomenológica, o estudo pressupõe que a implementação do modelo de avaliação docente (DR nº2/2010) envolve múltiplas esferas de influência no processo de transformação da política de avaliação e apresenta implicações na profissionalidade docente. Com base nestes pressupostos, a investigação pretende caraterizar: a) contextos políticos de escola anteriores à implementação do DR nº2/2010; b) micropolíticas internas emergentes ao longo do ciclo avaliativo; c) processos desenvolvidos no planeamento e operacionalização da avaliação; d) conceções e competências de supervisão avaliativa; e) julgamentos e decisões na ação de avaliar; e f) potencialidades e limitações do modelo de avaliação. O processo de avaliação profissional congrega três níveis de leitura interpretativa: macro (contexto legislativo) meso (contexto político-organizacional-avaliativo de escola) e micro (conceções e práticas de supervisão avaliativa). Privilegiaram-se processos qualitativos de análise e recolha de dados provenientes de: entrevistas realizadas a avaliadores de topo, relatores e professores, de reuniões da Comissão de Avaliação/Júri e de conferências de supervisão avaliativa. Relativamente à dimensão político-organizacional-avaliativa salientam-se os seguintes resultados: i) diversidade de contextos e lógicas processuais, de cariz crítico-interpretativo, técnico-normativo e colegial na implementação do modelo de avaliação; ii) prevalência do controlo burocrático-normativo na regulação profissional; iii) predomínio duma racionalidade técnica nos instrumentos de avaliação da profissionalidade docente, valorizadora da medida e do quantitativo; e iv) aprendizagem da avaliação conducente ao aparecimento duma cultura de avaliação na escola. Na dimensão supervisiva-avaliativa destacam-se os seguintes aspetos: a) coexistência e multiplicidade de conceções e competências de supervisão avaliativa com maior representatividade das técnico-normativas; e b) prevalência duma supervisão reguladora direcionada para o cumprimento dos padrões nacionais e locais de competência profissional. Conclui-se que a implementação sistémica da política central de avaliação docente é marcada quer pela fidelidade normativa em termos organizacionais e supervisivos-avaliativos, quer pela autonomia profissional face à regulação interna e externa (DR nº2/2010).Based on the sytemic and phenomenological perspective, the study assume that the implementation of teachers´evaluation system (Decree nº2/2010) enlarge multiples spheres of influence in the process of transformation the evaluation policy and have consequences into teacher professionalism. Based on these assumptions, the study purposed to characterize: a) politics contexts of school before the implementation of Decree nº2/2010; b) micro-politics inside the school that emerge during the evaluation cycle; c) processes developed during the planning of evaluation system and its operacionalization; d) conceptions and skills of evaluative supervision; e) judgements and decisions taken in evaluation action; and f) potentialities and limitations of the evaluation model. The process of professional evaluation is perceived in three levels of explanatory reading: macro (legislation framework); meso (political-organizational school context) and micro (conceptions and practices of evaluative supervision). The data analysis included: observation of the meetings attended by the Committee of Evaluation/Evaluation Jury; observation of the supervision meettings between evaluators and teachers and interviews to evaluators and teachers. Regarding the political-organizational dimension of evaluation, the analysis identified the following points: i) plurality of contexts and process logics: critical-interpretative, technicalnormative and collegial in the implementation of the evaluation system; ii) prevalence of bureaucratic-normative control in the professional regulation; iii) predominance of a technical rationality in the evaluation instruments, enhanced by quantitative mesures; e iv) evaluation apprenticeship developed to professional evaluation cultures. Results pertaining to the evaluative supervision dimension highlighted the following aspects: a) co-existence of multiple conceptions and skills of evaluative supervision, with prevalence of the technical ones; e b) regulatory supervision based on the performance standards, settled at local and nacional level. Conclusions point out that the systemic implementation of the evaluation system is characterized by normative loyalty in organizational and supervision processes but also by professional autonomy, regarding the internal and external normative regulations.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT

