Evaluating Health-promoting Life Style and Its Related Factors among Adolescent Girls of Kerman in 2015

Background: Adolescence is a period in which many healthy and unhealthy habits are formed and will be extended to the later stages of life. Lifestyle effects health and many health problems can be solved by forming health-promoting habits in adolescence; therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the health-promoting lifestyle among adolescent girls of Kerman in 2015. Methods: This descriptive analytical cross-sectional study was performed on 476 female high school students in Kerman in 2015. The participants were selected using multistage sampling. Data were collected using the standard Health Promoting Lifestyle II (HPLP-II) questionnaire including 52 items. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and one-way ANOVA via SPSS 20. Results: The average score of health-promoting lifestyle was 3.10±0.56. The participants obtained the highest average score in interpersonal relationships and the lowest score in physical activities. The results showed significant relationships between the average score of health-promoting lifestyle and different education levels (P<0.001), father’s job (P=0.003), father’s education level (P=0.04), and physical activity (P=0.001), but no significant relationship was reported between health-promoting lifestyle and different ages, mother’s education level and job, and fast food consumption. Conclusion: The results showed that the health-promoting lifestyle score of female adolescent students was mediocre but the students did not have good physical activity. Therefore, health-promoting behaviors can be improved through designing and implementing programs to increase physical activity

Conceptualization of Addiction to Romantic Relationships: A Conceptual Model

Introduction: Addiction to romantic relationship is one of the prevalent disorders in the field of psychology. The objective of the present study is to formulate a qualitative model of addiction to romantic relationships. Methods: The research is an applied study using discovery manner, in which, qualitative research method and grounded theory were utilized. The population was the entire people who were addicted to romantic relationships, selecting purposefully 100 samples for interview process. To collect data, in-depth interview was used, and then, after the implementation of the data, they prepared for analysis. The process of data analysis was deductive. In the other hand, there was no previous conceptual framework for coding and categorizing; rather, it was analyzed freely by coding technique of grounded theory. Results: Regarding the results, the final model of the study comprised eight different concepts, including: affective mental, family, emotional, needs, critics, consequences factors, and the factors related to relationship. Discussion: The results addressed the different context and dimensions of vulnerability to romantic relationships addiction, thus, considering the results of the present study, practitioners particularly psychologists can adopt appropriate intervention either in treatment or prevention of romantic relationship addiction

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Pregnant Women Referred to Health Care Centers of Kerman University of Medical Sciences in regard to Gestational Diabetes

Introduction: Gestational diabetes is one of the most common metabolic disorders in pregnancy and because of its several maternal and fetal complications can affect the pregnancy outcome. Knowledge and attitude of pregnant women in relation to this issue is very beneficial in prevention and early diagnosis. Objective: This study was carried out to determine knowledge, attitude and practice of Women Referred to Health Care Centers of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, toward gestational diabetes. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1000 pregnant women referred to the Health Care Centers of Kerman University of Medical Sciences in 2010 were selcted by systematic randomized sampling and investigated. Data were gathered by using a researcher-made questionnaire consisted of demographic features and knowledge, attitude and practice testing items. Data analysis was done by Chi-square test and Spearman coefficient of correlations. Results: Mean knowledge, attitude and practice scores were respectively 8.42±4.42 from 18, 29.03±3.84 from 40 and 20.47±2.68 from 24. In whole, 138 women (14.2%) had good knowledge, 153 women (15.6%) had positive attitude and 527 ones (53.4%) obtained good score in practice. Knowledge and practice showed significant relationships with variables of age, job and educational level (p<0.05). That is, knowledge and practice scores increased with increase in age and educational level and were higher in women with fixed monthly salary compared to others. Attitude score showed significant direct relationship with educational level (p=0.030). Knowledge score showed significant direct relationship with attitude and practice scores. There was also significant direct relationship between attitude and practice scores (p=0.000). Conclusion: Acoording to the results, most subjects had poor knowledge level and moderate attitude. Since Health Care Centers were the main source of information for most participants, planning educational programs for health care personnle in order to improve the population’s capabilities in self-care, family care and societal care is highly recommended. Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Gestational diabete

Evaluation of Cefixime Toxicity Treated With Sono-electro-Fenton Process by Bioassay Using Microorganisms

