Code switching as a communicative strategy of the Lubavitcher emissaries working with Jewish American students

Wydział AnglistykiGłównym celem niniejszego badania jest stwierdzenie, które czynniki strukturalne i społeczne charakteryzują „code switching” bilingwalnych (Normatywny Angielski i „Żydowski Angielski”) emisariuszy. Niniejsza praca analizuje zachowania językowe specyficznej grupy osób etnicznie dwujęzycznych, skupiając się na zjawisku „code switching” (CS), czyli zmiany kodu językowego. Badana dwujęzyczna grupa etniczna to mężczyźni - żydowscy emisariusze ruchu Chabad Lubawicz, działający na kampusach uniwersyteckich w Stanach Zjednoczonych, którzy często przechodzą z Normatywnego Angielskiego (NE) na „Żydowski Angielski” (JE; używany głównie w dzielnicy Brooklyn w Nowym Jorku). „Code switching” to bardzo często obserwowane zjawisko językowe o charakterze socio-pragmatcznym (SP), występujące głównie w społecznościach wielojęzycznych i wielokulturowych. Celem pracy badawczej było ustalenie co skłania emisariuszy do zmiany kodu językowego, jakie są ich kompetencje w tym zakresie i okoliczności, w których mają tendencję to zmiany kodu, oraz analiza innych pokrewnych zachowań językowych charakterystycznych dla tej bilingwalnej grupy etnicznej.The main aim investigates in this study is which factors, structural and social, characterizes JE-NE bilingual emissaries' codeswitching. The research paper analyzes the linguistic behavior of a specific group of ethnic bilinguals, focusing on the phenomenon of code switching (CS). The ethnic bilinguals studied were male Jewish Lubavitch emissaries in university campuses in the United States, who often switch between Normative English (NE) and “Jewish English” (JE; primarily spoken in Brooklyn, N.Y.). Code switching is a widely observed socio-pragmatic linguistic phenomenon, especially in multilingual and multicultural communities. The research explores the emissaries’ motivation to switch codes, their competence in code switching, the circumstances in which they are prone to switch their code, and other relevant linguistic behavior of this specific group of ethnic bilinguals. The research reveals that CS is a minor psycho-linguistic need at various gatherings, as both a conscious and unconscious act of teaching the emissaries’ language to their interlocutors. The research investigates the strategies used by the emissaries when lecturing and communicating with the students. The research also explores CS domain, directionality, motivation, and syntactic constraints in light of various CS theories. Thus, the research examines the compatibility of the CS of the Lubavitch emissaries within the existing linguistic theories and searches for counter-examples of these theories. The discussion and findings of this study expands familiarity with, and understanding of, the wider linguistic phenomenon of code switching in general

Transonic cryogenic test section for the Goettingen tube facility

The design of modern aircraft requires the solution of problems related to transonic flow at high Reynolds numbers. To investigate these problems experimentally, it is proposed to extend the Ludwieg tube facility by adding a transonic cryogenic test section. After stating the requirements for such a test section, the technical concept is briefly explained and a preliminary estimate of the costs is given

Billikheid in die kontraktereg

Die inleidende woorde van die Digesta dat justitia est ars boni et aequi, herinner ons daaraan dat die reg onder andere met die handhawing van billikheid gemoeid is. Omdat ons nie in ’n ideëele wêreld leef nie, kan geen regstelsel egter volmaakte billikheid waarborg nie; en, omdat die moderne samelewing gekommersialiseerd en tot mindere of meerdere mate bowendien gesosialiseerd is, word individuele belange dikwels op die altaar van die gemeenskapsbelang geoffer. Hierdie verskynsel is veral merkbaar in die kontraktereg waar geleer word dat dit in die openbare belang is dat ooreenkomste wat vrywillig en in alle erns aangegaan is, uitgevoer moet word. Pacta sunt servanda is waarskynlik die belangrikste hoeksteen van ons kontraktereg, maar dit bring soms mee dat kontraktante gebonde gehou word aan die bepalings van ooreenkomste wat tot hulle nadeel strek en onbillik teenoor hulle skyn te wees. Daarom gaan daar van tyd tot tyd stemme op vir die skepping van ’n regsmiddel om groter billikheid tussen kontraktante te bewerkstellig. ’n Gewilde oplossing wat aan die hand gedoen word, is die ontwikkeling van die bona fides begrip. Inmiddels het die Suid-Afrikaanse Regskommissie ondersoek ingestel na die toepassing van pacta sunt servanda en met voorstelle vir statutêre ingryping vorendag gekom. Die doel van hierdie bydrae is om leemtes in die bona fides teorie en in die voorstelle van die Regskommissie uit te wys

Genetic diversity and population structure of locally adapted South African chicken lines: Implications for conservation.

