Local Weather Have Direct and Indirect Influence on Apple Quality

In a changing climate, altered temperature and precipitation patterns can affect the production and quality of various crops, such as fruits. However, crop production could also be modified indirectly by weather changes through modifying ecological communities and in turn ecosystem functions. These ecosystem functions, including biomass decomposition, biological control of pests and pollination, can influence food production and crop quality. Therefore, fruit and seed set can be affected, both directly through temperature- induced effects on crops, and indirectly, through e.g. changes in pollination success. Apple is a pollination dependent crop sensitive to low temperatures. We evaluated effects of local weather on pollinator visits and pollination success of apples. This was done by observing flower visiting insects and temperature logging in apple orchards in Sweden and Argentina. We found both direct and indirect effects of local temperatures on apple quality. For example, pollination success increased with temperature at flowering, which was correlated with higher sugar content in ripe fruit. Furthermore, fruits at harvest were heavier had they developed in higher temperature. We conclude that temperature variations may have several effects on apple production and quality. Both direct effects of temperatures and responses mediated through changes in pollinator behaviour are of importance. This is important to consider in management decisions related to apple production in a changing climate.Trabajo publicado en Acta Bioquímica Clínica Latinoamericana; no. 52, supl. 2, parte II, diciembre de 2018.Universidad Nacional de La Plat

Agroecology in large scale farming:A research agenda

Agroecology promises a third way between common global agriculture tradeoffs such as food production and nature conservation, environmental sustainability and ecosystem services. However, most successful examples of mainstreaming agroecology come from smallholder, family agriculture, that represents only about 30% of the world agricultural area. Mainstreaming agroecology among large scale farmers is urgently needed, but it requires addressing specific questions in research, technology and policy development to support sustainable transitions. Here we take stock of the existing knowledge on some key aspects necessary to support agroecological transitions in large scale farming, considering two contrasting starting points: highly subsidized and heavily taxed agricultural contexts, represented here by the examples of Western Europe and temperate South America. We summarize existing knowledge and gaps around service crops, arthropod-mediated functions, landscape and watershed regulation, graze-based livestock, nature-inclusive landscapes, and policy mechanisms to support transitions. We propose a research agenda for agroecology in large scale farming organized in five domains: (i) Breeding for diversity, (ii) Scalable complexity, (iii) Managing cycles beyond fields and farms, (iv) Sharing the cultivated landscape, and (v) Co-innovation with farmers, value chains and policy makers. Agroecology may result in a renewed impetus in large scale farming, to attract the youth, foster clean technological innovation, and to promote a new generation of large-scale farmers that take pride in contributing to feeding the world while serving the planet and its people

Implications of landscape configuration on understory forage productivity: a remote sensing assessment of native forests openings

Sound management of native forests used for cattle grazing requires understanding the dynamics of forage productivity in the openings. Despite their importance, forage productivity drivers in highly heterogeneous forested landscapes, or their variability over the year, are still unclear. The aim of this work is to find predictors of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) variation in the openings of native temperate forests and to evaluate how these predictors change within the growing season. We used high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery from NW Patagonia to separate forest openings from tree dense canopy. We obtained data of each opening related with herbaceous and shrub forage productivity and calculated landscape metrics. We estimated a multiple linear regression model for predicting NDVI in each season. Beyond known variables related with forage productivity (altitude, precipitation, etc.), the shape of forest’ openings appeared as relevant in predicting NDVI. Higher values of forest opening perimeters were related with a decrease in NDVI in spring when soil water content is not limiting and conversely with an increase in NDVI in summer when water is limiting growth. These results suggest that environmental drivers such as temperature and soil moisture inside the opening, and competition or facilitation process between trees and grasses are mediated by the shape of the opening. Management of heterogeneous native forests for cattle raising requires considering the shape of the openings to maximize forage productivity.Fil: Trinco, Fabio Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. - Universidad Nacional de Rio Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; ArgentinaFil: Rusch, Verónica E.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Howison, Ruth A.. University of Groningen; Países BajosFil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. - Universidad Nacional de Rio Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; ArgentinaFil: Tittonell, Pablo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche; Argentin

Ecological intensification: bridging the gap between science and practice

There is worldwide concern about the environmental costs of conventional intensification of agriculture. Growing evidence suggests that ecological intensification of mainstream farming can safeguard food production, with accompanying environmental benefits; however, the approach is rarely adopted by farmers. Our review of the evidence for replacing external inputs with ecosystem services shows that scientists tend to focus on processes (e.g., pollination) rather than outcomes (e.g., profits), and express benefits at spatio-temporal scales that are not always relevant to farmers. This results in mismatches in perceived benefits of ecological intensification between scientists and farmers, which hinders its uptake. We provide recommendations for overcoming these mismatches and highlight important additional factors driving uptake of nature-based management practices, such as social acceptability of farming

Policies for ecological intensification of crop production

Ecological intensification aims to increase crop productivity by enhancing biodiversity and associated ecosystem services, while minimizing the use of synthetic inputs and cropland expansion. Policies to promote ecological intensification have emerged in different countries, but they are still scarce and vary widely across regions. Here, we propose ten policy targets that governments can follow for ecological intensification

