Electrodynamic tether at Jupiter 2. Tour missions after capture

Three separate scenarios of an electrodynamic tether mission at Jupiter following capture of a spacecraft (SC) into an equatorial, highly elliptical orbit around the planet, with perijove at about 1.5 times the Jovian radius, are discussed. Repeated application of Lorentz drag on the spinning tether, at the perijove vicinity, can progressively lower the apojove. One mission involves the tethered-SC rapidly and frequently visiting Galilean moons; elliptical orbits with apojove down at the Ganymede, Europa, and Io orbits are in 2:5, 4:9, and 1:2 resonances with the respective moons. About 20 slow flybys of Io would take place before the accumulated radiation dose exceeds 3 Mrad (Si) at 10 mm Al shield thickness, with a total duration of 5 months after capture (4 months for lowering the apojove to Io and one month for the flybys). The respective number of flybys for Ganymede would be 10 with a total duration of about 9 months. An alternative mission would have the SC acquire a low circular orbit around Jupiter, below the radiation belts, and manoeuvre to get an optimal altitude, with no major radiation effects, in less than 5 months after capture. In a third mission, repeated thrusting at the apojove vicinity, once down at the Io torus, would raise the perijove itself to the torus to acquire a low circular orbit around Io in about 4 months, for a total of 8 months after capture; this corresponds, however, to over 100 apojove passes with an accumulated dose, of about 8.5 Mrad (Si), that poses a critical issue

Electrodynamic tether at Jupiter II:Fast moon tour after capture

An electrodynamic bare-tether mission to Jupiter,following the capture of a spacecraft (SC) into an equatorial highly elliptical orbit with perijove at about 1.3 times the Jovian radius, is discussed. Repeated applications of the propellantless Lorentz drag on a spinning tether, at the perijove vicinity, can progressively lower the apojove at constant perijove, for a tour of Galilean moons. Electrical energy is generated and stored as the SC moves from an orbit at 1 : 1 resonance with a moon, down to resonance with the next moon; switching tether current off, stored power is then used as the SC makes a number of flybys of each moon. Radiation dose is calculated throughout the mission,during capture, flybys and moves between moons. The tour mission is limited by both power needs and accumulated dose. The three-stage apojove lowering down to Ganymede, Io, and Europa resonances would total less than 14 weeks, while 4 Ganymede, 20 Europa, and 16 Io flybys would add up to 18 weeks, with the entire mission taking just over seven months and the accumulated radiation dose keeping under 3 Mrad (Si) at 10-mm Al shield thickness

Electrodynamic Tether at Jupiter I: Capture operation and constraints

Tethered spacecraft missions to the Jovian system suit the use of electrodynamic tethers because: 1) magnetic stresses are 100 times greater than at the Earth; 2) the stationary orbit is one-third the relative distance for Earth; and 3) moon Io is a nearby giant plasma source. The (bare) tether is a reinforced aluminum foil with tens of kilometer length L and a fraction of millimeter thickness h, which collects electrons as an efficient Langmuir probe and can tap Jupiter’s rotational energy for both propulsion and power. In this paper, the critical capture operation is explicitly formulated in terms of orbit geometry and established magnetic and thermal plasma models. The design parameters L and h and capture perijove radius rp face opposite criteria independent of tape width. Efficient capture requires a low rp and a high L 3/2/h ratio. However, combined bounds on tether bowing and tether tensile stress, arising from a spin made necessary by the low Jovian gravity gradient, require a high rp and a low L 5/2/h ratio. Bounds on tether temperature again require a high rp and a low L 3/8/(tether emissivity)1/4 ratio. Optimal design values are discussed

A proposed two-stage two-tether scientific mission at Jupiter

A two-stage mission to place a spacecraft (SC) below the Jovian radiation belts, using a spinning bare tether with plasma contactors at both ends to provide propulsion and power,is proposed. Capture by Lorentz drag on the tether, at the periapsis of a barely hyperbolic equatorial orbit, is followed by a sequence of orbits at near-constant periapsis, drag finally bringing the SC down to a circular orbit below the halo ring. Although increasing both tether heating and bowing, retrograde motion can substantially reduce accumulated dose as compared with prograde motion, at equal tether-to-SC mass ratio. In the second stage,the tether is cut to a segment one order of magnitude smaller, with a single plasma contactor, making the SC to slowly spiral inward over severalmonths while generating large onboard power, which would allow multiple scientific applications, including in situ study of Jovian grains, auroral sounding of upper atmosphere, and space- and time-resolved observations of surface and subsurface

Analysis of gene expression identifies candidate markers and pharmacological targets in prostate cancer.