In this study microsatellite markers were applied to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of the six local chicken lines kept in the “Fowls for Africa” program, for better clarification of parameters for breed differentiation and genetic conservation of this valuable resource. The lines included the Black Australorp, Potchefstroom Koekoek, New Hampshire, Ovambo, Lebova- Venda and a Naked Neck line. Unbiased estimates for heterozygosity ranged from 50% in the Potchefstroom Koekoek to as high as 65% in the Naked Neck chickens. FIS values varied from as low as 0.16 for the Black Australorp line to as high as 0.35 for the Ovambo chickens. The FST values indicated moderate to high genetic differentiation between the Naked Neck and New Hampshire (0.11); Ovambo and Naked Neck lines (0.12), and Naked Neck and Lebowa- Venda (0.14). A total of 13% of the total genetic variation observed was between the chicken lines and 87% within the lines, supporting moderate genetic differentiation. Population structure was assessed using STRUCTURE where the Black Australorp was genetically best defined. Although six clusters for the different populations could be distinguished, the other lines were not as clearly defined, with individual birds tending to share more than one cluster. Results support a broad classification of these lines and further investigation of unique alleles is recommended for conservation of the lines within the program

Visual Merchandising Displays Effect On Consumers: A Valuable Asset Or An Unnecessary Burden For Apparel Retailers

Several consumers think they only purchase products when they go shopping, however time and time again they purchase the experience of shopping as well. The experience of shopping is highly influenced by the visual merchandising displays (also known as feature areas where merchandise is presented) used in store. Much has been said about visual merchandising displays and the effect it has on consumer behaviour. The way products are displayed and promoted in apparel retail stores can have a vast impact on consumer responses and how much merchandise the retailer sells. The main research question explored the effect visual merchandising displays have on consumer behaviour. Explorative research was deemed to be the most appropriate for this study and qualitative data was collected. Focus groups were used to collect the first round of data, where after nae sketches were used to support the findings. The focus groups and nae sketches were analysed by means of thematic analysis. The findings indicated that the visual merchandising displays guide consumers in the direction of the products they are seeking and that it also guides their decisions. The participants agreed that their buying behaviour is influenced on a subconscious level, based on the eminence of the visual merchandising displays, as well as their personal preferences and gender

Visual Merchandising Displays: Wasted Effort Or Strategic Move? The Dilemma Faced By Apparel Retail Stores

Retailing per se has been with us since the beginning of time. Over the years retailing methods and techniques have been adapted and changed in order to meet the demands of the market. In the same way the in store activities aimed at the consumer has been evolving and changing. At first the focus was on merchandising per se, but even merchandising has become more focussed and professional and specialised. This has led to this study focussing on visual merchandising and its effect – or not - on consumer spending. Much has been said about visual merchandising displays and the effect it has on consumer perceptions. Consumers’ perceptions towards visual merchandising displays are investigated and evaluated in this study. The primary research question that was posed in this study was to determine the effect of visual merchandising displays on consumer perceptions. Explorative research was performed and qualitative data were collected by means of focus groups and naïve sketches. The data was analysed by means of a thematic analysis process. The main conclusions that can be drawn from this research is that the perceptions of visual merchandising displays are subliminal in creating an interest and desire to further peruse the merchandise and aesthetically to beautify the store

Measuring Service Quality: The Student As Primary Consumer

Competition in the educational market is increasing at a rapid rate. With e-education and the increasing globalisation taking place, universities are competing more and more for student numbers. Service quality has become one of those factors that differentiate institutions from one another.  As a result, higher education institutions can use service quality as a competitive advantage to ensure that they stay the first choice in the minds of potential students. It is a known fact that many consumers and students will support a product or university based on the level of service they receive. It is for this reason that universities will benefit from research into service quality and the importance that students attach to this. In this study, student satisfaction towards the quality of the service received was measured in terms of appearance of the higher education’s physical facilities, equipment, staff and communication materials by using the SERVQUAL model. The results may assist higher education institutions to focus on the unknown, yet important elements of the tangibility element in order to improve the students’ overall satisfaction. The results indicated that students’ perception about the tangibility of the service, as well as the overall level of satisfaction of the service received, is slightly above average

