Ninth-century Abbasid depictions of Jahiliyya Arabness

textAbstract: Abbasid scholars began compiling complete histories of the Arab peoples for the first time in the eighth and ninth century. Prior to this, all histories of the Arab peoples had been passed down orally, through poetry and spoken histories. In compiling and writing these grand histories, ninth-century Muslim scholars were afforded a unique opportunity to editorialize historical Arab exemplars, and by extension, editorialize Arabness. Armed with knowledge from the Qur'an, these Muslim scholars could imbue select famous historical Arab figures with Qur'an approved Jahiliyya Arab traits while excising or modulating forbidden traits in order to present an ideal Arabness to which all Arabs might aspire. The three authors selected for this thesis are Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Ibn Hisham, and Ibn Sa'd. These authors all either wrote or edited grand scale historical compendia on the Arab people. The exemplars utilized by these authors were all depicted to exhibit many ideal traits as per the Qur'an and Abbasid society in the ninth century, demonstrating retroactively that the Arabs were the perfect people to receive the final revelations of God. This thesis advances the theory that these ninth-century scholars' depictions of jahiliyya Arabness contributed to the ideal of Arabness today, and aid in our understanding of the relationship between Arabness and Islam.Middle Eastern Studie

The freshwater snails of the genus Bythinella Moquin-Tandon (Gastropoda: Rissooidea: Hydrobiidae) from Montenegro

New records of freshwater snails of the genus Bythinella Moquin-Tandon from Montenegro are presented. Bythinella dispersa, 1973 and B. luteola Radoman, 1976 are recognized and defined as separate species; B. taraensis n. sp., which lives partially sympatric with B. dispersa in the canyon of the River Tara, is described as new. All Bythinella spp. in Montengro inhabit the Dinaric part of the Black Sea drainage area, while it is practically absent from the Adriatic drainage area

Halogenated organic molecules of Rhodomelaceae origin: chemisty and biology

1引言 2。评论 3。分类 4，结构和发生 4.1。卤化单萜 4.2。卤化倍半萜 4.2.1。Bisabolane倍半萜 4.2.2。Brasilane倍半萜 4.2.3。Chamigrane倍半萜 4.2.4。Cuparane倍半萜 4.2.5。桉和6,8 - Cycloeudesmane倍半萜 4.2.6。Laurane和Cyclolaurane倍半萜 4.2.7。Snyderane倍半萜 4.2.8。倍半萜与新碳骨架 4.2.9。杂倍半萜 4.2.10。卤化倍半萜的发生概要 4.3。卤代烷二萜 4.3.1。Irieane二萜 4.3.2。Labdane二萜 4.3.3。Parguerane，Isoparguerane，Neoparguerane和Pimarane二萜 4.3.4。其他二萜与新的或少见报道骷髅 4.4。卤化三萜类/聚醚 4.4.1。三萜类持有2,7 - 二氧杂双环[4.4.0]癸烷骨架 4.4.2。三萜类持有一个2,8 - 二氧杂双环[5.4.0]十一烷骨架 4.4.3。三萜类持有对称元素（S） 4.5。卤化Nonterpenoid C15-内酯（ACGS） 4.5.1。线性ACGS 4.5.2。五元环醚类（四氢呋喃ACGS，THF ACGS）的ACGS 4.5.3。国际清算银行 - 四氢呋喃类（双四氢呋喃ACGS）的ACGS 4.5.4。的2,6 - 二氧杂双环[3.3.0]辛烷类的ACGS 4.5.5。六元环醚类（四氢吡喃ACGS，THP ACGS）的ACGS 4.5.6。的2,7 - 二氧杂双环[4.3.0]壬烷类ACGS 4.5.7。七元环醚类ACGS 4.5.8。八元环醚类ACGS 4.5.9。九和十元环醚类的ACGS 4.5.10。十二元环醚类ACGS 4.5.11。该Maneonene和Isomaneonene类的ACGS 4.5.12。支ACGS 4.5.13。杂项ACGS 4.6。卤代吲哚 4.7。卤化酚类/芳烃 4.8。其他卤化有机分子 4.9。摘要以卤化有机分子的发生 5，化学分类学意义 6。合成 6.1。倍半萜的合成 6.1.1。Chamigrane倍半萜的合成 6.1.2。Laurane和Snyderane倍半萜的合成 6.1.3。倍半萜的合成与新型碳骨架 6.2。二萜的合成 6.3。三萜类化合物的合成 6.3.1。Thyrsiferol及其衍生物的合成 6.3.2。（+） - Intricatetraol的合成 6.4。C15-内酯的合成（ACGS） 6.4.1。ACGS含四氢呋喃结构单元的合成 6.4.2。七元环ACGS的合成 6.4.3。ACGS含有八元环的环状醚的芯体的合成 6.4.4。ACGS含九元环的环状醚的芯体的合成 6.4.5。Maneonene和Isomaneonene ACGS的合成 6.5。Bromoindoles的合成 6.6。溴苯酚的合成 7，生物合成 7.1。倍半萜的生物合成 7.2。C15-内酯的生物合成 8，生物活性和功能 8.1。生物活性 8.1.1。细胞毒活性 8.1.2。抗菌活性 8.1.3。抗真菌活性 8.1.4。抗病毒活性 8.1.5。酶抑制活性 8.1.6。自由基清除活性 8.2。生物功能 8.2.1。拒食作用 8.2.2。杀虫活性 8.2.3。防污活动 8.2.4。化感活性 8.3。杂项活动 8.4。生物活性和功能的概要 9。为未来的发现与展望结语 </ul