Production of thermal energy in university building greenhouses in cold climate conditions

The present work focuses on the production of thermal energy in University building greenhouses in cold climate conditions. The building model uses a system of energy and mass balance integral equations, which are solved by the Runge–Kutta–Felberg method with error control. This numerical study is about the thermal behaviour of a university building with complex topology, in winter and transient conditions. The thermal comfort of the occupants, using the Predicted Mean Vote index, and the indoor air quality, using the carbon dioxide concentration, are evaluated. This building has 319 compartments distributed by four floors and it is equipped with one internal greenhouse in the third floor. This greenhouse is located on the south facing facade and the heated air in this space will be transported to compartments located on the north facing façade. The spaces subject to the influence of the heated air coming from the greenhouse improve the level of thermal comfort of its occupants. The level of indoor air quality in occupied spaces is acceptable according to international standards.SAICT-ALG/39586/2018; (CRESC Algarve 2020)info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Development of a double Skin Facade system applied in a virtual occupied chamber

In this study a system constituted by seven double skin facades (DSF), three equipped with venetian blinds and four not equipped with venetian blinds, applied in a virtual chamber, is developed. The project will be carried out in winter conditions, using a numerical model, in transient conditions, and based on energy and mass balance linear integral equations. The energy balance linear integral equations are used to calculate the air temperature inside the DSF and the virtual chamber, the temperature on the venetian blind, the temperature on the inner and outer glass, and the temperature distribution in the surrounding structure of the DSF and virtual chamber. These equations consider the convection, conduction, and radiation phenomena. The heat transfer by convection is calculated by natural, forced, and mixed convection, with dimensionless coefficients. In the radiative exchanges, the incident solar radiation, the absorbed solar radiation, and the transmitted solar radiation are considered. The mass balance linear integral equations are used to calculate the water mass concentration and the contaminants mass concentration. These equations consider the convection and the diffusion phenomena. In this numerical work seven cases studies and three occupation levels are simulated. In each case the influence of the ventilation airflow and the occupation level is analyzed. The total number of thermal and indoor air quality uncomfortable hours are used to evaluate the DSF performance. In accordance with the obtained results, in general, the indoor air quality is acceptable; however, when the number of occupants in the virtual chamber increases, the Predicted Mean Vote index value increases. When the airflow rate increases the total of Uncomfortable Hours decreases and, after a certain value of the airflow rate, it increases. The airflow rate associated with the minimum value of total Uncomfortable Hours increases when the number of occupants increases. The energy production decreases when the airflow increases and the production of energy is higher in DSF with venetian blinds system than in DSF without venetian blinds system.SAICT-ALG/39586/2018, CRESC Algarve 2020info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Energy production in solar collectors in a university building used to improve the internal thermal conditions in winter conditions

In this numerical study the energy production in solar collectors in a University building used to improve the internal thermal conditions is made. Passive and active solutions, using external solar collector and internal thermo-convectors, are used. The numerical simulation, in transient conditions, is done for a winter typical day with clean sky. This numerical study was carried out using a software that simulates the Building Dynamic Response with complex topology in transient conditions. The software evaluates the human thermal comfort and indoor air quality levels that the occupants are subjected, Heated Ventilation and Air Conditioned energy consumption, indoor thermal variables and other parameters. The university building has 107 compartments and is located in a Mediterranean-type environment. External solar water collectors, placed above the building’s roof, and internal thermo-convectors of water/air type, using mixing ventilation, are used as passive and active strategies, respectively. The thermal comfort level, using the Predicted Mean Vote index, and the indoor air quality, using the carbon dioxide concentration, are evaluated. The results show that in winter conditions the solar collectors improve the thermal comfort conditions of the occupants. The indoor air quality, in all ventilated spaces, is also guaranteed.SAICT-ALG/39586/2018info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Application of semi-circular double-skin facades in auditoriums in winter conditions

