Access to information and degree of community awareness of preventive health measures in the face of covid-19 in Spain

[EN] The COVID-19 pandemic is posing a major health crisis. Spanish legislation establishes the mandatory use of masks and the implementation of hygienic measures such as hand washing and physical distancing. The aim of this study is to describe access to information and the level of community knowledge/adoption about the preventive measures proposed by the Spanish health authorities in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and to analyze the influence of socio-demographic factors in compliance among people over 18 years of age resident in Spain. An observational, descriptive and transversal study was conducted. Data was collected on sociodemographic variables, access to information and the degree of knowledge/adoption about the preventive measures: use of masks, hand hygiene and physical distancing. A total of 1811 people participated. The average age was 45.1 ± 15.1 years, predominantly female (69.3%), from an urban geographical area (74%), with a higher education level of 53.2%. Most of the respondents (57.5%) are or live with people at risk. The main access to information on preventive measures was from secondary sources (49.2%), with television being the main medium; 72.3% think that there are some difficulties in accessing information, while 8.7% of the participants do not consider the use of masks to be useful. As regards the choice of type of mask, the majority of people (44.8%) opt for the surgical variety; 88.5% of respondents believe that the physical distancing established is at least 1.5 m. This study confirmed that socio-demographic factors influence compliance with or the degree of knowledge/adoption of the preventive measures proposed to combat the COVID-19 pandemic and has made it possible to ascertain the sectors of the population with the greatest deficiencies in this respect. It shows the importance of implementing health information and education systems in the community, and it is advisable to promote specific programs aimed at men, people living in rural areas and people with a low level of education.S

Writing 1-to-3 digit numerals to dictation in Spanish: predictors and error analysis.

Mastering number transcoding demands from children the acquisition of the complexities of the Arabic place-value system and the specific rules of multi-digit numbers of their language. The present research explores the writing to dictation of 1-to-3-digit numerals in an initial sample of Spanish 1st (N = 208) and 2nd grade school children (N = 96). Language rules for multidigit numbers in Spanish are similar to those in other languages (e.g., Italian) with some variations: there are irregularities (e.g., inversion) between 11-15, but a regular pattern after this that involve both multiplicative and additive rules (432: cuatrocientos treinta y dos, literally: fourhundreds thirty and two”). Results indicated that 2nd grade children made anecdotical errors (< 2%), showing mostly digit substitution (lexical) errors (e.g., 167 instead of 567). First graders showed a more diverse pattern of errors (19%) with digit substitutions, syntactic errors and mixed errors. Qualitative analysis showed similar error rates for irregular and regular multidigits suggesting a non-syntactical treatment of these numbers. Within syntactic errors, we claim that transposition (107 instead of 170) and structural errors (10070 instead of 170) have different sources and involve different compensation mechanisms. Finally, in a subset of the data we also explored the role of non-symbolic comparison, number to mental line position and completion of numerical sequences in predicting number writing. Whereas completing Arabic numerical sequences arose as significant predictor, no role for variables related to the analogical representation of numbers was found. This seems to support asemantic models of transcoding.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

Effect of maghemite nanoparticles on insulation and cooling behaviour of a natural ester used in power transformers

In this paper, an experimental research was conducted to study the effect of the presence of Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles over cooling and dielectric performance of a natural ester used in power transformers. Different concentration samples of nanofluid have been characterized to find an optimal one, focusing on viscosity, thermal conductivity and dielectric strength. A monitored experimental platform has been used to observe the temperature increases during operation while being cooled. This includes a single-phase distribution transformer, working at three different load levels, C=0.7, C = 1 and C=1.3. Both natural ester base fluid and optimal nanofluid have been used as cooling fluid. At first sight, the nanoparticles seem not to affect neither thermal conductivity nor viscosity at the concentrations used. On the contrary, breakdown voltage of base fluid experiments an enhancement at some of them. The cooling capacity of the nanofluid has also shown an improved behavior.The present investigation has been supported by Spanish Ministry of Economy (DPI2015-71219-C2 1-R), the University of Cantabria and the Government of Cantabria (CVE-2016-6626)

Titania nanofluids based on natural ester: cooling and insulation properties assessment

The assessment of a TiO2 vegetal-based dielectric nanofluid has been carried out, and its characteristics and behavior have been tested and compared with a previously tested maghemite nanofluid. The results obtained reflect a similar affectation of the main properties, with a maximal improvement of the breakdown voltage of 33% at 0.5 kg/m3, keeping the thermal conductivity and the viscosity almost constant, especially the first one. This thermal characterization agrees with the results obtained when applying the TiO2 optimal nanofluid in the cooling of an experimental setup, with a slightly worse performance than the base fluid. Nevertheless, this performance is the opposite to that noticed with the ferrofluid, which was capable of improving the cooling of the transformer and decreasing its temperature. The similarities between the characterizations of both nanofluids, the differences in their cooling performances and their different magnetic natures seem to point out the presence of additional thermomagnetic buoyancy forces to support the improvement of the cooling.This research is under BIOTRAFO project—“Raising Knowledge and Developing Technology for the Design and Deployment of High Performance Power Transformers Immersed in Biodegradable Fluids,” which has received funding from the European Union Commission’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement H2020-MSCARISE-2018- 823969; 2019-21. The authors of this research wish to thank the Spanish Ministry of Economy for its financial support for the National Research Project: “Improvement of Insulation Systems of Transformers through Dielectric Nanofluids: Thermodynamic Characterizations and Modelling” (DPI2015-71219-C2 1-R). Additionally, they want to thank the Regional Government of Cantabria; more precisely, the Department of Universities, Research, Environment and Social Policy, for its financial support for the Project “Fluidos Biodegradables en Transformadores Eléctricos de Potencia: Impregnación de Dieléctricos Sólidos y Modelado Térmico con THNM.” Mr. Olmo would like to acknowledge to the University of Cantabria and the Government of Cantabria for the financial support for the Ph. D. scholarship (CVE-2016-6626)

