Afinal, Somos um País de Classe Média? Mercado de Trabalho, Renda e Transformações Sociais no Brasil dos Anos 2000

The recent discussion about the new middle class in Brazil is quite timely and should be encouraged, as it highlights the great social changes that have occurred since the resumption of the fastest economic growth in the Lula government (2003-2010). Part of the analysts focus on the high generation of new occupational opportunities and the improvement in the incomes of the people already occupied; others emphasize the emergence of an exuberant contingent of new consumers and the rapid expansion of consumption by the popular strata. In this text, we intend to make a brief reexamination about the occurrence and the question of the middle class, with the purpose of contributing to the understanding of the emergence of class "C" or the so-called new middle class of the 2000s in Brazil

O BRASIL E A NOVA CLASSE MÉDIA DOS ANOS 2000

O objetivo do trabalho é analisar as mudanças recentes desta estrutura e a emergência de uma nova classe média no Brasil dos anos 2000, denominada correntemente como “classe C”. The aim of this work is to analyze the recent changes of this structure and the emergence of a new middle class in Brazil of the years 2000, commonly denominated like "class C"

Afinal, Somos um País de Classe Média? Mercado de Trabalho, Renda e Transformações Sociais no Brasil dos Anos 2000

The recent discussion about the new middle class in Brazil is quite timely and should be encouraged, as it highlights the great social changes that have occurred since the resumption of the fastest economic growth in the Lula government (2003-2010). Part of the analysts focus on the high generation of new occupational opportunities and the improvement in the incomes of the people already occupied; others emphasize the emergence of an exuberant contingent of new consumers and the rapid expansion of consumption by the popular strata. In this text, we intend to make a brief reexamination about the occurrence and the question of the middle class, with the purpose of contributing to the understanding of the emergence of class "C" or the so-called new middle class of the 2000s in Brazil

Apresentação

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Inserção dos jovens no mercado de trabalho

The objective of this paper is to analyze the patterns of insertion of young people in the Brazilian labor market between 2004 and 2015. The analysis begins by characterizing the historical patterns of insertion of young people in the labor market in Brazil and the decades of relative economic stagnation between 1981 and 2003. Then, taking into account the ensuing demographic changes, the increased rate of economic growth and the social policies impacting the labor market, the paper seeks to show how this context positively affected the integration of young people into the Brazilian labor market - trends that have been jeopardized by the recent process of stagnation/recession of the Brazilian economy.O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o padrão de inserção do jovem no mercado de trabalho brasileiro entre 2004 e 2015. A análise parte da caracterização do padrão histórico de inserção dos jovens no mercado de trabalho brasileiro e nas décadas de relativa estagnação econômica entre 1981 e 2003. Em seguida, considerando as transformações demográficas, a elevação do ritmo de crescimento econômico, as políticas sociais e voltadas para o mercado de trabalho, o trabalho procura mostrar como esse contexto afetou positivamente as formas de inserção dos jovens no mercado de trabalho brasileiro, tendências que foram colocadas em risco com o recente processo de estagnação/recessão da economia brasileira

Inserção dos jovens no mercado de trabalho

sem informaçãoO objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o padrão de inserção do jovem no mercado de trabalho brasileiro entre 2004 e 2015. A análise parte da caracterização do padrão histórico de inserção dos jovens no mercado de trabalho brasileiro e nas décadas de relativ2985153168sem informaçãosem informaçãosem informaçã

The First Genomic and Proteomic Characterization of a Deep-Sea Sulfate Reducer: Insights into the Piezophilic Lifestyle of Desulfovibrio piezophilus

Desulfovibrio piezophilus strain C1TLV30T is a piezophilic anaerobe that was isolated from wood falls in the Mediterranean deep-sea. D. piezophilus represents a unique model for studying the adaptation of sulfate-reducing bacteria to hydrostatic pressure. Here, we report the 3.6 Mbp genome sequence of this piezophilic bacterium. An analysis of the genome revealed the presence of seven genomic islands as well as gene clusters that are most likely linked to life at a high hydrostatic pressure. Comparative genomics and differential proteomics identified the transport of solutes and amino acids as well as amino acid metabolism as major cellular processes for the adaptation of this bacterium to hydrostatic pressure. In addition, the proteome profiles showed that the abundance of key enzymes that are involved in sulfate reduction was dependent on hydrostatic pressure. A comparative analysis of orthologs from the non-piezophilic marine bacterium D. salexigens and D. piezophilus identified aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, asparagine, serine and tyrosine as the amino acids preferentially replaced by arginine, histidine, alanine and threonine in the piezophilic strain. This work reveals the adaptation strategies developed by a sulfate reducer to a deep-sea lifestyle

Risk factors associated with cusp fractures in posterior permanent teeth—a cross-sectional study