The DSF (double-skin facade) system is an important element in building design and is used in adjacent spaces to control the inlet solar radiation, heat the air, reduce energy consumption, decrease the acoustics levels, and produce photovoltaic energy, among other improvements. The DSF system can, for example, be used in winter conditions to heat the air, which is then transported to non-adjacent spaces to improve the thermal comfort level and the indoor air quality that the occupants are subjected to. Smooth DSF systems, which are a focus in the literature, are subjected to higher solar radiation levels at a specific hour of the day. The semi-circular DSF system used in this work, which was built from a group of smooth DSF systems with different orientations, guarantees the reception of the highest incident solar radiation throughout the entire day. This work presents a numerical study of a new DSF system, called the semi-circular DSF. The DSF system consists of a set of 25 smooth DSFs with different orientations, each one consisting of an outer glazed surface and an inner surface provided by the outer facade of the auditorium, both separated by an air channel. In this work, the influence of the radius of the semi-circular DSF system and the opening angle of the DSF system on the thermal response of the auditorium was analysed. Thus, six auditoriums were considered: two sets of three auditoriums with radii of 5 m and 15 m, with each of the auditoriums having a different DSF opening angle (45°, 90°, and 180°). It was found that the greater the radius of the semi-circular DSF and the opening angle of the DSF system, the greater the area of its glazed surface and, consequently, the greater the availability of solar heating power. Therefore, during the occupation period, only the set of auditoriums with the largest semi-circular DSF radius managed to present acceptable levels of thermal comfort, which were verified from mid-morning until late afternoon. As for the opening angle of the DSF system, the influence was not very significant, although slight improvements in thermal comfort were noted when the value of this angle was reduced (see Case F as an example) due to the corresponding decrease in the volume of indoor air to be heated. In all auditoriums (see Case A to Case F), it was verified that the indoor air quality was acceptable for the occupants, so the airflow rate was adequately promoted by the ventilation system.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Comparative study of a clean technology based on DSF use in occupied buildings for improving comfort in winter

This paper presents a comparative study of a clean technology based on a DSF (double skin facade) used in winter conditions in the occupied buildings comfort improvement, namely the thermal comfort and air quality. The performance of a solar DSF system, the building’s thermal response, the internal thermal comfort and the internal air quality are evaluated. In this study, a DSF system, an air transport system and a HVAC (heating, ventilating and air conditioning) system based on mixing ventilation are used. The study considers a virtual chamber occupied by eight persons and equipped, in the outside environment, by three DSFs. A new horary pre-programming control methodology is developed and applied when the airflow rate is constant and the number of DSFs to operate is variable, when the airflow rate is variable and the number of DSFs to operate is constant and when the airflow rate is variable and the number of DSFs to operate is variable. This work uses a numerical model that simulates the integral building thermal behavior and an integral human thermal response. The internal air, provided by a mixing ventilating system, is warmed using the DSF system. The air temperature inside the DSF system and the virtual chamber, the thermal comfort level using the PMV index, the internal air quality using the carbon dioxide concentration and the uncomfortable hours are calculated for winter conditions. The results obtained show that the energy produced in the DSF, using solar radiation, guarantees acceptable thermal comfort conditions in the morning and in the afternoon. The indoor air quality obtained at the breathing level is acceptable. It is found that the airflow rate to be used is more decisive than the DSF operating methodology. However, when a solution is chosen that combines a ventilation rate with the number of DSF to operate, both variables throughout the day can obtain simultaneously better results for indoor air quality and thermal comfort according to the standards.SAICT-ALG/39586/2018info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Application of horizontal confluents jets in a school virtual chamber

