Analysis of the relationship between the amount of cash held by companies and future cumulative abnormal returns

Stock companies' decision making about financial leverage is one of the most important decisions that will be taken by corporate executives. Financial decisions not only affect companies' future performance, but also can affect countries' macroeconomic performance. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the amount of cash held by firms and their subsequent cumulative abnormal returns. In order to do this survey, 120 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during 2004 to 2010 were analyzed. Evidence based on panel data analysis show that, future performance of the company whose representative is upcoming cumulative abnormal returns, shows a reduction of future stock returns due to surplus cash which indicates that the market is not able to completely predict the effects of excessive cash in current market

Analysis of the relationship between the amount of cash held by companies and future cumulative abnormal returns

Stock companies' decision making about financial leverage is one of the most important decisions that will be taken by corporate executives. Financial decisions not only affect companies' future performance, but also can affect countries' macroeconomic performance. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the amount of cash held by firms and their subsequent cumulative abnormal returns. In order to do this survey, 120 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during 2004 to 2010 were analyzed. Evidence based on panel data analysis show that, future performance of the company whose representative is upcoming cumulative abnormal returns, shows a reduction of future stock returns due to surplus cash which indicates that the market is not able to completely predict the effects of excessive cash in current market

On the Age-Optimality of Relax-then-Truncate Approach under Partial Battery Knowledge in Energy Harvesting IoT Networks

We consider an energy harvesting (EH) IoT network, where users make on-demand requests to a cache-enabled edge node to send status updates about various random processes, each monitored by an EH sensor. The edge node serves users' requests by either commanding the corresponding sensor to send a fresh status update or retrieving the most recently received measurement from the cache. We aim to find a control policy at the edge node that minimizes the average on-demand AoI over all sensors subject to per-slot transmission and energy constraints under partial battery knowledge at the edge node. Namely, the limited radio resources (e.g., bandwidth) causes that only a limited number of sensors can send status updates at each time slot (i.e., per-slot transmission constraint) and the scarcity of energy for the EH sensors imposes an energy constraint. Besides, the edge node is informed of the sensors' battery levels only via received status update packets, leading to uncertainty about the battery levels for the decision-making.We develop a low-complexity algorithm -- termed relax-then-truncate -- and prove that it is asymptotically optimal as the number of sensors goes to infinity. Numerical results illustrate that the proposed method achieves significant gains over a request-aware greedy policy and show that it has near-optimal performance even for moderate numbers of sensors.Comment: 7 pages. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2201.1227

AoI Minimization in Status Update Control with Energy Harvesting Sensors

Information freshness is crucial for time-critical IoT applications, e.g., monitoring and control systems. We consider an IoT status update system with multiple users, multiple energy harvesting sensors, and a wireless edge node. The users receive time-sensitive information about physical quantities, each measured by a sensor. Users send requests to the edge node where a cache contains the most recently received measurements from each sensor. To serve a request, the edge node either commands the sensor to send a status update or retrieves the aged measurement from the cache. We aim at finding the best actions of the edge node to minimize the age of information of the served measurements. We model this problem as a Markov decision process and develop reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms: model-based value iteration and model-free Q-learning methods. We also propose a Q-learning method for the realistic case where the edge node is informed about the sensors' battery levels only via the status updates. The case under transmission limitations is also addressed. Furthermore, properties of an optimal policy are analytically characterized. Simulation results show that an optimal policy is a threshold-based policy and that the proposed RL methods significantly reduce the average cost compared to several baselines.Comment: 31 pages, 6 figures, submitted journa

Effectiveness of Pennsylvania Prevention Program and Program based in Islamic Criteria on Marital Satisfaction of Mothers with an autistic child

Introduction: The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the classical Pennsylvania prevention program and program based on Iranian-Islamic criteria on the marital satisfaction of mothers with an autisticchild. Method: 45 volunteers have been selected through convenience sampling among mothers of autistic children, having medical records at the Rehabilitation Center of Shahrud, and whose disorders were approved by an expert psychologist. The samples were randomly placed into two intervention groups and a control group (each group 15 subjects). The interventions were conducted in five,2-hour sessions per weak and the participants responded ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMS) before and after the interventions. Data analysis was donethrough ANCOVA and MANCOVA. Results: The results showed that three groups have a significant difference in a total score of marital satisfaction and components of satisfaction, conflict resolution, leisure time (p<0.05). The effectiveness of the Pennsylvania prevention program based on Iranian-Islamic criteria was significantly higher than the Pennsylvania Prevention program(p<0.05). Conclusion: Accordingly, Pennsylvania Prevention Program has positive effects on psychological health and improves maritalrelationships by combining a variety of approaches and techniques including psychoeducation, cognitive-behavioral therapy, rational-emotional therapy, problem-solving and social skills training

Status Updating under Partial Battery Knowledge in Energy Harvesting IoT Networks

We study status updating under inexact knowledge about the battery levels of the energy harvesting sensors in an IoT network, where users make on-demand requests to a cache-enabled edge node to send updates about various random processes monitored by the sensors. To serve the request(s), the edge node either commands the corresponding sensor to send an update or uses the aged data from the cache. We find a control policy that minimizes the average on-demand AoI subject to per-slot energy harvesting constraints under partial battery knowledge at the edge node. Namely, the edge node is informed about sensors' battery levels only via received status updates, leading to uncertainty about the battery levels for the decision-making. We model the problem as a POMDP which is then reformulated as an equivalent belief-MDP. The belief-MDP in its original form is difficult to solve due to the infinite belief space. However, by exploiting a specific pattern in the evolution of beliefs, we truncate the belief space and develop a dynamic programming algorithm to obtain an optimal policy. Moreover, we address a multi-sensor setup under a transmission limitation for which we develop an asymptotically optimal algorithm. Simulation results assess the performance of the proposed methods.Comment: 32 Pages. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2203.10400, arXiv:2212.0597

Critique of the category of despair in the poems of the Third Brotherhood with the approach of the Quran and the hadiths of the Imams (peace be upon them)

What we are going to address in this article is the lexical introduction of the word despair, the meaning of the Word.  Vocabulary, an introduction to the word from the perspective of etymology or the etymology of illusion. Such is the introduction of the various meanings of this word in terms of Quranic, literary and philosophical. The main purpose is to critique the concepts and works of despair in the poetry of the Third Brotherhood and the Western philosophers Spinoza and Nietzsche. This article emphasizes the critique of the poems of the Third Brotherhood for this purpose from the teachings of the Holy Quran. We have used the hadiths of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) as a solution to critique and study this. Absurd thoughts with the school of nihilism. Undoubtedly, the issues raised in the Qur'an and Hadith can be the main criteria in this critique be us