Detecting the myth : an application of C. G. Jung's analytical psychology to film analysis

This thesis applies the analytical psychology of C. G. Jung to the study of films. The thesis is in three parts. Part One forms an introduction to the theory of analytical psychology and makes the initial links to film theory. Part Two involves the development of a model for systematically applying the theory and Part Three is a detailed analysis of one film. Part One: In Chapter One Jung's theories about conscious behaviour are explored, some initial points of contact are made with film analysis, and a variety of films are used to illustrate the relevance of the theory. Chapter Two finds areas of correspondance between Jung's theories of the unconscious and film theory. This is a bridging of what had previously been regarded as separate critical traditions. Chapter Three is a detailed analysis of Tightrope (Dir. R. Tuggle, Warner Brothers, 1984) which demonstrates the applicability of analytical psychology n the analysis of films. Part Two: Chapter Four presents more theory about the nature of archetypes, and from this a model is derived. This model enables the central tenets of analytical psychology to be used for the analysis of films. This is demonstrated in Chapter Five which is an analysis of the detective film Blade Runner (Dir. R. Scott, Columbia, 1982). Chapter Six explores the function of the symbol in film, especially how it relates to the development of the narrative and to the psychological growth of the film's central characters. Chapter Seven is the last of the theoretical chapters and indicates how the individuation process can be applied to films. The figures of the shadow and the femme fatale are regarded as having a particular generic and cultural importance. Part Three: The remaining chapters are a detailed examination of Trancers (Dir. C. Band, Lexyen Productions, 1984), in which the model established in Chapter Four is used to facilitate the analysis of the film. This reveals that beneath the visual and narrative surface of the film there exists a series of mythological and psychological structures. Ultimately the film is regarded as an expression of collective latent unconscious psychological needs

Acute inflammation sensitizes knee-innervating sensory neurons and decreases mouse digging behavior in a TRPV1-dependent manner.

Ongoing, spontaneous pain is characteristic of inflammatory joint pain and reduces an individual's quality of life. To understand the neural basis of inflammatory joint pain, we made a unilateral knee injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in mice, which reduced their natural digging behavior. We hypothesized that sensitization of knee-innervating dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons underlies this altered behavior. To test this hypothesis, we performed electrophysiological recordings on retrograde labeled knee-innervating primary DRG neuron cultures and measured their responses to a number of electrical and chemical stimuli. We found that 24-h after CFA-induced knee inflammation, knee neurons show a decreased action potential generation threshold, as well as increased GABA and capsaicin sensitivity, but have unaltered acid sensitivity. The inflammation-induced sensitization of knee neurons persisted for 24-h in culture, but was not observed after 48-h in culture. Through immunohistochemistry, we showed that the increased knee neuron capsaicin sensitivity correlated with enhanced expression of the capsaicin receptor, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in knee-innervating neurons of the CFA-injected side. We also observed an increase in the co-expression of TRPV1 with tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA), which is the receptor for nerve growth factor (NGF), suggesting that NGF partially induces the increased TRPV1 expression. Lastly, we found that systemic administration of the TRPV1 antagonist, A-425619, reversed the decrease in digging behavior induced by CFA injection, further confirming the role of TRPV1, expressed by knee neurons, in acute inflammatory joint pain.S.C. was supported by a Gates Cambridge Trust scholarship and L.A.P. was supported by the University of Cambridge BBSRC Doctoral Training Programme (BB/M011194/1)

Human Labor Pain Is Influenced by the Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel KV6.4 Subunit.

By studying healthy women who do not request analgesia during their first delivery, we investigate genetic effects on labor pain. Such women have normal sensory and psychometric test results, except for significantly higher cuff pressure pain. We find an excess of heterozygotes carrying the rare allele of SNP rs140124801 in KCNG4. The rare variant KV6.4-Met419 has a dominant-negative effect and cannot modulate the voltage dependence of KV2.1 inactivation because it fails to traffic to the plasma membrane. In vivo, Kcng4 (KV6.4) expression occurs in 40% of retrograde-labeled mouse uterine sensory neurons, all of which express KV2.1, and over 90% express the nociceptor genes Trpv1 and Scn10a. In neurons overexpressing KV6.4-Met419, the voltage dependence of inactivation for KV2.1 is more depolarized compared with neurons overexpressing KV6.4. Finally, KV6.4-Met419-overexpressing neurons have a higher action potential threshold. We conclude that KV6.4 can influence human labor pain by modulating the excitability of uterine nociceptors.MCL, DKM, DW, and CGW acknowledge funding from Addenbrooke’s Charitable Trust and the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre. MN was funded by the Wellcome Trust (200183/Z/15/Z); JH and ESS by a Rosetrees Postdoctoral Grant (A1296) and the BBSRC (BB/R006210/1); GC and ESS by Versus Arthritis Grants (RG21973); VBL and FR by the Wellcome Trust (106262/Z/14/Z and 106263/Z/14/Z) and a joint MRC programme within the Metabolic Diseases Unit (MRC_MC_UU_12012/3). EF, GI and CB were funded by the Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Integrative Genomics theme and LAP by a BBSRC-funded studentship (BB/M011194/1)

Titanium cranioplasty in children and adolescents

Full thickness calvarial defects present considerable challenges to reconstructive surgeons. In paediatric cases, the use of biomaterials as a substrate for cranioplasty rather than autologous bone is controversial. Alloplastic cranioplasty in adults is supported by several large case series however long term outcome of biomaterial use in paediatric cases is limited. Retrospective seven year analysis of departmental database and clinical records identified 22 patients aged under 18 who had undergone 23 custom made titanium cranioplasties by a single surgeon using the same technique. Data including patient demographics, reason for craniectomy and complications experienced following surgery was obtained. The mean age at operation was 12 years 9 months. The mean defect size was 44.3cm2. No significant complications related to the cranioplasty were recorded in the early post operative period or during long term review (average follow up 4 years 6 months). No cranioplasty implant required removal. This retrospective case series shows that custom made patient specific titanium cranioplasty is a viable alternative to autologous bone as a reconstructive material in paediatric patients under specific circumstances

Therapy and cinema: making images and finding meanings

Chapter 6 in Embodied Encounter

Frames of mind: a post-Jungian look at film, television and technology

Frames of Mind provides a fresh and stimulating introduction to the world of Post-Jungian film and television studies. To orientate the reader the book starts with an overview of analytical psychology and how it has been used to analyze films. From that starting point it broadens out to include topics such as: why we have genuine emotional responses to films which we know to be unreal; how and why we watch television; the unconscious motifs of advertising; and the psychological role that technology plays in contemporary society

Somatic cinema: the relationship between body and screen – a Jungian perspective

Films can hold personal psychological meanings that are often at odds with their narratives. Examining the intersections between mental health and the cinema, Somatic Cinema represents the cutting edge of film theory, evaluating the significance of this phenomenon both in therapy and in the everyday world