The aim of this study was to determine the toxicity of cefixime in the inlet solution and effluent treated with the sono-electro-Fenton process using standard strains of microorganisms. This research was performed as an experimental study, which was conducted on a laboratory scale. The standard strains of Escherichia coli (gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive) were used for bioassay. First, the stock solution of 1000 mg/L containing Cefixime was prepared, and for each bacterium (gram-positive and gram-negative), 5 samples from the inlet solution of the reactor and 5 samples from effluent treated with the sono-electro-Fenton process were collected under optimal conditions. Finally, each sample was transferred to 10 mL of sterile lactose broth, and a loop of E. coli or S. aureus was dissolved in each sample. Toxicity changes were investigated by calculating the percentage of growth inhibition. The results showed that after 10 hours, the growth rate of both bacteria in the control and the effluent samples was higher, while the growth of bacteria in the inlet solution was lower and had higher toxicity. Based on the results of the study, the toxicity rate for E. coli was reduced from 70% in the inlet solution to 9.3% in the effluent (86.7% reduction in toxicity), and in the case of S. aureus, it was diminished from 25.3% in the inlet solution to 7% in the effluent (72.3% reduction in toxicity) after 10 hours. Based on the results of the present study, bioassay using microorganisms is an effective and useful method to study changes in the toxicity of cefixime

marital satisfaction according to spouse’s smoking status

Introduction: One of the key aspects of mental health is one’s overall health and lifestyle. Longitudinal studies have shown that dissatisfaction with life causes long-term health damage and increases mortality, suicide tendency, unintentional injuries, disability at work, and diseases such as those of cardiovascular nature. Amongst all forms of satisfaction, that of marital is of utmost importance. On a separate note, inhalation of cigarette smoke exposes passive smokers to many chemical and toxic carcinogens, and it can negatively affect the non-smokers present. Furthermore, in psychiatric counseling sessions, many women report that they hate smoking. If we can show that inhaling cigarette smoke in men can have an impact on marital satisfaction, it can increase the consistency of family foundations and have positive effects on the health and spirit of family members by informing families. Methods: In this study, 200 housewives, who had smoking husbands that smoked at home, were subjected to pre-determined conditions, alongside 200 housewives who had non-smoking husbands and were therefore not exposed to smoking by their husbands at home. They were divided into two groups and were assessed by Marital Conflict Questionnaire (MCQ). For a closer look at the level of marital satisfaction, the questionnaire results were divided into three subgroups which were marked as low, moderate, and good. Results: After calculating the total score of the questionnaire and statistical analysis, the results showed a higher rate of marital satisfaction in women who had non-smoking husbands compared to those who had smoking husbands and this difference was considered significant at P-value &lt;0.001. Conclusion: Inhaling cigarette smoke in men in the family environment may seem to make a good impression on the smokers, but as the results of our study suggest, it also has adverse effects on marital satisfaction

Characterization of beta-lactamase producing Enterobacterales isolated from an urban community wastewater treatment plant in Iran

Background and Objectives: he occurrence and characteristics of Extended Spectrum- and AmpC-β-lactamase producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-PE and AmpC-PE) in an urban wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were investigated. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 wastewater samples were collected from all sections of WWTP. Enterobacterales were isolated and identified using standard microbiological tests. The antibiotic resistance profile was determined by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Phenotypic screening for ESBL-PE and AmpC-PE isolates was performed by double-disk synergy and boronic acid disk potentiation tests, respectively. The isolates were examined for AmpC- and ESBL-encoding genes by PCR and sequencing methods. Results: Among 146 Enterobacterales isolates, 8.9% (n=13) [ESBL-only; 5.48% (n=8) and ESBL + AmpC; 3.42% (n=5)] were ESBL-producers and 15.75% (n=23) [AmpC-only; 12.33% (n=18) and ESBL + AmpC; 3.42% (n=5)] AmpC-producers. Hafnia spp. with 33.33% (n=1/3) and E. coli with 20.58% (n=7/34) [ESBL-only; 17.64% (n=6/34) and ESBL + AmpC; 2.94% (n=1/34)] were the most common ESBL-producing bacteria. Enterobacter spp. with 37.50% (n=6/16) of isolates were the most common AmpC-producing organisms. ESBL- and/or AmpC-producing isolates were identified in all parts of the WWTP including 80% (n=8/10) of samples taken from effluent. Among ESBL-producing isolates, blaCTX-M, blaTEM, and blaSHV ESBL-encoding genes were found in 61.5% (n=8), 15.3% (n=2), and 7.7% (n=1) of isolates, respectively. All CTX-M-type enzymes belonged to the CTX-M-1 group and CTX-M-15 subgroup. blaTEM and blaSHV type genes belonged to blaTEM-20 and blaHSV-12 subtypes, respectively. blaDHA with 73.9% (n=17/23), and blaCIT and blaFOX with 30.4% (n=7/23) each, were the most common AmpC-encoding genes among AmpC-producing isolates. Overall, 75% of ESBL-producing and 55.5% of AmpC-producing isolates exhibited multi-drug resistance phenotypes. The organisms were most resistant against ampicillin (82.2%) nalidixic acid (43.8%) and cephalexin (41.1%). Conclusion: ESBL- and AmpC-producing Enterobacterales spp. with diverse genetic resistance backgrounds in WWTP effluent poses a significant risk to public health