Antimicrobial development in the era of emerging resistance

Antibiotics currently under study by the Food and Drugs Administration include: faropenem (for treatment of sinusitis, bronchitis, and community-acquired pneumonia), dalbavancin (for catheter infections), telavancin (for treatment of nosocomial pneumonia), oritavancin (for bacteremia), ceftobiprole and iclaprim (for pneumonias). Moreover, all of them would be useful for skin and soft tissue infections

Dielectric and mechanical assessment of cellulosic insulation during transformer manufacturing

Due to the impact of cellulose of paper insulation on transformer life, it is imperatire to remove moisture from the oil and the solid insulation. Several techniques have been implemented during manufacturing of power transformers to reduce water content in transformers. These drying processes can involve different costs and time, and they can damage the insulation paper. In this work, a drying process has been implemented in the laboratory trying to simulate the most aggressive conditions that can be suffered by the paper in transformer manufacturing in a real industry. Once the moisture content of papers was lower than 0.5%, the effect of the drying process on paper degradation was evaluated using the analysis of mechanical and dielectric properties and the degree of polymerization. Different commercial papers were studied to quantify the possible degradation induced by the drying process. The results of the mechanical strength study showed a reduction on the degree of polymerization from 1100 to 850 after 4 days of drying. The dielectric analysis of the samples showed different behavior in one of the solids evaluated and it was also found a decreased hygroscopic capacity of degraded samples in comparison with new samples.This research is under the National Research Project “Gestión del Ciclo de Vida de Transformadores Aislados con Fluidos Biodegradables” (PID2019-107126RB-C22/ AEI /10.13039/501100011033). The authors also wish to thank “Fundación Iberdrola” for its financial support for the research project: “Análisis de las Propiedades Dieléctricas de Aislamientos Sólidos Impregnados con Líquidos Dieléctricos”. C. Méndez would like to acknowledge the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for the financial support for the FPU grant (FPU19/01849)

Architectural decisions in AI-based systems: an ontological view

Architecting AI-based systems entails making some decisions that are particular to this type of systems. Therefore, it becomes necessary to gather all necessary knowledge to inform such decisions, and to articulate this knowledge in a form that facilitates knowledge transfer among different AI projects. In this exploratory paper, we first present the main results of a literature survey in the area, and then we propose a preliminary ontology for architectural decision making, which we exemplify using a subset of the papers selected in the literature review. In the discussion, we remark on the variety of decision types and system contexts, highlighting the need to further investigate the current state of research and practice in this area. Besides, we summarize our plans to move along this research area by widening the literature review and incorporating more AI-related concepts to this first version of the ontology.This paper has been funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación under project / funding scheme PID2020-117191RB-I00 / AEI/10.13039/501100011033.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Two Interventions to Improve Knowledge of Scientific and Dissemination Articles in First-Year University Students

The representations of science in mass media have shown a significant increase in the last years. However, mass media dissemination activities can extend to pseudoscience due to the fact that not all scientific news are published with the same rigour. Thus, we aimed to develop two theoretical-practical interventions among first-year university students with the purpose of improving their knowledge about scientific studies and original scientific sources, as well as to critically analyze dissemination of scientific research in media. The interventions had a positive impact on knowledge about scientific information sources, particularly Pubmed, in addition to reducing the number of incorrect features linked to both scientific and dissemination articles, suggesting the importance of interventions focused on misconceptions. However, students showed knowledge of correct features of scientific articles, independently of our intervention, and they made more mistakes when attributing incorrect features to scientific articles when compared to dissemination ones

Interpersonal Violence and Psychotic-Like Experiences: The Mediation of Ideas of Reference, Childhood Memories, and Dissociation

Previous studies have demonstrated the relationship between the accumulation of situations involving interpersonal violence (IV) and psychotic-like experiences. This study explored whether IV is related to aberrant salience (AS), using a sequential mediation model that included memories of relationship with parents (submission, devaluation, and threat; Early Life Experiences Scale (ELES)), ideas of reference (IR), and dissociative symptoms (absorption and depersonalization), and whether the patient/nonpatient condition moderated this effect. The sample was made of 401 participants (including 43 patients with psychotic disorders) aged 18 to 71 years (Mage = 30.43;SD= 11.19). Analysis of a serial multiple mediator model revealed that IR, ELES, absorption, and depersonalization fully mediated the effect of IV on AS, explaining 39% of the variance, regardless of the patient/nonpatient condition. The indirect paths, which place IR and dissociation (especially absorption, the variable to which the IR and ELES lead) in a primordial position for being related to AS, are discussed. This continuum model could be useful for understanding processes related to the onset of psychosis unmoderated by the patient/nonpatient condition