Muscle Dysmorphia Symptoms and Self-concept in Men Cyclists

[Resumen] La Dismorfia Muscular (DM) es un desorden mental caracterizado por la subestimación del tamaño y forma corporal. No ha sido estudiada en ciclistas, dado que son deportistas que no cumplen a priori las características de este desorden, como son el levantamiento excesivo de pesas y el desarrollo muscular. El objetivo de este trabajo es detectar síntomas de Distrofia Muscular. Se realizó una investigación que contó con 20 ciclistas varones a los que se les administró la Escala de Satisfacción Muscular, el Cuestionario de Autoconcepto Físico, y el Somatomorphic Matrix, además de registrarse las medidas antropométricas de los participantes. Los resultados muestran que existe insatisfacción corporal entre los deportistas, y que su percepción muscular no corresponde con la realidad. Su autoconcepto físico se relaciona con su autoconcepto general así como estas dos variables con las de atractivo físico y condición física. Se comprueba en este estudio que no existe DM, como tal, entre los deportistas participantes pero si una percepción errónea de su apariencia física y cierta insatisfacción en relación a la misma.[Abstract] Muscle Dysmorphia (MD) is a mental disorder characterized by the underestimation of corporal shape and size. It hasn´t been studied in cyclists, because this disorder is represented by a muscular body as bodybuilders which principal aim is weightlifting. The objetive this work was detect MD symptoms. The method in this investigation were administered the Scale of Muscular Satisfaction to 20 cyclist men, the Questionnaire of Physical Self-concept, and the Somatomorphic Matrix, beside the anthropometric measures of the participants.The results showed that corporal dissatisfaction exists in relationship with his muscular perception doesn´t correspond with the reality. His physical self-concept related is poor on his general self-concept as well as these two variables to those of physical attraction and physical condition. To conclude, in this study is verified that don´t exist MD symptoms but there are an erroneous perception of his physical appearance and certain dissatisfaction in relation to the some on

La dismorfia muscular en diferentes deportes : fútbol, gimnasia, halterofilia, natación y triatlón

La Dismorfia Muscular (DM), es un trastorno dismórfico corporal cuyos afectados se muestran insatisfechos con su tamaño y/o forma corporal. Se ha estudiado en deportistas de diferentes modalidades (Baghurst y Lirgg, 2009), no obstante se consideran insuficientes las investigaciones realizadas, por tanto el objetivo de este trabajo fue detectar síntomas de DM entre 485 deportistas (387 hombres y 98 mujeres). Las modalidades deportivas representadas fueron halterofilia (7.8 %), gimnasia artística (12.8 %), natación (10.9%), fútbol (44.1 %) y triatlón (24.3 %). Este estudio requirió la cumplimentación de un cuestionario sociodemográfico, la Escala de Satisfacción Muscular, el Cuestionario de Autoconcepto Físico y el Somatomorphic Matrix, además del registro de las medidas antropométricas de los participantes. Los resultados revelaron la existencia de DM entre los deportistas, además de insatisfacción muscular y relaciones significativas entre los dominios del autoconcepto físico relacionados con ésta (autoconcepto físico general y atractivo físico (r = .73, p < .01), autoconcepto general y condición física (r = .72, p < .01).Muscular Dysmorphia (DM) is a body dysmorphic disorder whose sufferers are dissatisfied with their size and / or body shape. It has been studied in athletes of differents sports (Baghurst and Lirgg, 2009), but researchs is not enough. Therefore, the objective of this work was detected DM symptons among 485 athletes (387 men and 98 women). The sports represented were weightlifting (7.8%), artistic gymnastics (12.8%), swimming (10.9%), football (44.1%) and triathlon (24.3%). This study required the implementation of a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Escala de Satisfacción Muscular , the Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire and the Somatomorphic Matrix, in addition to collection the anthropometric measures of the participants. The results revealed the existence of DM symptoms among athletes, as well as muscular dissatisfaction and significant relationships between the domains of physical selfconcept related to this (general physical selfconcept and physical attractiveness (r = .73, p <.01), and general selfconcept with physical condition (r = 0.72, p <0.01).A Dismorfia Muscular (DM) é uma perturbação dismórfica corporal em que os sujeitos se mostram insatisfeitos com o seu tamanho e/ou forma corporal. Embora o número de investigações efetuadas seja escasso, a DM tem sido estudada em desportistas de diferentes modalidades (Baghurst y Lirgg, 2009). Neste sentido, o objetivo deste estudo é perceber quais os sintomas de DM que os desportistas apresentam. Para o efeito, foram analisados 485 desportistas (387 homens e 98 mulheres), das modalidades de halterofilia (7.8%), ginástica artística (12.8%), natação (10.9%), futebol (44.1%) e triatlo (24.3%). Para a recolha de dados foi utilizada uma bateria de testes composta por dados sociodemográficos, Escala de Satisfação Muscular, Questionário de Autoconceito Físico, e pelo Somatomorphic Matrix, juntamente com o registo das medidas antropométricas dos participantes. Os resultados revelaram a existência de sintomas de DM entre os desportistas, insatisfação muscular e correlações significativas entre os domínios do autoconceito físico relacionados com ela (autoconceito físico geral e atração física (r = .73, p < .01), autoconceito geral e condição física (r = .72, p < .01))

Detección de síntomas de dismorfia muscular en halterófilos masculinos.