The economic cost of losing native pollinator species for orchard prodution

The alarming loss of pollinator diversity world‐wide can reduce the productivity of pollinator‐dependent crops, which could have economic impacts. However, it is unclear to what extent the loss of a key native pollinator species affects crop production and farmer's profits. By experimentally manipulating the presence of colonies of a native bumblebee species Bombus pauloensis in eight apple orchards in South Argentina, we evaluated the impact of losing natural populations of a key native pollinator group on (a) crop yield, (b) pollination quality, and (c) farmer's profit. To do so, we performed a factorial experiment of pollinator exclusion (yes/no) and hand pollination (yes/no). Our results showed that biotic pollination increased ripe fruit set by 13% when compared to non‐biotic pollination. Additionally, fruit set and the number of fruits per apple tree was reduced by less than a half in those orchards where bumblebees were absent, even when honeybees were present at high densities. Consequently, farmer's profit was 2.4‐fold lower in farms lacking bumblebees than in farms hosting both pollinator species. The pollination experiment further suggested that the benefits of bumblebees could be mediated by improved pollen quality rather than quantity. Synthesis and applications. This study highlights the pervasive consequences of losing key pollinator functional groups, such as bumblebees, for apple production and local economies. Adopting pollinator‐friendly practices such as minimizing the use of synthetic inputs or restoring/maintaining semi‐natural habitats at farm and landscape scales, will have the double advantage of promoting biodiversity conservation, and increasing crop productivity and profitability for local farmers. Yet because the implementation of these practices can take time to deliver results, the management of native pollinator species can be a provisional complementary strategy to increase economic profitability of apple growers in the short term.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Diversidad o dominancia en la producción de alimentos? : el caso de los polinizadores

Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro (UNRN). Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales. Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural (IRNAD). Río Negro, Argentina.Aguiar, Sebastián. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA). Laboratorio de Análisis Regional y Teledetección (LART) Buenos Aires, Argentina.Aizen, Marcelo A. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente (INIBIOMA). Laboratorio Ecotono. San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina.Morales, Carolina L. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente (INIBIOMA). Laboratorio Ecotono. San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina.Sáez, Agustín. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente (INIBIOMA). Laboratorio Ecotono. San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina.340-347La biodiversidad está siendo destruida a una tasa alarmante. Una de las principales causas de esta pérdida es el cambio de uso del suelo, que se basa en la agricultura y la ganadería convencionales. Las prácticas de manejo como el monocultivo y el uso intensivo de agroquímicos reducen el número de especies de plantas, aves, insectos y otros grupos taxonómicos, a la vez que aumentan la abundancia relativa (dominancia) de pocas especies cultivadas y silvestres (e.g., malezas). Dado que casi 40% de la superficie terrestre se destina a la producción de cultivos y de carne, es clave lograr una producción agropecuaria compatible con la preservación de la biodiversidad. Además de su valor por aspectos éticos, espirituales y de uso para generaciones futuras, en este artículo destacamos el rol de la biodiversidad en la producción agropecuaria, y usamos a los polinizadores como ejemplo. Paradójicamente, la agricultura convencional está destruyendo la diversidad de polinizadores, pero esta diversidad es fundamental para incrementar la productividad (y su estabilidad en tiempo y espacio) de muchos cultivos. Varios estudios demuestran que la pérdida de diversidad de polinizadores no se puede compensar con una abundancia alta de una sola especie de polinizador (dominancia). Es por ello que debatimos acciones que pueden tomar los productores, consumidores, políticos y científicos para recuperar parte de esta biodiversidad. Por ejemplo, los productores pueden implementar prácticas dentro y fuera del cultivo para aumentar los recursos florales y de nidificación a los polinizadores y, de este modo, promover su abundancia y diversidad. Además, los consumidores pueden modificar su dieta, reducir los desperdicios y producir alimentos a pequeña escala, entre otras acciones. Como consecuencia, resulta imperioso tomar acciones múltiples por todos los actores, pues una sola estrategia no será suficiente para resolver el dilema de producir y conservar la biodiversidad

The assessment report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on pollinators, pollination and food production

The thematic assessment of pollinators, pollination and food production carried out under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services aims to assess animal pollination as a regulating ecosystem service underpinning food production in the context of its contribution to nature’s gifts to people and supporting a good quality of life. To achieve this, it focuses on the role of native and managed pollinators, the status and trends of pollinators and pollinator-plant networks and pollination, drivers of change, impacts on human well-being, food production in response to pollination declines and deficits and the effectiveness of responses

Summary for policymakers of the thematic assessment on pollinators, pollination and food production

The thematic assessment of pollinators, pollination and food production carried out under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services aims to assess animal pollination as a regulating ecosystem service underpinning food production in the context of its contribution to nature’s gifts to people and supporting a good quality of life. To achieve this, it focuses on the role of native and managed pollinators, the status and trends of pollinators and pollinator-plant networks and pollination, drivers of change, impacts on human well-being, food production in response to pollination declines and deficits and the effectiveness of responses. The chapters and their executive summaries of this assessment are available as document IPBES/4/INF/1/Rev.2 (www.ipbes.net). The present document is a summary for policymakers of the information presented in these chapters