Efficacy measurement of ketorolac in reducing the severity of headache

Objective: One of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) named as ketorolac is frequently used to relieve acute pain. Current study was conducted with the aim of ketorolac efficacy measurement as a pain killer agent for controlling the primary headache in emergency departments. Methods: In this study, we enrolled 50 patients with primary headache who received 60 mg ketorolac intravenously as a slow infusion in about 10 minutes. Pain scores were evaluated with visual analog scale (VAS) on arrival and also 1 hour and 2 hours after ketorolac infusion. Statistical analysis was performed on collected data by using Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests to assess the differences in VAS pain scores. Results: Decreasing the VAS more than 3 points from the arrival until 1 hour (P<0.001), and more than 5 points from the arrival until 2 hours after ketorolac administration (P<0.001) were seen. Those with history of analgesic use before admission in emergency department in comparison with the others did not accompany with more decline in pain score after 1 hour (P=0.34) or 2 hours (P=0.92). Conclusion: It seems that ketorolac is assured, safe and well tolerated agent for pain control in patients presented with primary headache to the emergency departments. Based on the results achieved in this study, ketorolac illustrates its perceptible effects within 1 hour after administration that even more prominent after 2 hours

The global, regional, and national burden of adult lip, oral, and pharyngeal cancer in 204 countries and territories:A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Importance Lip, oral, and pharyngeal cancers are important contributors to cancer burden worldwide, and a comprehensive evaluation of their burden globally, regionally, and nationally is crucial for effective policy planning.Objective To analyze the total and risk-attributable burden of lip and oral cavity cancer (LOC) and other pharyngeal cancer (OPC) for 204 countries and territories and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) using 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study estimates.Evidence Review The incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to LOC and OPC from 1990 to 2019 were estimated using GBD 2019 methods. The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate the proportion of deaths and DALYs for LOC and OPC attributable to smoking, tobacco, and alcohol consumption in 2019.Findings In 2019, 370 000 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 338 000-401 000) cases and 199 000 (95% UI, 181 000-217 000) deaths for LOC and 167 000 (95% UI, 153 000-180 000) cases and 114 000 (95% UI, 103 000-126 000) deaths for OPC were estimated to occur globally, contributing 5.5 million (95% UI, 5.0-6.0 million) and 3.2 million (95% UI, 2.9-3.6 million) DALYs, respectively. From 1990 to 2019, low-middle and low SDI regions consistently showed the highest age-standardized mortality rates due to LOC and OPC, while the high SDI strata exhibited age-standardized incidence rates decreasing for LOC and increasing for OPC. Globally in 2019, smoking had the greatest contribution to risk-attributable OPC deaths for both sexes (55.8% [95% UI, 49.2%-62.0%] of all OPC deaths in male individuals and 17.4% [95% UI, 13.8%-21.2%] of all OPC deaths in female individuals). Smoking and alcohol both contributed to substantial LOC deaths globally among male individuals (42.3% [95% UI, 35.2%-48.6%] and 40.2% [95% UI, 33.3%-46.8%] of all risk-attributable cancer deaths, respectively), while chewing tobacco contributed to the greatest attributable LOC deaths among female individuals (27.6% [95% UI, 21.5%-33.8%]), driven by high risk-attributable burden in South and Southeast Asia.Conclusions and Relevance In this systematic analysis, disparities in LOC and OPC burden existed across the SDI spectrum, and a considerable percentage of burden was attributable to tobacco and alcohol use. These estimates can contribute to an understanding of the distribution and disparities in LOC and OPC burden globally and support cancer control planning efforts

Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by cataract: a meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020

Background: To estimate global and regional trends from 2000 to 2020 of the number of persons visually impaired by cataract and their proportion of the total number of vision-impaired individuals. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of published population studies and gray literature from 2000 to 2020 was carried out to estimate global and regional trends. We developed prevalence estimates based on modeled distance visual impairment and blindness due to cataract, producing location-, year-, age-, and sex-specific estimates of moderate to severe vision impairment (MSVI presenting visual acuity &lt;6/18, ≥3/60) and blindness (presenting visual acuity &lt;3/60). Estimates are age-standardized using the GBD standard population. Results: In 2020, among overall (all ages) 43.3 million blind and 295 million with MSVI, 17.0 million (39.6%) people were blind and 83.5 million (28.3%) had MSVI due to cataract blind 60% female, MSVI 59% female. From 1990 to 2020, the count of persons blind (MSVI) due to cataract increased by 29.7%(93.1%) whereas the age-standardized global prevalence of cataract-related blindness improved by −27.5% and MSVI increased by 7.2%. The contribution of cataract to the age-standardized prevalence of blindness exceeded the global figure only in South Asia (62.9%) and Southeast Asia and Oceania (47.9%). Conclusions: The number of people blind and with MSVI due to cataract has risen over the past 30 years, despite a decrease in the age-standardized prevalence of cataract. This indicates that cataract treatment programs have been beneficial, but population growth and aging have outpaced their impact. Growing numbers of cataract blind indicate that more, better-directed, resources are needed to increase global capacity for cataract surgery.</p

Global burden of chronic respiratory diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: an update from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Updated data on chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are vital in their prevention, control, and treatment in the path to achieving the third UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a one-third reduction in premature mortality from non-communicable diseases by 2030. We provided global, regional, and national estimates of the burden of CRDs and their attributable risks from 1990 to 2019. Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we estimated mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), prevalence, and incidence of CRDs, i.e. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumoconiosis, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis, and other CRDs, from 1990 to 2019 by sex, age, region, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) in 204 countries and territories. Deaths and DALYs from CRDs attributable to each risk factor were estimated according to relative risks, risk exposure, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level input. Findings: In 2019, CRDs were the third leading cause of death responsible for 4.0 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 3.6–4.3) with a prevalence of 454.6 million cases (417.4–499.1) globally. While the total deaths and prevalence of CRDs have increased by 28.5% and 39.8%, the age-standardised rates have dropped by 41.7% and 16.9% from 1990 to 2019, respectively. COPD, with 212.3 million (200.4–225.1) prevalent cases, was the primary cause of deaths from CRDs, accounting for 3.3 million (2.9–3.6) deaths. With 262.4 million (224.1–309.5) prevalent cases, asthma had the highest prevalence among CRDs. The age-standardised rates of all burden measures of COPD, asthma, and pneumoconiosis have reduced globally from 1990 to 2019. Nevertheless, the age-standardised rates of incidence and prevalence of interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis have increased throughout this period. Low- and low-middle SDI countries had the highest age-standardised death and DALYs rates while the high SDI quintile had the highest prevalence rate of CRDs. The highest deaths and DALYs from CRDs were attributed to smoking globally, followed by air pollution and occupational risks. Non-optimal temperature and high body-mass index were additional risk factors for COPD and asthma, respectively. Interpretation: Albeit the age-standardised prevalence, death, and DALYs rates of CRDs have decreased, they still cause a substantial burden and deaths worldwide. The high death and DALYs rates in low and low-middle SDI countries highlights the urgent need for improved preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic measures. Global strategies for tobacco control, enhancing air quality, reducing occupational hazards, and fostering clean cooking fuels are crucial steps in reducing the burden of CRDs, especially in low- and lower-middle income countries