Objectives: This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the frequency and risk factors associated with cusp fractures in posterior permanent teeth. Methods: Patients presented cusp fractures on posterior permanent teeth, clinically assessed in up to 7 days after the event, and requesting dental treatment at two public services were included in this cross-sectional study. Fractured teeth already treated, with antagonist absence, or with prosthesis (total or removable) were excluded. Demographic and clinical data were collected to draw the patient profiles and establish how teeth were affected individually. Statistical analysis was performed by the Fisher exact test, and uni- and multivariate logistic regression (α = 0.05). Results: One hundred and seventy-seven (177) patients from 16 to 66 years old (±41.56), from 1998 to 2016, were included in this study. Non-functional and lingual cusps presented a higher fracture than functional and buccal cusps, respectively. Fractures were more common in teeth with isthmus wider than 1/3 of the intercuspid distance and/or more than three restored surfaces. Teeth with endodontic treatment presented a higher subgingival fracture. On lingual cusps, fracture type and location were significantly associated, being that total fractures were 3.2 times more likely to occur than partial fractures, and subgingival were 3.62 times more likely to occur than supragingival fractures. Conclusion: Indications of classic protection on functional cusps (LUBL) was refuted since, generally, nonfunctional cusps fractured more than the functional cusps. However, upper pre-molars showed more fractures in functional cusps and lower molars presented more fractures on the nonfunctional cusps. In general, lingual cusps were the most fractured and were associated with a higher prevalence of severe fractures (total fractures at the subgingival level). Fractures were more common in teeth where the restoration had an isthmus wider than 1/3 of the intercuspid distance and/or involved more than three restored surfaces. Most of the patients did not show previous symptoms and signs. Overall, teeth with endodontic treatment presented a higher subgingival fracture

Genomics reveals the role of admixture in the evolution of structure among sperm whale populations within the Mediterranean Sea

In oceanic ecosystems, the nature of barriers to gene flow and the processes by which populations may become isolated are different from the terrestrial environment, and less well understood. In this study we investigate a highly mobile species (the sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus) that is genetically differentiated between an open North Atlantic population and the populations in the Mediterranean Sea. We apply high-resolution single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis to study the nature of barriers to gene flow in this system, assessing the putative boundary into the Mediterranean (Strait of Gibraltar and Alboran Sea region), and including novel analyses on structuring among sperm whale populations within the Mediterranean basin. Our data support a recent founding of the Mediterranean population, around the time of the last glacial maximum, and show concerted historical demographic profiles in both the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. In each region there is evidence for a population decline around the time of the founder event. The largest decline was seen within the Mediterranean Sea where effective population size is substantially lower (especially in the eastern basin). While differentiation is strongest at the Atlantic/Mediterranean boundary, there is also weaker but significant differentiation between the eastern and western basins of the Mediterranean Sea. We propose, however, that the mechanisms are different. While post-founding gene flow was reduced between the Mediterranean and Atlantic populations, within the Mediterranean an important factor differentiating the basins is probably a greater degree of admixture between the western basin and the North Atlantic and some level of isolation between the western and eastern Mediterranean basins. Subdivision within the Mediterranean Sea exacerbates conservation concerns and will require consideration of what distinct impacts may affect populations in the two basins

Jet energy measurement with the ATLAS detector in proton-proton collisions at root s=7 TeV

The jet energy scale and its systematic uncertainty are determined for jets measured with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 7TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 38 pb-1. Jets are reconstructed with the anti-kt algorithm with distance parameters R=0. 4 or R=0. 6. Jet energy and angle corrections are determined from Monte Carlo simulations to calibrate jets with transverse momenta pT≥20 GeV and pseudorapidities {pipe}η{pipe}<4. 5. The jet energy systematic uncertainty is estimated using the single isolated hadron response measured in situ and in test-beams, exploiting the transverse momentum balance between central and forward jets in events with dijet topologies and studying systematic variations in Monte Carlo simulations. The jet energy uncertainty is less than 2. 5 % in the central calorimeter region ({pipe}η{pipe}<0. 8) for jets with 60≤pT<800 GeV, and is maximally 14 % for pT<30 GeV in the most forward region 3. 2≤{pipe}η{pipe}<4. 5. The jet energy is validated for jet transverse momenta up to 1 TeV to the level of a few percent using several in situ techniques by comparing a well-known reference such as the recoiling photon pT, the sum of the transverse momenta of tracks associated to the jet, or a system of low-pT jets recoiling against a high-pT jet. More sophisticated jet calibration schemes are presented based on calorimeter cell energy density weighting or hadronic properties of jets, aiming for an improved jet energy resolution and a reduced flavour dependence of the jet response. The systematic uncertainty of the jet energy determined from a combination of in situ techniques is consistent with the one derived from single hadron response measurements over a wide kinematic range. The nominal corrections and uncertainties are derived for isolated jets in an inclusive sample of high-pT jets. Special cases such as event topologies with close-by jets, or selections of samples with an enhanced content of jets originating from light quarks, heavy quarks or gluons are also discussed and the corresponding uncertainties are determined. © 2013 CERN for the benefit of the ATLAS collaboration