Evasión de impuestos y la cultura tributaria en el mercado número Tres Huayco de la ciudad de Tarapoto, San Martín 2022

El presente estudio buscó determinar cómo se relaciona la evasión de impuestos y la cultura tributaria en el mercado número tres Huayco de la ciudad de Tarapoto, San Martín 2022; de tal manera que se empleó una metodología de enfoque cuantitativo de tipo aplicada, y se consideró un diseño no experimental, correlacional, de corte transversal, además se contó con una muestra de 62 comerciantes, a quienes se aplicó la técnica de la encuesta y el instrumento del cuestionario, asimismo se aplicó un tipo de muestreo probabilístico. En cuanto a los hallazgos se obtuvo que la evasión de impuestos influye (p <0,05) sobre la cultura tributaria en el mercado número tres Huayco de la ciudad de Tarapoto, San Martín 2022, el nivel de correlación es considerable donde r= 0,428. Por lo tanto, al planificar estrategias y ejecutarlo en culturizar tributariamente a los comerciantes, tendremos resultados beneficiosos para el país lo cual el contribuyente mejorará sus acciones y evitará evadir impuestos para no ser sancionado. Se recomienda culturizar a los comerciantes del mercado número tres barrio Huayco de la Ciudad de Tarapoto, dando a conocer a través de charlas informativas, afiches y otros, organizado por la municipalidad de Tarapoto, fomentando el orden tributario ya que se encuentra en un caos total, de esa manera disminuir la evasión de impuestos, que tanto daño y atraso genera a la recaudación tributaria

Comparative chemistry of Aspergillus oryzae (RIB40) and A. flavus (NRRL 3357)

Aspergillus oryzae and A. flavus are important species in industrial biotechnology and food safety and have been some of the first aspergilli to be fully genome sequenced. Bioinformatic analysis has revealed 99.5% gene homology between the two species pointing towards a large coherence in the secondary metabolite production. In this study we report on the first comparison of secondary metabolite production between the full genome sequenced strains of A. oryzae (RIB40) and A. flavus (NRRL 3357). Surprisingly, the overall chemical profiles of the two strains were mostly very different across 15 growth conditions. Contrary to previous studies we found the aflatrem precursor 13-desoxypaxilline to be a major metabolite from A. oryzae under certain growth conditions. For the first time, we additionally report A. oryzae to produce parasiticolide A and two new analogues hereof, along with four new alkaloids related to the A. flavus metabolites ditryptophenalines and miyakamides. Generally the secondary metabolite capability of A. oryzae presents several novel end products likely to result from the domestication process from A. flavus

Hemisynthesis and Absolute Configuration of novel 6-pentyl-2H-pyran- 2-one derivatives from Trichoderma spp

A comparative study of the secondary metabolism of two Trichoderma spp. with that of the Thctf1 transcription factor gene null mutant of Trichoderma harzianum 34 was carried out in order to deepen our knowledge of the biosynthetic pathway and mode of action of 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (1) and its derivatives as biocontrol agents. New isolated metabolites have shed light on the detoxification mechanism of 6-pentyl-pyranone by Trichoderma spp. All new compounds were synthesized and their stereoisomer characterized. The absolute configuration of 6-[(10R,20S)-dihydroxypentyl]-2H-pyran-2-one and 6-((10S,20R)-20-propyloxiran-1-yl)-2H-pyran-2-one was determined by NMR analysis of the corresponding Mosher’s esters

2D Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship Study of Mycotoxins by Multiple Linear Regression and Support Vector Machine

In the present work, support vector machines (SVMs) and multiple linear regression (MLR) techniques were used for quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) studies of retention time (tR) in standardized liquid chromatography–UV–mass spectrometry of 67 mycotoxins (aflatoxins, trichothecenes, roquefortines and ochratoxins) based on molecular descriptors calculated from the optimized 3D structures. By applying missing value, zero and multicollinearity tests with a cutoff value of 0.95, and genetic algorithm method of variable selection, the most relevant descriptors were selected to build QSPR models. MLR and SVMs methods were employed to build QSPR models. The robustness of the QSPR models was characterized by the statistical validation and applicability domain (AD). The prediction results from the MLR and SVM models are in good agreement with the experimental values. The correlation and predictability measure by r2 and q2 are 0.931 and 0.932, repectively, for SVM and 0.923 and 0.915, respectively, for MLR. The applicability domain of the model was investigated using William’s plot. The effects of different descriptors on the retention times are described

Formation of Sclerotia and Production of Indoloterpenes by Aspergillus niger and Other Species in Section Nigri

Several species in Aspergillus section Nigri have been reported to produce sclerotia on well-known growth media, such as Czapek yeast autolysate (CYA) agar, with sclerotia considered to be an important prerequisite for sexual development. However Aspergillus niger sensu stricto has not been reported to produce sclerotia, and is thought to be a purely asexual organism. Here we report, for the first time, the production of sclerotia by certain strains of Aspergillus niger when grown on CYA agar with raisins, or on other fruits or on rice. Up to 11 apolar indoloterpenes of the aflavinine type were detected by liquid chromatography and diode array and mass spectrometric detection where sclerotia were formed, including 10,23-dihydro-24,25-dehydroaflavinine. Sclerotium induction can thus be a way of inducing the production of new secondary metabolites from previously silent gene clusters. Cultivation of other species of the black aspergilli showed that raisins induced sclerotium formation by A. brasiliensis, A. floridensis A. ibericus, A. luchuensis, A. neoniger, A. trinidadensis and A. saccharolyticus for the first time