Abstract Detection, treatment, and prediction of outcome for men with prostate cancer increasingly depend on a molecular understanding of tumor development and behavior. We characterized primary prostate cancer by monitoring expression levels of more than 8900 genes in normal and malignant tissues. Patterns of gene expression across tissues revealed a precise distinction between normal and tumor samples, and revealed a striking group of about 400 genes that were overexpressed in tumor tissues. We ranked these genes according to their differential expression in normal and cancer tissues by selecting for highly and specifically overexpressed genes in the majority of cancers with correspondingly low or absent expression in normal tissues. Several such genes were identified that act within a variety of biochemical pathways and encode secreted molecules with diagnostic potential, such as the secreted macrophage inhibitory cytokine, MIC-1. Other genes, such as fatty acid synthase, encode enzymes known as drug targets in other contexts, which suggests new therapeutic approaches

Dissecting the Shared Genetic Architecture of Suicide Attempt, Psychiatric Disorders, and Known Risk Factors

Background Suicide is a leading cause of death worldwide, and nonfatal suicide attempts, which occur far more frequently, are a major source of disability and social and economic burden. Both have substantial genetic etiology, which is partially shared and partially distinct from that of related psychiatric disorders. Methods We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 29,782 suicide attempt (SA) cases and 519,961 controls in the International Suicide Genetics Consortium (ISGC). The GWAS of SA was conditioned on psychiatric disorders using GWAS summary statistics via multitrait-based conditional and joint analysis, to remove genetic effects on SA mediated by psychiatric disorders. We investigated the shared and divergent genetic architectures of SA, psychiatric disorders, and other known risk factors. Results Two loci reached genome-wide significance for SA: the major histocompatibility complex and an intergenic locus on chromosome 7, the latter of which remained associated with SA after conditioning on psychiatric disorders and replicated in an independent cohort from the Million Veteran Program. This locus has been implicated in risk-taking behavior, smoking, and insomnia. SA showed strong genetic correlation with psychiatric disorders, particularly major depression, and also with smoking, pain, risk-taking behavior, sleep disturbances, lower educational attainment, reproductive traits, lower socioeconomic status, and poorer general health. After conditioning on psychiatric disorders, the genetic correlations between SA and psychiatric disorders decreased, whereas those with nonpsychiatric traits remained largely unchanged. Conclusions Our results identify a risk locus that contributes more strongly to SA than other phenotypes and suggest a shared underlying biology between SA and known risk factors that is not mediated by psychiatric disorders.Peer reviewe

Shared genetic risk between eating disorder- and substance-use-related phenotypes:Evidence from genome-wide association studies

First published: 16 February 202

Analysis of tether-mission concept for multiple flybys of Moon Europa

All four giant planets, far from the Earth and sun and having deep gravitational wells, present propulsion and power mission issues, but they also have an ambient plasma and magnetic field that allows for a common mission concept. Electrodynamic tethers can provide propellantless drag for planetary capture and operation down the gravitational well, and they can generate power to use along with or be stored for inverting tether current. The design for an alternative to NASA's proposed Europa mission is presented here. The operation requires the spacecraft to pass repeatedly near Jupiter, for greater plasma density and magnetic field, raising a radiation-dose issue that past analyses did take into account; tape tethers tens of kilometers long and tens of micrometers thick, for greater operation efficiency, are considered. This might result, however, in attracted electrons reaching the tape with a penetration range that exceeds tape thickness, thereby escaping collection. The mission design requires keeping the range below thickness throughout, resulting in an orbit perijove only hundreds of kilometers above Jupiter and tapes a few kilometers long. A somewhat similar mission design might apply to other giant outer planets.Work by G. Sánchez-Arriaga was supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad of Spain (grant no. RYC-2014-15357). Work by A. Sánchez-Torres was partially supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad of Spain (grant no. FJCI-2014-20291).Publicad