Attention distribution and cognitive load in a subtitled academic lecture: L1 vs. L2

In multilingual classrooms, subtitling can be used to address the language needs of students from different linguistic backgrounds. The way students distribute their visual and cognitive resources during a lecture is important in educational design. Students have to shift their attention between sources of information of varying density and relevance. If there is redundancy between these sources, there will be competition and possible cognitive overload. This paper compares visual attention distribution between subtitles and other sources of information through eye tracking and relates this to academic comprehension and cognitive load as measured through self-report questionnaires and EEG. The study provides promising results for the use of both first and second language subtitles in academic contexts

Technophobia as a factor of digital divide

Danas se nalazimo u vremenu ubrzanog razvoja tehnologije koja nam donosi dobre i loše promjene. Neke od loših promjena na koje razvoj tehnologije utječe je digitalna podjela, koja dijeli osobe na one koji imaju mogućnost korištenja tehnologije i one koji tu mogućnost nemaju. Nadalje, postoje i oni koji iz određenih razloga odbijaju koristiti tehnologiju. Takva pojava ima i svoj nazivtehnofobija. Postoji niz različitih razloga zašto osobe odbijaju koristiti blagodati koje nam nudi današnje vrijeme i razvoj tehnologije. Najčešći razlog odbijanja korištenja je starost korisnika, odnosno osobe starije životne dobi slabije koriste tehnologiju od onih mlađih, zatim stupanj obrazovanja korisnika te strah od štete koja bi mogla biti načinjena na tehnologiji. U teorijskom dijelu rada polazi se od povijesnog razvoj informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije koji doprinio podjelama u društvu, zatim se razrađuje sama digitalna podjela te potom tehnofobija i što ona obuhvaća. Instrument istraživanja bio je upitnik putem kojeg je ispitano 260 osoba o njihovim načinima korištenja računala, Interneta, mobitela i pametnih telefona (smartphon-a), te kakvi su njihovi stavovi o tehnologiji. Analizom rezultata potvrđeno je da osobe starije životne dobi iskazuju strah prema tehnologiji, te osobe s manje iskustva iskazuju više strah prema tehnologiji, no kod stupnja obrazovanja ispitanika taj strah nije izražen. Iz dobivenih rezultata još možemo zaključiti da se žene više koriste tehnologijom nego muškarci, takve rezultate možemo pripisati tome da se žene sve više okreću karijeri, a manje zasnivanju obitelji, što uvelike doprinosi povećanju ženskih korisnika tehnologije

Etruscans - history and civilization

Na području sjeverne Italija se tijekom željeznog doba razvilo i propalo niz kultura, koje su stvorile temelje za stvaranje velike etruščanske civilizacije. Etruščanski je narod, zahvaljujući prirodnim bogatstvima, stekao veliko bogatstvo i moć. Iako jedan narod, Etruščani zapravo nikada nisu čili jednu cjelinu. Etruščanski narod se bavio poljoprivredom povezani u seoska gospodarstva, sve do pojave vanjskog neprijatelja. Počinju se udruživati u konfederaciju, dvanaest najjačih gradova, kako bi se lakše obranili od vanjskeprijetnje. Etruščanski su gradovi bili povezaniu konfederacije, no među njima je bilo svađa i zavada. S vremenom se jedan od etruščanskih gradova, Rim, odvojio i započeo širiti svoju vlastte je svojim razvojem obilježio cijeli tada poznati svijet. Najviše saznanja o Etruščanima dobivamo zahvaljujući brojnim arheološkim iskopavanjima. Iako je danas znanost napredovala, zbog nedostatka izvornih etruščanskih dokumenata, ta je velika civilizacija i dalje obavijena velom tajni.Many cultures developed and collapsed in Northern Italy durinfg the iron age that created the base for making great Etruscan civilization. The Etruscan, thanks to natural resources, gained big wealth and power. Altough, one nation the Etruscans actually never made the whole. The Etruscans did the agriculture connected into the farms until the outside enemy appeared. They started to associate in confederation, twelve the strongest cities to defend easier from the external threat. Etruscan`s cities were joined in confederations, but there were quarrel and fight between them. As the time passed one of the Etruscan`s cities, Rome, separated and started to expand its power and marked the whole known world with its development. We get the most knowledge about the Etruscans thanks to many archeological excavations. Although science has improved nowadays that big civilization is under many secrets because of the lack of original Etruscan`s documents