Muscle dysmorphia (MD) is a body dismorphic disorder in which the sufferer is dissatisfied with their body size and shape.  MD has yet to be studied in weightlifters, and the objective of this research study is to detect its symptoms in 32 male weightlifters as well as any related characteristics and behaviours.  This study involved the distribution of a sociodemographic questionnaire in addition to the Escala de Satisfacción Muscular, the Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire, and the Somatomorphic Matrix, with the anthropometric measurements of the participants also being recorded.  The results revealed the existence of body dissatisfaction among athletes and, in some cases, muscle perception that does not equate to reality.  The athletes also use substances to build their muscles and enhance their performance, display obsessive muscle checking behaviours, and have low general physical self-concept that stems from their muscle (dis)satisfaction.  To conclude, this study confirms the existence of MD in this sport.La Dismorfia Muscular (DM) es un desorden dismórfico corporal en el que la persona que lo padece está insatisfecho con su tamaño corporal, y/o forma.  La DM  no ha sido estudiada en halterófilos, por lo que el objetivo de esta investigación fue detectar síntomas en 32 halterófilos varones, así como características y comportamientos asociados.  Este estudio requirió la cumplimentación de un cuestionario sociodemográfico además de una Escala de Satisfacción Muscular, un Cuestionario de Autoconcepto Físico y el Somatomorpic Matrix, así como el registro de las medidas antropométricas de los participantes. Los resultados revelaron la existencia de insatisfacción muscular entre los deportistas además del uso de sustancias con el objetivo de hacer crecer su musculatura y mejorar su rendimiento, comportamientos obsesivos con el fin de comprobar su musculatura, y bajas puntuaciones en autoconcepto físico como consecuencia de la insatisfacción muscular que sufrían.  Se puede concluir que esta investigación confirma la existencia de DM en esta modalidad deportiva

Contribución para el criterio diagnóstico de la Dismorfia Muscular (Vigorexia)

Muscle Dysmorphia or Bigorexia is a mental disorder whose focus of concern is the underestimation of body size and shape as a result of the distortion in body image experienced by those affected. This is a new mental disorder and, therefore, is not yet classified in the manuals for mental disorders. While some authors propose its classification under an Eating Disorder (ED), others argue that it is a Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD), or have even been able to justify its classification as an Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Due to the disparity of opinions, this study aims to contribute to classifying Muscle Dysmorphia, as a mental disorder, by the decision tree classification technique of data mining. The items that take on increasing importance within this classification method are the ones related to body size and shape that participants have, perceive and desire. The results inform us that the most important variables are related to a BDD. This is the reason why we contribute to classifying Muscle Dysmorphia through the diagnostic criteria of BDD

Development Cooperation and Dependency: An Analysis of Brazilian-Spanish Cooperation in Latin America Between 2010 and 2018

Based on analysis of Brazilian-Spanish cooperation in Latin America, this article aims to contribute to the discussion on whether South-South Cooperation (SSC) represents an alternative model with specific and differentiated objectives, or if it largely reproduces the constraints and interests traditionally associated with the North-South model, but with new institutions and actors. We start by analysing the main criticisms levelled at cooperation in the literature, emphasising the identification, review and comparison of the mechanisms of domination and dependency that derive from the bilateral and multilateral practices of traditional development cooperation. We then construct a synthetic dependency index to measure the ability of Spain and Brazil - as representative cases of North-South Cooperation (NSC) and SSC with Latin America - to influence the foreign trade, investment and foreign policy decisions of aid recipients, and to empirically contrast the lower level of verticality that much of the available literature assumes about SSC schemes. The empirical analysis suggests significant differences between NSC and SSC in terms of their ability to reproduce dependency patterns and validate the discourse that tends to identify the latter as an alternative cooperation model

Qué significa “jugar bien” para los entrenadores de élite: El pensamiento implícito de los entrenadores de fútbol españoles