The study presented in this work is performed in a virtual chamber, similar to an existing experimental chamber, with dimensions of 4.50×2.55×2.50 m3. The chamber, occupied with twelve virtual manikins, is equipped with six tables, twelve chairs, one exhaust system and one inlet system, based in confluents jets system. In the exhaust system are considered six air ducts, located above the head level, connected to the ceiling area. The inlet system, based in four vertical ducts, with 0.15 m diameter, located on the corners of the chamber, are equipped with consecutive holes, that promotes horizontal jets near the wall. The results demonstrate that when the airflow rate increases the air quality number increases, the thermal comfort number decreases and the ADI increases slightly. The predicted percentage of dissatisfied index values show that the thermal comfort level is acceptable, the dioxide carbon concentration values show that the indoor air quality is near the acceptable value and the Draught Risk is acceptableSAICT-ALG/39586/2018 (CRESC Algarve 2020)info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Epidemiology of taeniosis/cysticercosis in Europe, a systematic review : Western Europe

Background: Taenia solium and Taenia saginata are zoonotic parasites of public health importance. Data on their occurrence in humans and animals in western Europe are incomplete and fragmented. In this study, we aimed to update the current knowledge on the epidemiology of these parasites in this region. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of scientific and grey literature published from 1990 to 2015 on the epidemiology of T. saginata and T. solium in humans and animals. Additionally, data about disease occurrence were actively sought by contacting local experts in the different countries. Results: Taeniosis cases were found in twelve out of eighteen countries in western Europe. No cases were identified in Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland. For Denmark, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and the UK, annual taeniosis cases were reported and the number of detected cases per year ranged between 1 and 114. Detected prevalences ranged from 0.05 to 0.27%, whereas estimated prevalences ranged from 0.02 to 0.67%. Most taeniosis cases were reported as Taenia spp. or T. saginata, although T. solium was reported in Denmark, France, Italy, Spain, Slovenia, Portugal and the UK. Human cysticercosis cases were reported in all western European countries except for Iceland, with the highest number originating from Portugal and Spain. Most human cysticercosis cases were suspected to have acquired the infection outside western Europe. Cases of T. solium in pigs were found in Austria and Portugal, but only the two cases from Portugal were confirmed with molecular methods. Germany, Spain and Slovenia reported porcine cysticercosis, but made no Taenia species distinction. Bovine cysticercosis was detected in all countries except for Iceland, with a prevalence based on meat inspection of 0.0002-7.82%. Conclusions: Detection and reporting of taeniosis in western Europe should be improved. The existence of T. solium tapeworm carriers, of suspected autochthonous cases of human cysticercosis and the lack of confirmation of porcine cysticercosis cases deserve further attention. Suspected cases of T. solium in pigs should be confirmed by molecular methods. Both taeniosis and human cysticercosis should be notifiable and surveillance in animals should be improved.Peer reviewe

Protocolos em Medicina Interna - Serviço de Medicina lnterna do Hospital Central do Funchal

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Application of a school building thermal response numerical model in the evolution of the adaptive thermal comfort level in the mediterranean environment

In this paper, a review is made of the adaptive thermal comfort model This is then applied and compared with the performance of the conventional thermal comfort model for a school located in a Mediterranean weather environment Measurement data, combined with a building thermal response numerical model, are used to define the comfort performance under ambient natural ventilation and passive conditions for various classrooms These results can then be used to identify the locations that require further measures to improve comfort, such as extra passive heat load and shading measures The school design is based on that of an actual school and consists of three buildings, with 94 rooms Envelope construction consists of opaque panels, 307 glazed window units and concrete floors and ceilings The adaptive method uses external and internal environmental variables Input data include occupation pattern and ventilation strategies External environmental variables include air temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity and wind direction Internal parameters include occupancy cycle, occupant activity level, clothing level, airflow rate and flow velocity Indoor ventilation conditions are based on the airflow rate and the air velocity values measured in real classrooms Environmental thermal comfort conditions were evaluated, in all occupied spaces, using the PMV index method of the Fanger model corrected with the adaptive mode