People construct knowledge through a set of highly diverse experiences. Despite being personal, this knowledge is strongly influenced by the specific context where it occurs. Such experience-based knowledge is referred to as ‘implicit theories’ because it does not fit in with a systematic and theoretical knowledge context like that of scientific knowledge. Coaches work with a number of implicit theories about aspects such as players, competition or training which determine their professional behaviour to a considerable extent. Thirty-nine Spanish First Division coaches were asked the question ‘What does playing soccer well mean?’ in this study. Their responses were later classified into eight different categories which show the diversity of opinions regarding this matter as well as the possible implicit theories that would guide coaches’ actions.Las personas construyen el conocimiento a través de una serie de experiencias diversas. Este conocimiento, aunque de carácter personal, está muy influenciado por el contexto en que se desarrolla, por lo que parte del mismo se basa en experiencias que son denominadas “teorías implícitas”, porque no se corresponden con un conocimiento sistemático y teórico como es el conocimiento científico. Los entrenadores trabajan con un número de teorías implícitas acerca de los jugadores, la competición, el entrenamiento, etc., que determinan en gran medida su comportamiento profesional. En este estudio hemos preguntado a treinta y nueve entrenadores de la Primera División de la Liga Española de Fútbol la siguiente pregunta: ‘¿Qué significa jugar bien al fútbol?’ Sus respuestas han sido clasificadas en ocho categorías diferentes, que muestran la diversidad de opiniones sobre esta cuestión y las posibles teorías implícitas que guían sus acciones

A dificuldade da implementação do ensino por competências em Espanha

This article addresses one of the key aspects of the latest educational reform carried out in Spain: teaching oriented to the development of competencies. The objective of this study is to know the difficulties of Spanish teachers to adapt to the competency model. To do this, a qualitative research methodology was used through interviews and a discussion group with 32 participants (principals, education inspectors, teachers, teachers and educational administration officials) belonging to primary and secondary education, responsible for the compulsory education stage for the subjects of mathematics, natural sciences and physical education. The results confirm that work by competencies is not carried out. The competency approach is left only in bureaucratic tasks. There is no unanimity of criteria for how to apply the teaching model by competencies, although all agree that it is important for the teaching-learning process. Este artículo afronta uno de los aspectos claves de la última reforma educativa realizada en España, como es la enseñanza orientada al desarrollo de las competencias. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer las dificultades del profesorado español para adaptarse al modelo competencial. Para ello, se utilizó una metodología de investigación cualitativa por medio de entrevistas y un grupo de discusión a través de la opinión de 32 participantes (directores, inspectores de educación, maestros, profesores y responsables de la administración educativa) pertenecientes a las etapas educativas de Educación Primaria y Secundaria, por ser la etapa de educación obligatoria, de las asignaturas de Matemáticas, Ciencias de la Naturaleza y Educación Física. Los resultados confirman que el trabajo por competencias no se lleva a la práctica. El enfoque por competencias se queda solo en las tareas burocráticas. No existe unanimidad de criterios de cómo aplicar el modelo de enseñanza por competencias, si bien, todos coinciden en que es positivo para el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Este artigo aborda um dos aspectos-chave da última reforma educacional realizada na Espanha, como o ensino orientado para o desenvolvimento de competências. O objetivo deste estudo é conhecer as dificuldades dos professores de espanhol para se adaptarem ao modelo de competência. Para isso, utilizou-se uma metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa, por meio de entrevistas e um grupo de discussão, através da opinião de 32 participantes (diretores, inspetores de educação, professores, docentes e funcionários da administração educacional) pertencentes às etapas. Ensino Fundamental e Médio, por ser o ensino obrigatório, de Matemática, Ciências Naturais e Educação Física. Os resultados confirmam que o trabalho por competências não é realizado. A abordagem de competência é deixada apenas em tarefas burocráticas. Não há unanimidade de critérios de como aplicar o modelo de ensino por competências, embora todos concordem que é positivo para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem

Geographic context configuration in fusion algorithms for maritime surveillance

Proceedings of: 17th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION 2014): Salamanca, Spain 7-10 July 2014.Real fusion system applications can be required to operate on wide areas for long periods of time. Adaptation is a basic capability under these circumstances. This paper presents a maritime surveillance platform designed to be flexible and robust. It features online configuration capabilities allowing to: (a) change the applied algorithms, (b) modify the operating parameters of the running algorithms, (c) tune the characterization of the available sensors. These configurations can be applied to limited spatial regions and time spans. This allows to use powerful or more specific configurations for localized scenarios (risks, clutter, alarms), or account for exceptional situations that can affect sensors, such as weather anomalies.This work was funded by contract between DEIMOS SPACE, S.L.U. and Universidad Carlos III, by Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under grants TEC2012- 37832-C02-01, TEC2011-28626-C02-02, and by Madrid Region Gov., grant CAM CONTEXTS (S2009/TIC-1485).Publicad

Perception of current and desired body size in early childhood

Body image is a construct of social relevance given its impact on physical and mental health. The research of this construct at an early age has received little attention despite some authors have demonstrated that there is concern towards the body in preschool age. This mixed design study aimed to measure body size perception, desired body and body dissatisfaction among children of young age. For that purpose, Preschoolers’ Body Scale, composed of four children figures with different weight status, was administered to 176 participants of 4 and 5 years, of which 96 were boys and 80 were girls. Results showed that body size perception was inaccurate in both sexes and ages, tending towards greater overestimation in girls. It was also observed that most participants chose the desired figure different from the perceived one, especially females. However, this finding does not necessarily reflect the existence of body dissatisfaction, as qualitative data suggest. Participants’ responses appear to reflect a slight body awareness. Future studies that deepen in body image development at early ages are needed